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Abstract
In this review, we provide a description of the recent methods used for immunohistochemical staining of the human inner ear using formalin-fixed frozen, paraffin and celloidin-embedded sections. We also show the application of these immunohistochemical methods in auditory and vestibular endorgans microdissected from the human temporal bone. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the different types of embedding media. IHC in frozen and paraffin-embedded sections yields a robust immunoreactive signal. Both frozen and paraffin sections would be the best alternative in the case where celloidin-embedding technique is not available. IHC in whole endorgans yields excellent results and can be used when desiring to detect regional variations of protein expression in the sensory epithelia. One advantage of microdissection is that the tissue is processed immediately and IHC can be made within 1 week of temporal bone collection. A second advantage of microdissection is the excellent preservation of both morphology and antigenicity. Using celloidin-embedded inner ear sections, we were able to detect several antigens by IHC and immunofluorescence using antigen retrieval methods. These techniques, previously applied only in animal models, allow for the study of numerous important proteins expressed in the human temporal bone potentially opening up a new field for future human inner ear research.
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Hartman DS, Tracey DE, Lemos BR, Erlich EC, Burton RE, Keane DM, Patel R, Kim S, Bhol KC, Harris MS, Fox BS. Effects of AVX-470, an Oral, Locally Acting Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Antibody, on Tissue Biomarkers in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:641-9. [PMID: 26802087 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS AVX-470 is an orally administered, bovine-derived, anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antibody with local activity in the gastrointestinal tract. In the first-in-human clinical trial of AVX-470 in active ulcerative colitis, we evaluated inflammatory biomarkers in colon tissue as measures of disease activity and early response to treatment. METHODS Thirty-six patients received active drug (AVX-470 at 0.2, 1.6 or 3.5g/day) or placebo over 4 weeks. Colon biopsy samples were collected from 5 regions of colon at baseline and week 4. Tissue inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), epithelial cell apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and bovine immunoglobulin by immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry. Endoscopic activity (Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity [UCEIS]) at colonoscopy was assessed in each colonic region by a central reader. RESULTS Bovine immunoglobulin was observed in mucosal tissue before and after dosing in lamina propria and submucosal layers of biopsy tissue. Baseline levels of TNF, myeloperoxidase (MPO), CD68 and interleukin (IL)-1β and, to a lesser extent, IL-6 mRNA were 2- to 3-fold higher in distal vs proximal colon tissue, corresponding to the 2- to 3-fold differences in baseline severities of endoscopic scores. Reductions of >10-fold in TNF and, to lesser extents, in MPO and epithelial cell apoptosis were observed in proximal and distal colon biopsies after 4 weeks of AVX-470 3.5g/day treatment. Reductions in TNF scores were correlated with changes in MPO and CD3 immunohistochemistry scores. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with anti-TNF activity of orally administered AVX-470 in colon mucosal tissue in ulcerative colitis patients and demonstrate the utility of tissue biomarkers in assessing disease and treatment response in early clinical studies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov as study NCT01759056 and with EudraCT as study 2012-004859-27.
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Lopez IA, Acuna D, Edmond J. Modulatory Effects of Mild Carbon Monoxide Exposure in the Developing Mouse Cochlea. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:151-165. [PMID: 26993631 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is well known as a highly toxic poison at high concentrations, yet in physiologic amounts it is an endogenous biological messenger in organs such as the internal ear and brain. In this study we tested the hypothesis that chronic very mild CO exposure at concentrations 25-ppm increases the expression of oxidative stress protecting enzymes within the cellular milieu of the developing inner ear (cochlea) of the normal CD-1 mouse. In addition we tested also the hypothesis that CO can decrease the pre-existing condition of oxidative stress in the mouse model for the human medical condition systemic lupus erythematosus by increasing two protective enzymes heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2). CD-1 and MRL/lpr mice were exposed to mild CO concentrations (25 ppm in air) from prenatal only and prenatal followed by early postnatal day 5 to postnatal day 20. The expression of cell markers specific for oxidative stress, and related neural/endothelial markers were investigated at the level of the gene products by immunohistochemistry, proteomics and mRNA expression (quantitative real time-PCR). We found that in the CD-1 and MRL/lpr mouse cochlea SOD-2 and HO-1 were upregulated. In this mouse model of autoimmune disease defense mechanism are attenuated, thus mild CO exposure is beneficial. Several genes (mRNA) and proteins detected by proteomics involved in cellular protection were upregulated in the CO exposed CD-1 mouse and the MRL/lpr mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Lopez
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 35-64 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Dora Acuna
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 35-64 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - John Edmond
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 951737, 310 BSRB, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1737, USA
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Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Investigation of differential protein expression will provide clues to pathophysiology in otosclerosis. BACKGROUND Otosclerosis is a bone remodeling disorder limited to the endochondral layer of the otic capsule within the temporal bone. Some authors have suggested an inflammatory etiology for otosclerosis resulting from persistent measles virus infection involving the otic capsule. Despite numerous genetic studies, implication of candidate genes in the otosclerotic process remains elusive. We employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis on formalin-fixed celloidin-embedded temporal bone tissues for postmortem investigation of otosclerosis. METHODS Proteomic analysis was performed using human temporal bones from a patient with severe otosclerosis and a control temporal bone. Sections were dissected under microscopy to remove otosclerotic lesions and normal otic capsule for proteomic analysis. Tandem 2D chromatography mass spectrometry was employed. Data analysis and peptide matching to FASTA human databases was done using SEQUEST and proteome discoverer software. RESULTS TGFβ1 was identified in otosclerosis but not in the normal control temporal bone specimen. Aside from TGFβ1, many proteins and predicted cDNA-encoded proteins were observed, with implications in cell death and/or proliferation pathways, suggesting a possible role in otosclerotic bone remodeling. Immunostaining using TGFβ1 monoclonal revealed marked staining of the spongiotic otosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms involved in cochlear extension of otosclerosis are still unclear, but the implication of TGFβ1 is supported by the present proteomic data and immunostaining results. The established role of TGFβ1 in the chondrogenesis process supports the theory of a reaction targeting the globulae interossei within the otic capsule.
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UPLC–MSE application in disease biomarker discovery: The discoveries in proteomics to metabolomics. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 215:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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O’Malley JT, Burgess BJ, Zhu M, Curtin HD, Nadol JB. Correlation between histologic and radiographic reconstruction of intracochlear electrode position in human temporal bones. Audiol Neurootol 2014; 19:184-92. [PMID: 24686209 PMCID: PMC4123416 DOI: 10.1159/000358003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In our laboratory, human temporal bone specimens from patients who in life have undergone cochlear implantation are routinely processed with the implant in situ, embedded in Araldite, sectioned at 20 µm and serially photographed during cutting, stained with toluidine blue and mounted on glass slides. From the images, two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstructions can be made and a very accurate implant insertion depth can be calculated from the three-dimensional reconstructions. However, this method precludes subsequent special stains and further molecular investigations of the tissue including proteomics and immunostaining, which is now possible with celloidin-embedded tissue. In this study, we correlated measurement of the implant array insertion depth calculated from histologic three-dimensional reconstruction with that measured from three-dimensional radiologic multiplanar reconstruction. Four human temporal bones with cochlear implants underwent postfixation preprocessing CT imaging with a Siemens Somatom Sensation Scanner. The CT scans from these four bones were downloaded into the Voxar software application, reformatted using the multiplanar reconstruction tool, viewed in three dimensions and measurements of intracochlear insertion lengths of the implants were obtained. The bones were processed routinely for in situ Araldite embedding, serial images were made of the block during sectioning, postprocessed using PV-Wave® software, aligned with Amira® software, and used to create histologic three-dimensional reconstructions. From these three-dimensional reconstructions, the insertion depth of the electrode array was mathematically calculated. The range of insertion depths was 15.9 mm (case 1) to 26.6 mm (case 4). The two methods, radiographic multiplanar reconstruction and three-dimensional reconstruction, differed by 0.4-0.9%. This provides confidence that important localization information about the electrode in situ can be gleaned from CT scans, thereby allowing us to extract the implants prior to processing for celloidin embedment and allow further techniques such as special stains and immunostaining to be accomplished in order to evaluate molecular mechanisms involved in cochlear implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - MengYu Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary
| | - Hugh D. Curtin
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Joseph B. Nadol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School
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Gao X, Guo M, Zhao B, Peng L, Su J, Bai X, Li J, Qiao Y. A urinary metabonomics study on biochemical changes in yeast-induced pyrexia rats: a new approach to elucidating the biochemical basis of the febrile response. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:39-48. [PMID: 23583517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fever is a prominent feature of many diseases, such as infection, inflammation and trauma. In the clinic, fever can be easily judged by measuring the body temperature; however, the pathogenesis of fever is still not fully understood. A febrile response is a systemic pathological process that can cause metabolic disorders. Metabonomics can provide powerful tools to reveal the pathological mechanisms for such a systemic disease. Thus, to reveal subtle metabolic changes under the condition of fever and to explore its mechanism, an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabonomics approach was employed to investigate the urine biochemical characteristics of yeast-induced pyrexia rats. The acquired data were subjected to principal component analysis for differentiating the pyrexia rats from the control rats. Potential biomarkers were screened by using orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis and were identified by accurate mass, database, and MS/MS fragment information obtained from the MS(E) technique. Sixteen metabolites in rat urine were identified as potential biomarkers. The relative intensities of the 15 potential biomarkers were calculated. The thermoregulatory circuitry of "endogenous pyrogen (EP) ↑-hypothalamus Na⁺/Ca²⁺-cAMP↑" was partially confirmed in this study. The results suggested that UPLC/MS-based metabolic profiling of rat urine identifies impaired tryptophan metabolism as the mechanism of yeast-induced fever. This research provided informative data that the impaired tryptophan metabolism might be one of the important reasons in elucidating the biochemical basis of the febrile response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gao
- Science Experiment Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
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Peng H, Liu M, Pecka J, Beisel KW, Ding SJ. Proteomic analysis of the organ of corti using nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:8171-8188. [PMID: 22942697 PMCID: PMC3430228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13078171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The organ of Corti (OC) in the cochlea plays an essential role in auditory signal transduction in the inner ear. For its minute size and trace amount of proteins, the identification of the molecules in pathophysiologic processes in the bone-encapsulated OC requires both delicate separation and a highly sensitive analytical tool. Previously, we reported the development of a high resolution metal-free nanoscale liquid chromatography system for highly sensitive phosphoproteomic analysis. Here this system was coupled with a LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer to investigate the OC proteome from normal hearing FVB/N male mice. A total of 628 proteins were identified from six replicates of single LC-MS/MS analysis, with a false discovery rate of 1% using the decoy database approach by the OMSSA search engine. This is currently the largest proteome dataset for the OC. A total of 11 proteins, including cochlin, myosin VI, and myosin IX, were identified that when defective are associated with hearing impairment or loss. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of our nanoLC-MS/MS platform for sensitive identification of hearing loss-associated proteins from minute amount of tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Peng
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mails: (H.P.); (M.L.)
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mails: (H.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Jason Pecka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kirk W. Beisel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.W.B.); (S.-J.D.); Tel.: +1-402-280-4069 (K.W.B.); +1-402-559-4183 (S.-J.D.); Fax: +1-402-280-2690 (K.W.B.); +1-402-559-4651 (S.-J.D.)
| | - Shi-Jian Ding
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mails: (H.P.); (M.L.)
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.W.B.); (S.-J.D.); Tel.: +1-402-280-4069 (K.W.B.); +1-402-559-4183 (S.-J.D.); Fax: +1-402-280-2690 (K.W.B.); +1-402-559-4651 (S.-J.D.)
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Haçarız O, Sayers G, Baykal AT. A Proteomic Approach To Investigate the Distribution and Abundance of Surface and Internal Fasciola hepatica Proteins during the Chronic Stage of Natural Liver Fluke Infection in Cattle. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3592-604. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK
Marmara
Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gearóid Sayers
- Veterinary Sciences Centre,
School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College
of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ahmet Tarık Baykal
- TÜBİTAK
Marmara
Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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