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Lithium Biological Action Mechanisms after Ischemic Stroke. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111680. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is a source of great scientific interest because although it has such a simple structure, relatively easy-to-analyze chemistry, and well-established physical properties, the plethora of effects on biological systems—which influence numerous cellular and molecular processes through not entirely explained mechanisms of action—generate a mystery that modern science is still trying to decipher. Lithium has multiple effects on neurotransmitter-mediated receptor signaling, ion transport, signaling cascades, hormonal regulation, circadian rhythm, and gene expression. The biochemical mechanisms of lithium action appear to be multifactorial and interrelated with the functioning of several enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and growth and transformation factors. The widespread and chaotic marketing of lithium salts in potions and mineral waters, always at inadequate concentrations for various diseases, has contributed to the general disillusionment with empirical medical hypotheses about the therapeutic role of lithium. Lithium salts were first used therapeutically in 1850 to relieve the symptoms of gout, rheumatism, and kidney stones. In 1949, Cade was credited with discovering the sedative effect of lithium salts in the state of manic agitation, but frequent cases of intoxication accompanied the therapy. In the 1960s, lithium was shown to prevent manic and also depressive recurrences. This prophylactic effect was first demonstrated in an open-label study using the “mirror” method and was later (after 1970) confirmed by several placebo-controlled double-blind studies. Lithium prophylaxis was similarly effective in bipolar and also unipolar patients. In 1967, the therapeutic value of lithemia was determined, included in the range of 0.5–1.5 mEq/L. Recently, new therapeutic perspectives on lithium are connected with improved neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke. The effects of lithium on the development and maintenance of neuroprotection can be divided into two categories: short-term effects and long-term effects. Unfortunately, the existing studies do not fully explain the lithium biological action mechanisms after ischemic stroke.
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Understanding Abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK Signaling Overactivation Involved in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Possible Therapeutic Targets and Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1630-1650. [PMID: 34432262 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation are the most common triggers of motor neuron disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic demyelinating neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system caused by abnormal immune activation, which causes myelin sheath damage. Cell signal transduction pathways are required for a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the brain. When these signaling systems become overactive, they can lead to disease progression. In various physiological conditions, abnormal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is associated with several physiological dysfunctions that cause neurodegeneration. Previous research indicates that c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling play critical roles in neuronal growth and differentiation. c-JNK/p38MAPK is a member of the MAPK family, which regulates metabolic pathways, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis that control certain neurological activities. During brain injuries, c-JNK/p38MAPK also affects neuronal elastic properties, nerve growth, and cognitive processing. This review systematically linked abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling activation to multiple neuropathological pathways in MS and related neurological dysfunctions. MS progression is linked to genetic defects, oligodendrocyte destruction, glial overactivation, and immune dysregulation. We concluded that inhibiting both the c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling pathways can promote neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects against the clinical-pathological presentation of MS and influence other neurological disorders. As a result, the potential benefits of c-JNK/p38MAPK downregulation for the development of disease-modifying treatment interventions in the future could include MS prevention and related neurocomplications.
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Ren K, Liu H, Guo B, Li R, Mao H, Xue Q, Yao H, Wu S, Bai Z, Wang W. Quercetin relieves D-amphetamine-induced manic-like behaviour through activating TREK-1 potassium channels in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3682-3695. [PMID: 33908633 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Quercetin is a well-known plant flavonoid with neuroprotective properties. Earlier work suggested it may relieve psychiatric disorders, cognition deficits and memory dysfunction through anti-oxidant and/or radical scavenging mechanisms. In addition, quercetin modulated the physiological function of some ion channels. However, the detailed ionic mechanisms of the bioeffects of quercetin remain unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of quercetin on neuronal activities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its ionic mechanisms were analysed by calcium imaging using mice bearing a green fluorescent protein, calmodulin, and M13 fusion protein and patch clamp in acute brain slices from C57BL/6 J mice and in HEK 293 cells. The possible ionic mechanism of action of quercetin on D-amphetamine-induced manic-like effects in mice was explored with c-fos staining and the open field behaviour test. KEY RESULTS Quercetin reduced calcium influx triggered by PFC pyramidal neuronal activity. This effect involved increasing the rheobase of neuronal firing through decreasing membrane resistance following quercetin treatment. Spadin, a blocker of TREK-1 potassium channels, also blocked the effect of quercetin on the membrane resistance and neuronal firing. Further, spadin blocked the neuroprotective effects of quercetin. The effects of quercetin on TREK-1 channels could be mimicked by GF109203X, a protein kinase C inhibitor. In vivo, injection of quercetin relieved the manic hyperlocomotion in mice, induced by D-amphetamine. This action was partly alleviated by spadin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS TREK-1 channels are a novel target for quercetin, by inhibiting PKC. This action could contribute to both the neuroprotective and anti-manic-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Honghui Mao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhantao Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Szczepankiewicz D, Celichowski P, Kołodziejski PA, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Sassek M, Zakowicz P, Banach E, Langwiński W, Sakrajda K, Nowakowska J, Socha M, Bukowska-Olech E, Pawlak J, Twarowska-Hauser J, Nogowski L, Rybakowski JK, Szczepankiewicz A. Transcriptome Changes in Three Brain Regions during Chronic Lithium Administration in the Rat Models of Mania and Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1148. [PMID: 33498969 PMCID: PMC7865310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium has been the most important mood stabilizer used for the treatment of bipolar disorder and prophylaxis of manic and depressive episodes. Despite long use in clinical practice, the exact molecular mechanisms of lithium are still not well identified. Previous experimental studies produced inconsistent results due to different duration of lithium treatment and using animals without manic-like or depressive-like symptoms. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the gene expression profile in three brain regions (amygdala, frontal cortex and hippocampus) in the rat model of mania and depression during chronic lithium administration (2 and 4 weeks). Behavioral changes were verified by the forced swim test, open field test and elevated maze test. After the experiment, nucleic acid was extracted from the frontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Gene expression profile was done using SurePrint G3 Rat Gene Expression whole transcriptome microarrays. Data were analyzed using Gene Spring 14.9 software. We found that chronic lithium treatment significantly influenced gene expression profile in both mania and depression models. In manic rats, chronic lithium treatment significantly influenced the expression of the genes enriched in olfactory and taste transduction pathway and long non-coding RNAs in all three brain regions. We report here for the first time that genes regulating olfactory and taste receptor pathways and long non-coding RNAs may be targeted by chronic lithium treatment in the animal model of mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.A.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Paweł A. Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.A.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.A.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.A.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Przemysław Zakowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.P.); (J.T.-H.)
| | - Ewa Banach
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Langwiński
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (W.L.); (K.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Kosma Sakrajda
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (W.L.); (K.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Joanna Nowakowska
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (W.L.); (K.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (E.B.-O.)
| | - Ewelina Bukowska-Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (E.B.-O.)
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.P.); (J.T.-H.)
| | - Joanna Twarowska-Hauser
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.P.); (J.T.-H.)
| | - Leszek Nogowski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.A.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Janusz K. Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (W.L.); (K.S.); (J.N.)
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He Y, Cao L, Wang L, Liu L, Huang Y, Gong X. Metformin Inhibits Proliferation of Human Thyroid Cancer TPC-1 Cells by Decreasing LRP2 to Suppress the JNK Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:45-50. [PMID: 32021253 PMCID: PMC6954091 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s227915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To uncover the potential effect of metformin on proliferation and apoptosis of thyroid cancer TPC-1 cell line, and the underlying mechanism. Methods Viability, apoptosis and LRP2 level in TPC-1 cells treated with different doses of metformin for different time points were determined. Besides, protein levels of p-JNK1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in metformin-treated TPC-1 cells were detected by Western blot. Regulatory effects of LRP2 on the JNK pathway and cell viability in metformin-treated TPC-1 cells were assessed. Results Viability in TPC-1 cells gradually decreased with the treatment of increased doses of metformin either for 24 h or 48 h. The apoptotic rate was concentration-dependently elevated by metformin treatment. Relative levels of LRP2 and p-JNK1 were concentration-dependently downregulated by metformin treatment. In addition, overexpression of LRP2 partially abolished the inhibitory effect of metformin on the viability of TPC-1 cells. Conclusion Metformin treatment suppresses the proliferative ability and induces apoptosis of TPC-1 cells by downregulating LRP2 to block the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiujiang No 1 People's Hospital (Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University), Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
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