1
|
Yap YW, Mahmed N, Norizan MN, Abd Rahim SZ, Ahmad Salimi MN, Abdul Razak K, Mohamad IS, Abdullah MMAB, Mohamad Yunus MY. Recent Advances in Synthesis of Graphite from Agricultural Bio-Waste Material: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093601. [PMID: 37176484 PMCID: PMC10180389 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon is a valuable material that can be utilized in many fields, such as electronics, energy storage and wastewater filtration. Due to the high demand for commercial graphite, an alternative raw material with lower costs that is environmentally friendly has been explored. Amongst these, an agricultural bio-waste material has become an option due to its highly bioactive properties, such as bioavailability, antioxidant, antimicrobial, in vitro and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, biomass wastes usually have high organic carbon content, which has been discovered by many researchers as an alternative carbon material to produce graphite. However, there are several challenges associated with the graphite production process from biomass waste materials, such as impurities, the processing conditions and production costs. Agricultural bio-waste materials typically contain many volatiles and impurities, which can interfere with the synthesis process and reduce the quality of the graphitic carbon produced. Moreover, the processing conditions required for the synthesis of graphitic carbon from agricultural biomass waste materials are quite challenging to optimize. The temperature, pressure, catalyst used and other parameters must be carefully controlled to ensure that the desired product is obtained. Nevertheless, the use of agricultural biomass waste materials as a raw material for graphitic carbon synthesis can reduce the production costs. Improving the overall cost-effectiveness of this approach depends on many factors, including the availability and cost of the feedstock, the processing costs and the market demand for the final product. Therefore, in this review, the importance of biomass waste utilization is discussed. Various methods of synthesizing graphitic carbon are also reviewed. The discussion ranges from the conversion of biomass waste into carbon-rich feedstocks with different recent advances to the method of synthesis of graphitic carbon. The importance of utilizing agricultural biomass waste and the types of potential biomass waste carbon precursors and their pre-treatment methods are also reviewed. Finally, the gaps found in the previous research are proposed as a future research suggestion. Overall, the synthesis of graphite from agricultural bio-waste materials is a promising area of research, but more work is needed to address the challenges associated with this process and to demonstrate its viability at scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee Wen Yap
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norsuria Mahmed
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Natashah Norizan
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Midhat Nabil Ahmad Salimi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Kamrosni Abdul Razak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Ili Salwani Mohamad
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mustafa Al-Bakri Abdullah
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nazir G, Lee SY, Lee JH, Rehman A, Lee JK, Seok SI, Park SJ. Stabilization of Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204380. [PMID: 36103603 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.7% in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been achieved, which is comparable with their traditional rivals (Si-based solar cells). However, commercialization-worthy efficiency and long-term stability remain a challenge. In this regard, there are increasing studies focusing on the interface engineering in PSC devices to overcome their poor technical readiness. Herein, the roles of electrode materials and interfaces in PSCs are discussed in terms of their PCEs and perovskite stability. All the current knowledge on the factors responsible for the rapid intrinsic and external degradation of PSCs is presented. Then, the roles of carbonaceous materials as substitutes for noble metals are focused on, along with the recent research progress in carbon-based PSCs. Furthermore, a sub-category of PSCs, that is, flexible PSCs, is considered as a type of exceptional power source due to their high power-to-weight ratios and figures of merit for next-generation wearable electronics. Last, the future perspectives and directions for research in PSCs are discussed, with an emphasis on their commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Nazir
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Adeela Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Sang Il Seok
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tromer RM, Felix LC, Woellner CF, Galvao DS. A DFT investigation of the electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of pentadiamond. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
Li R, Burchfield LA, Askar K, Al Fahim M, Issa Al Nahyan HB, Choi DS. Nanoleite: a new semiconducting carbon allotrope predicted by density functional theory. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38782-38787. [PMID: 35518447 PMCID: PMC9057361 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new carbon allotrope with an indirect bandgap of 2.06 eV has been predicted by density functional theory, which has a high absorption coefficient in the visible spectral range that is suitable for solar cell application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Li
- Mechanical Engineering Department
- Khalifa University
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Khalid Askar
- Mechanical Engineering Department
- Khalifa University
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Daniel S. Choi
- Mechanical Engineering Department
- Khalifa University
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baek W, Gromilov SA, Kuklin AV, Kovaleva EA, Fedorov AS, Sukhikh AS, Hanfland M, Pomogaev VA, Melchakova IA, Avramov PV, Yusenko KV. Unique Nanomechanical Properties of Diamond-Lonsdaleite Biphases: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Consideration of Popigai Impact Diamonds. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1570-1576. [PMID: 30735045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, lonsdaleite-rich impact diamonds from one of the largest Popigai impact crater (Northern Siberia) with a high concentration of structural defects are investigated under hydrostatic compression up to 25 GPa. It is found that, depending on the nature of a sample, the bulk modulus for lonsdaleite experimentally obtained by X-ray diffraction in diamond-anvil cells is systematically lower and equal to 93.3-100.5% of the average values of the bulk moduli of a diamond matrix. Density functional theory calculations reveal possible coexistence of a number of diamond/lonsdaleite and twin diamond biphases. Among the different mutual configurations, separate inclusions of one lonsdaleite (001) plane per four diamond (111) demonstrate the lowest energy per carbon atom, suggesting a favorable formation of single-layer lonsdaleite (001) fragments inserted in the diamond matrix. Calculated formation energies and experimental diamond (311) and lonsdaleite (331) powder X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that all biphases could be formed under high-temperature, high-pressure conditions. Following the equation of states, the bulk modulus of the diamond (111)/lonsdaleite (001) biphase is the largest one among all bulk moduli, including pristine diamond and lonsdaleite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woohyeon Baek
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehak-ro , Buk-gu, Daegu , 41566 , South Korea
| | - Sergey A Gromilov
- Department of Physics , Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova str. 2 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
- Department of Crystal Chemistry , Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS , Lavrentiev ave. 3 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Artem V Kuklin
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehak-ro , Buk-gu, Daegu , 41566 , South Korea
- Siberian Federal University , 79 Svobodniy pr. , Krasnoyarsk 660041 , Russia
| | - Evgenia A Kovaleva
- Siberian Federal University , 79 Svobodniy pr. , Krasnoyarsk 660041 , Russia
| | - Alexandr S Fedorov
- Siberian Federal University , 79 Svobodniy pr. , Krasnoyarsk 660041 , Russia
- Kirensky Institute of Physics , Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS , Krasnoyarsk 660036 , Russia
| | - Alexander S Sukhikh
- Department of Physics , Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova str. 2 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
- Department of Crystal Chemistry , Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS , Lavrentiev ave. 3 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Michael Hanfland
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , Grenoble 38000 , France
| | - Vladimir A Pomogaev
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehak-ro , Buk-gu, Daegu , 41566 , South Korea
- Tomsk State University , 36 Lenin Prospekt , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
| | - Iuliia A Melchakova
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehak-ro , Buk-gu, Daegu , 41566 , South Korea
- Siberian Federal University , 79 Svobodniy pr. , Krasnoyarsk 660041 , Russia
| | - Paul V Avramov
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehak-ro , Buk-gu, Daegu , 41566 , South Korea
| | - Kirill V Yusenko
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing , Richard-Willstätter Str. 11 , Berlin D-12489 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fratesi G, Achilli S, Manini N, Onida G, Baby A, Ravikumar A, Ugolotti A, Brivio GP, Milani A, Casari CS. Fingerprints of sp¹ Hybridized C in the Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectra of Surface-Grown Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2556. [PMID: 30558338 PMCID: PMC6315668 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon structures comprising sp 1 chains (e.g., polyynes or cumulenes) can be synthesized by exploiting on-surface chemistry and molecular self-assembly of organic precursors, opening to the use of the full experimental and theoretical surface-science toolbox for their characterization. In particular, polarized near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) can be used to determine molecular adsorption angles and is here also suggested as a probe to discriminate sp 1 /sp 2 character in the structures. We present an ab initio study of the polarized NEXAFS spectrum of model and real sp 1 /sp 2 materials. Calculations are performed within density functional theory with plane waves and pseudopotentials, and spectra are computed by core-excited C potentials. We evaluate the dichroism in the spectrum for ideal carbynes and highlight the main differences relative to typical sp 2 systems. We then consider a mixed polymer alternating sp 1 C 4 units with sp 2 biphenyl groups, recently synthesized on Au(111), as well as other linear structures and two-dimensional networks, pointing out a spectral line shape specifically due to the the presence of linear C chains. Our study suggests that the measurements of polarized NEXAFS spectra could be used to distinctly fingerprint the presence of sp 1 hybridization in surface-grown C structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Fratesi
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simona Achilli
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Nicola Manini
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Onida
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Anu Baby
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Abhilash Ravikumar
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Aldo Ugolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo Brivio
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mahajan S, Patharkar A, Kuche K, Maheshwari R, Deb PK, Kalia K, Tekade RK. Functionalized carbon nanotubes as emerging delivery system for the treatment of cancer. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:540-558. [PMID: 29997043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent time, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained vital importance for pharmaceutical formulation scientist for delivering drugs and genes, owing to their excellent surface properties. For example, their aspect ratio is thought to be responsible for their excellent cell penetration aptitude; anisotropic conductivity/semi-conductivity along their axis is ideal for integration with nervous and muscular tissue; an ultrahigh surface area maximizes their ability to "talk" with biological matter; the hollow interior provides an enormous cargo-carrying capacity for drug delivery; and their exteriors are readily functionalized to permit tailoring of solubility and biological recognition. Despite their immense capabilities for the delivery of drugs, genes and other biomedically essential materials, there use is restricted primarily because of the severe toxicity. However, the reactive nature of the surface of the CNTs allowed attaching the guest molecules (drug, siRNA, and diagnostics) of interest which helps in increasing the biocompatibility of these novel nanocarriers. As per the need, CNTs can be modified with peptides, organic molecules, carbohydrates, polymers and used mainly for cancer targeting and tumor cell accumulation. This review expounds different functionalization strategies employed for CNTs that created new opportunities for scientists to improve the potential of delivered therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Mahajan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhimanyu Patharkar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P.O. BOX (1), Philadelphia University, 19392, Jordan
| | - Kiran Kalia
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
| |
Collapse
|