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Subramaniyan Y, Khan A, Fathima F, Rekha PD. Differential expression of urease genes and ureolytic activity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in different nutritional conditions. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:383. [PMID: 37973630 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogens have adaptation strategies to survive in the host urinary tract by efficiently utilizing and tolerating the urinary metabolites. Many uropathogens harbour the enzyme urease for the breakdown of urea and the enzymatic breakdown of urea increases the pH and facilitate the struvite crystallization. In this study, the differential urease activity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was investigated under different nutritional conditions. The experiments included measurement of growth, pH, urease activity, NH4-N generation and urease gene (ureC) expression among the bacterial strains under different conditions. Further, the implications of urea breakdown on the struvite crystallization in vitro and biofilm formation were also assessed. The study included urease positive isolates and for comparison urease negative isolates were included. Compared to the urease negative strains the urease positive strains formed higher biofilms and motility. The urease positive P. aeruginosa showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) pH and urease activity (A557-A630) compared to E. coli under experimental conditions. Further, supplementation of glucose to the growth media significantly increased the urease activity in P. aeruginosa and in contrast, it was significantly lower in E. coli. The expression profile of urease gene (ureC) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in P. aeruginosa compared to E. coli and was consistent with the biochemical results of the urease activity under the nutritional conditions. The differential urease activity under two nutritional conditions influenced the biogenic struvite crystallization. It correlated with the urease activity showing higher crystallization rate in P. aeruginosa compared to E. coli. The results highlight the differential urease activity in two common uropathogens under different nutritional conditions that may have significant role on the regulation of virulence, pathogenicity and in the kidney stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvarajan Subramaniyan
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Altaf Khan
- Department of Urology, Yenepoya Medical College and Hospital, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Fida Fathima
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Punchappady Devasya Rekha
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Zaffar A, Krishnamoorthy N, Nagaraj N, Jayaraman S, Paramasivan B. Optimization and kinetic modeling of phosphate recovery as struvite by electrocoagulation from source-separated urine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:20721-20735. [PMID: 36255572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus recovery is indispensable due to the rapid depletion of its natural reserves and excessive utility in agriculture. Though human urine has high nutrient content including phosphate, nitrogen and potassium; direct use as a fertilizer is restricted due to hygienic, environmental, social and ethical issues. To overcome these limitations, the nutrients are precipitated by the external addition of magnesium (Mg) to form a slow-releasing fertilizer called struvite. The present study aims to maximize phosphate recovery through optimizing struvite production by an emerging electrocoagulation technique. A maximum of 95% phosphate recovery was achieved using inter-electrode distance of 0.5 cm, 2 A current from undiluted urine using Mg-Mg electrodes in a reaction time of 30 min. Further, kinetic modeling of phosphate recovery through electrocoagulation was conducted to comprehend the intended mechanism through the order of kinetics. The results revealed that the data best correlated with first-order kinetics with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Electrocoagulation improved the supernatant quality by reducing the ion concentrations other than phosphate (30-50%), salinity (40-45%), and microbial population (99%). Qualitative assessment of the precipitate through sophisticated analysis further confirmed the presence of struvite crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Zaffar
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Nahaarjun Nagaraj
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Sivaraman Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Paramasivan
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Wu J, Li Y, Xu B, Li M, Wang J, Shao Y, Chen F, Sun M, Liu B. Effects of Physicochemical Parameters on Struvite Crystallization Based on Kinetics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127204. [PMID: 35742453 PMCID: PMC9222832 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is considered to be a promising method for the recovery of phosphate from wastewater. In this review, the kinetic models, which are commonly used to explain the process of struvite crystallization, are described. The mixed-suspension mixed-product removal (MSMPR) model is based on the population balance equation (the size-dependent growth model and the size-independent growth model). Thereafter, the first-order kinetic fitting model that aligned with concentration changes in the substrate is summarized. Finally, the several physical and chemical factors that affected the efficiency of struvite crystallization are determined. The supersaturation ratio, which is seen as the driving force of struvite crystallization, is the main factor that influences crystallization; however, it cannot be used in practical applications of engineering because it is indirectly associated with the following factors: pH, the molar ratio of Mg:N:P, and the interference of foreign impurities. In this study, we present conclusions that should be used to guide further research studies, and encourage the engineering practice of wastewater treatment with struvite precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Wu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Yifan Li
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Baojian Xu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Mei Li
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Feiyong Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Meng Sun
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 802-8577, Japan;
| | - Bing Liu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Sudibyo H, Pecchi M, Harwood H, Khare M, Karunwi S, Tan G, Tester JW. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Struvite Crystallization from Hydrothermal Liquefaction Aqueous-Phase Considering Hydroxyapatite and Organics Coprecipitation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Matteo Pecchi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Henry Harwood
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Monona Khare
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samuel Karunwi
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gabrielle Tan
- Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jefferson William Tester
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Gradual Replacement of Ca2+ with Mg2+ Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca1−xMgxHPO4·nH2O Materials. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the gradual replacement of Ca2+ with Mg2+ ions in brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O). To date, this approach has not been systematically explored and may prove beneficial for the production of Ca1−xMgxHPO4·nH2O materials with tailored properties which are suitable for environmental and medical applications. For their production, solutions of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate dehydrate, NaH2PO4·2H2O, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and ammonium hydroxide solution, NH4OH, were used. At low Mg/Ca molar ratios (up to 0.25) in the starting solution, partial replacement of Ca with Mg takes place (Mg doping) but no struvite is produced as discrete phase. When the Mg/Ca molar ratio increases gradually to 1.5, in addition to Mg-doped brushite, struvite, NH4MgPO4·6H2O, precipitates. The microstructure of the materials produced for different degrees of Ca replacement with Mg has been analyzed in depth with the use of powdered XRD (X-ray diffraction), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The results of this study prove that the Mg/Ca ratio in the starting solution can be monitored in such a way that materials with tailored composition are obtained.
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Muhmood A, Wang X, Dong R, Wu S. New insights into interactions of organic substances in poultry slurry with struvite formation: An overestimated concern? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141789. [PMID: 32889474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The high content of organic substances in strength agro-industrial wastewater has been documented to be among the major barriers hampering nutrient recovery efficiency of struvite precipitation. However, our results in this study show that the previously reported negative impacts of organic substances in high-strength agricultural wastewater on struvite precipitation might be overestimated. This study is the first to test the influence of three forms of organic substances from real high-strength wastewater that contains a complex of particulate, colloidal and soluble organic substances, on nutrient recovery efficiency and product quality through struvite precipitation at varying pH conditions. Our results demonstrated that the inhibition of organic substances on struvite formation only happens at the pH levels of <9.0 with recovery reduction of PO₄3- (5-15%) and NH₄+ (6-13%). The inhibitory effect of the organic substances at the optimal pH range (9.5-10) reported from the literature review is only ≤5%. Moreover, the transformation in the contents of humic- and protein-like substances with an increment in pH was characterized and may contribute to mitigate the inhibition of nutrient recovery. Even though the particulate and colloidal organic substances slowed the precipitation reaction, they substantially increased the particle size (i.e., 70% and 40%, respectively) of the formed struvite. The presence of organic substances in all tested forms does not significantly influence the purity and crystalline structure of struvite which can still be used as a slow-releasing fertilizer. Regarding the relocation process of organic substances during struvite precipitation under varying pH conditions, understanding the interaction between organics and heavy metals which in turn affect the dynamics of heavy metals in solution and precipitates remains limited; thus, additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Muhmood
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains Derived from Food Intensify Crystallization Caused by Proteus mirabilis in Urine. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 13:441-452. [PMID: 32754854 PMCID: PMC8032593 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of infectious urolithiasis. The first stage in the formation of urinary stones is the crystallization of mineral salts in the urine induced by urease activity of this microorganism. Lactobacillus spp. are an important component of the human microbiota and in large quantities occur in foods. Regardless of their origin, those with probiotic properties are proposed as an alternative to antibiotic therapy in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The aim of the study was to check the effect of selected Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis strains on crystallization caused by P. mirabilis in an in vitro experiment. It has been confirmed that selected Lactobacillus strains have antibacterial properties and colonize the urinary tract epithelium. During 24-h incubation of bacterial cultures, containing P. mirabilis and individual Lactobacillus strains, in synthetic urine, bacterial viability (CFU/mL), pH, and crystallization were determined. Crystallization was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using AAS and XRD techniques as well as phase-contrast microscopy. It has been shown that in the presence of selected Lactobacillus strains, the culture pH increases faster, especially after 8 h of incubation, compared with the pure P. mirabilis culture. An increase in pH reduces the viability of P. mirabilis; however, in the presence of some lactobacilli, the uropathogen grows more intensively. The presence of Lactobacillus also affected crystallization by increasing its intensity, and the resulting crystals were larger in size. Tested L. plantarum and L. brevis strains could therefore accelerate the formation of urinary stones and development of infection.
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