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Hosnedlova B, Werle J, Cepova J, Narayanan VHB, Vyslouzilova L, Fernandez C, Parikesit AA, Kepinska M, Klapkova E, Kotaska K, Stepankova O, Bjorklund G, Prusa R, Kizek R. Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Identification of Viruses: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-30. [PMID: 38753964 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2343853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to their life cycle, viruses can disrupt the metabolism of their hosts, causing diseases. If we want to disrupt their life cycle, it is necessary to identify their presence. For this purpose, it is possible to use several molecular-biological and bioanalytical methods. The reference selection was performed based on electronic databases (2020-2023). This review focused on electrochemical methods with high sensitivity and selectivity (53% voltammetry/amperometry, 33% impedance, and 12% other methods) which showed their great potential for detecting various viruses. Moreover, the aforementioned electrochemical methods have considerable potential to be applicable for care-point use as they are portable due to their miniaturizability and fast speed analysis (minutes to hours), and are relatively easy to interpret. A total of 2011 articles were found, of which 86 original papers were subsequently evaluated (the majority of which are focused on human pathogens, whereas articles dealing with plant pathogens are in the minority). Thirty-two species of viruses were included in the evaluation. It was found that most of the examined research studies (77%) used nanotechnological modifications. Other ones performed immunological (52%) or genetic analyses (43%) for virus detection. 5% of the reports used peptides to increase the method's sensitivity. When evaluable, 65% of the research studies had LOD values in the order of ng or nM. The vast majority (79%) of the studies represent proof of concept and possibilities with low application potential and a high need of further research experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Hosnedlova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Werle
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Cepova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vedha Hari B Narayanan
- Pharmaceutical Technology Lab, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Lenka Vyslouzilova
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Assistive Technologies, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arli Aditya Parikesit
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta, Timur, Indonesia
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eva Klapkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kotaska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Stepankova
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Assistive Technologies, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Geir Bjorklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Richard Prusa
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Zandi M, Soltani S, Sadooni R, Salmanzadeh S, Erfani Y, Shahbahrami R, Piri M, Pakzad R, Ghodratifard N, Moghadam AE, Abbasi S. No sign of Rotavirus co-infection in COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Malawi Med J 2023; 35:27-30. [PMID: 38124694 PMCID: PMC10645899 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v35i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The main goal of the present study is to investigate the incidence of Rotavirus co-infection in COVID-19 patients. Methods and Results Fecal samples of COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms which had positive PCR- were collected from Abadan's hospital, Iran during the period December 2020 to January 2021. Samples were analyzed by RT-PCR to determine the presence of Rotavirus. Finally, the total samples size of 37 were included in this study. The mean age of patients was 48.22 years. Abdominal pain alone was detected in 48.65% of the patients. At least one gastrointestinal symptom was detected in all of the patients. Diarrhea and fever were seen in 13.51% and 59.46% of patients, respectively. Nausea and vomiting were seen in 5.41% of the patients. RT-PCR showed no infection of Rotavirus among the patients. Conclusion Gastrointestinal symptoms related to COVID-19 are common. More studies is need among these patients groups for investigate co-infection with other fecal viral shedding carries, due to a worse prognosis and its association with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Riam Sadooni
- Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Shokrollah Salmanzadeh
- Infectious and tropical diseases research center, Health research institute, Faculty of medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yousef Erfani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Shahbahrami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maghsud Piri
- Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | | | - Samaneh Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical sciences, Abadan, Iran
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Abdullah, Din M, Waris A, Khan M, Ali S, Muhammad R, Salman M. The contemporary immunoassays for HIV diagnosis: a concise overview. ASIAN BIOMED 2023; 17:3-12. [PMID: 37551202 PMCID: PMC10405330 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnostics have improved the management of disease progression significantly, which have also boosted the efficacy of antiviral therapies. The detection of HIV at the earliest is very important. A highly recognized and effective virological biomarker for acute HIV infections is p24 antigen. This brief overview is based on advances of HIV diagnosis while focusing on the latest HIV testing technologies including HIV-specific antigens detecting assays of both anti-HIV antibodies and p24 antigen. In addition to other emerging molecular diagnostics for acute HIV infection, the utilization of p24 antigen has been summarized. Moreover, it has been explained how these immunoassays have reduced the window period for detection of HIV in the acute stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar25000, Pakistan
| | - Misbahud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Shezhen518057, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Muddasir Khan
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar25120, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ali
- Department of Zoology, University of Buner, Buner19281, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Muhammad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar25000, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, Government Degree College Lakarai, Mohmand24651, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar25000, Pakistan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
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Sun X, Cui Z. Microbiological Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8984-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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5
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Soltani S, Zandi M, Faramarzi S, Shahbahrami R, Vali M, Rezayat SA, Pakzad R, Malekifar P, Pakzad I, Jahandoost N, Moludi J. Worldwide prevalence of fungal coinfections among COVID-19 patients: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:15-23. [PMID: 35255675 PMCID: PMC8907610 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial coinfections can increase the morbidity and mortality rates of viral respiratory diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of fungal coinfections in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and Embase were searched without language restrictions to identify the related research on COVID-19 patients with fungal coinfections from December 1, 2019, to December 30, 2020. A random-effects model was used for analysis. The sample size included 2,246 patients from 8 studies. The pooled prevalence of fungal coinfections was 12.60%. The frequency of fungal subtype coinfections was 3.71% for Aspergillus, 2.39% for Candida, and 0.39% for other. The World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe and Regional Office for Southeast Asia had the highest (23.28%) and lowest (4.53%) estimated prevalence of fungal coinfection, respectively. Our findings showed a high prevalence of fungal coinfections in COVID-19 cases, which is a likely contributor to mortality in COVID-19 patients. Early identification of fungal pathogens in the laboratory for COVID-19 patients can lead to timely treatment and prevention of further damage by this hidden infection.
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Harun-Ur-Rashid M, Foyez T, Jahan I, Pal K, Imran AB. Rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 via nano-biosensor-implemented biomedical utilization: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9445-9465. [PMID: 35424900 PMCID: PMC8959446 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel human coronavirus pandemic is one of the most significant occurrences in human civilization. The rapid proliferation and mutation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have created an exceedingly challenging situation throughout the world's healthcare systems ranging from underdeveloped countries to super-developed countries. The disease is generally recognized as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and it is caused by a new human CoV, which has put mankind in jeopardy. COVID-19 is death-dealing and affects people of all ages, including the elderly and middle-aged people, children, infants, persons with co-morbidities, and immunocompromised patients. Moreover, multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have evolved as a result of genetic alteration. Some variants cause severe symptoms in patients, while others cause an unusually high infection rate, and yet others cause extremely severe symptoms as well as a high infection rate. Contrasting with a previous epidemic, COVID-19 is more contagious since the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates profuse affection to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) that is copiously expressed on the surface of human lung cells. Since the estimation and tracking of viral loads are essential for determining the infection stage and recovery duration, a quick, accurate, easy, cheap, and versatile diagnostic tool is critical for managing COVID-19, as well as for outbreak control. Currently, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing is the most often utilized approach for COVID-19 diagnosis, while Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the chest are used to assess the disease's stages. However, the RT-PCR method is non-portable, tedious, and laborious, and the latter is not capable of detecting the preliminary stage of infection. In these circumstances, nano-biosensors can play an important role to deliver point-of-care diagnosis for a variety of disorders including a wide variety of viral infections rapidly, economically, precisely, and accurately. New technologies are being developed to overcome the drawbacks of the current methods. Nano-biosensors comprise bioreceptors with electrochemical, optical, or FET-based transduction for the specific detection of biomarkers. Different types of organic–inorganic nanomaterials have been incorporated for designing, fabricating, and improving the performance and analytical ability of sensors by increasing sensitivity, adsorption, and biocompatibility. The particular focus of this review is to carry out a systematic study of the status and perspectives of synthetic routes for nano-biosensors, including their background, composition, fabrication processes, and prospective applications in the diagnosis of COVID-19. This review will focus on the rapid, selective, accurate, easy, affordable, versatile, and point-of-care diagnosis of COVID-19 using electrochemical, optical, magnetic, aptameric, and plasmonic nano-biosensors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Foyez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaushik Pal
- University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Abu Bin Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Microbiological Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_16-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Detection and Prevention of Virus Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1368:21-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8969-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Udourioh GA, Solomon MM, Epelle EI. Metal Organic Frameworks as Biosensing Materials for COVID-19. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:535-553. [PMID: 34249167 PMCID: PMC8260022 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak is the most startling public health crises with attendant global socio-economic burden ever experienced in the twenty-first century. The level of devastation by this outbreak is such that highly impacted countries will take years to recover. Studies have shown that timely detection based on accelerated sample testing and accurate diagnosis are crucial steps to reducing or preventing the spread of any pandemic outbreak. In this opinionated review, the impacts of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as a biosensor in a pandemic outbreak is investigated with reference to COVID-19. Biosensing technologies have been proven to be very effective in clinical analyses, especially in assessment of severe infectious diseases. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR, RT-PCR, CRISPR) - based test methods predominantly used for SARS-COV-2 diagnoses have serious limitations and the health scientists and researchers are urged to come up with a more robust and versatile system for solving diagnostic problem associated with the current and future pandemic outbreaks. MOFs, an emerging crystalline material with unique characteristics will serve as promising biosensing materials in a pandemic outbreak such as the one we are in. We hereby highlight the characteristics of MOFs and their sensing applications, potentials as biosensors in a pandemic outbreak and draw the attention of researchers to a new vista of research that needs immediate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin A. Udourioh
- Analytical/Material Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Veritas University, Abuja, P.O.Box 6523, Garki, Abuja Nigeria
| | - Moses M. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Km10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel I. Epelle
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB UK
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Ibrahim N, Jamaluddin ND, Tan LL, Mohd Yusof NY. A Review on the Development of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles-Based Biosensor as a Detection Strategy of Emerging and Pathogenic RNA Virus. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5114. [PMID: 34372350 PMCID: PMC8346961 DOI: 10.3390/s21155114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of highly pathogenic and deadly human coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV within the past two decades and currently SARS-CoV-2, have resulted in millions of human death across the world. In addition, other human viral diseases, such as mosquito borne-viral diseases and blood-borne viruses, also contribute to a higher risk of death in severe cases. To date, there is no specific drug or medicine available to cure these human viral diseases. Therefore, the early and rapid detection without compromising the test accuracy is required in order to provide a suitable treatment for the containment of the diseases. Recently, nanomaterials-based biosensors have attracted enormous interest due to their biological activities and unique sensing properties, which enable the detection of analytes such as nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), aptamers, and proteins in clinical samples. In addition, the advances of nanotechnologies also enable the development of miniaturized detection systems for point-of-care (POC) biosensors, which could be a new strategy for detecting human viral diseases. The detection of virus-specific genes by using single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes has become a particular interest due to their higher sensitivity and specificity compared to immunological methods based on antibody or antigen for early diagnosis of viral infection. Hence, this review has been developed to provide an overview of the current development of nanoparticles-based biosensors that target pathogenic RNA viruses, toward a robust and effective detection strategy of the existing or newly emerging human viral diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. This review emphasizes the nanoparticles-based biosensors developed using noble metals such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) by virtue of their powerful characteristics as a signal amplifier or enhancer in the detection of nucleic acid. In addition, this review provides a broad knowledge with respect to several analytical methods involved in the development of nanoparticles-based biosensors for the detection of viral nucleic acid using both optical and electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Ibrahim
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.I.); (N.D.J.)
| | - Nur Diyana Jamaluddin
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.I.); (N.D.J.)
| | - Ling Ling Tan
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.I.); (N.D.J.)
| | - Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Misra R, Acharya S, Sushmitha N. Nanobiosensor-based diagnostic tools in viral infections: Special emphasis on Covid-19. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2267. [PMID: 34164867 PMCID: PMC8420101 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapid propagation of novel human coronavirus 2019 and its emergence as a pandemic raising morbidity calls for taking more appropriate measures for rapid improvement of present diagnostic techniques which are time‐consuming, labour‐intensive and non‐portable. In this scenario, biosensors can be considered as a means to outmatch customary techniques and deliver point‐of‐care diagnostics for many diseases in a much better way owing to their speed, cost‐effectiveness, accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity. Besides this, these biosensors have been aptly used to detect a wide spectrum of viruses thus facilitating timely delivery of correct therapy. The present review is an attempt to analyse such different kinds of biosensors that have been implemented for virus detection. Recently, the field of nanotechnology has given a great push to diagnostic techniques by the development of smart and miniaturised nanobiosensors which have enhanced the diagnostic procedure and taken it to a new level. The portability, hardiness and affordability of nanobiosensor make them an apt diagnostic agent for different kinds of viruses including SARS‐CoV‐2. The role of such novel nanobiosensors in the diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 has also been addressed comprehensively in the present review. Along with this, the challenges and future position of developing such ultrasensitive nanobiosensors which should be taken into consideration before declaring these nano‐weapons as the ideal futuristic gold standard of diagnosis has also been accounted for here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjita Misra
- Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sarbari Acharya
- Department of Life Science, School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nehru Sushmitha
- Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kang J, Tahir A, Wang H, Chang J. Applications of nanotechnology in virus detection, tracking, and infection mechanisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1700. [PMID: 33511770 PMCID: PMC7995016 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are among the most infectious pathogens, responsible for the highest death toll around the world. Lack of effective clinical drug for most of the viruses emphasizes the rapid and accurate diagnosis at early stages of infection to prevent rapid spread of the pathogens. Nanotechnology is an emerging field with applications in various domains, where nano‐biomedical science has many significant contributions such as effective delivery of drugs/therapeutic molecules to specific organs, imaging, sensitive detection of virus, and their accurate tracking in host cells. The nanomaterials reported for virus detection and tracking mainly include magnetic and gold NPs, ZnO/Pt‐Pd, graphene, and quantum dots (QDs). In addition, the single virus tracking technology (SVT) allowed to track the life cycle stages of an individual virus for better understanding of their dynamics within the living cells. Inorganic as well as non‐metallic fluorescent materials share the advantages of high photochemical stability, a wide range of light absorption curves and polychromatic emission. Hence, are considered as potential fluorescent nano‐probes for SVT. However, there are still some challenges: (i) clinical false positive rate of some detection methods is still high; (ii) in the virus tracking process, less adaptability of QDs owing to larger size, flicker, and possible interference with virus function; and (iii) in vivo tracking of a single virus, in real time needs further refinement. In the future, smaller, non‐toxic, and chemically stable nanomaterials are needed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of detection, and monitoring of virus infections to curb the mortalities. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus‐Based Structures
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ayesha Tahir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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