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Caldeira V, Fonseca TAH, N'Dembo L, Araújo R, Von Rekowski CP, Sampaio PNS, Calado CRC. A new methodology for a rapid and high-throughput comparison of molecular profiles and biological activity of phytoextracts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 38760962 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
To robustly discover and explore phytocompounds, it is necessary to evaluate the interrelationships between the plant species, plant tissue, and the extraction process on the extract composition and to predict its cytotoxicity. The present work evaluated how Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy can acquire the molecular profile of aqueous and ethanol-based extracts obtained from leaves, seeds, and flowers of Cynara Cardunculus, and ethanol-based extracts from Matricaria chamomilla flowers, as well the impact of these extracts on the viability of mammalian cells. The extract molecular profile enabled to predict the extraction yield, and how the plant species, plant tissue, and extraction process affected the extract's relative composition. The molecular profile obtained from the culture media of cells exposed to extracts enabled to capture its impact on cells metabolism, at a higher sensitivity than the conventional assay used to determine the cell viability. Furthermore, it was possible to detect specific impacts on the cell's metabolism according to plant species, plant tissue, and extraction process. Since spectra were acquired on small volumes of samples (25 µL), after a simple dehydration step, and based on a plate with 96 wells, the method can be applied in a rapid, simple, high-throughput, and economic mode, consequently promoting the discovery of phytocompounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Caldeira
- ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago A H Fonseca
- ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luana N'Dembo
- COPELABS-Computação e Cognição Centrada nas Pessoas, Faculty of Engineering, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rúben Araújo
- ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristiana P Von Rekowski
- ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro N S Sampaio
- COPELABS-Computação e Cognição Centrada nas Pessoas, Faculty of Engineering, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília R C Calado
- ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- i4HB - The Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, IST - Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Khound P, Sarma H, Sarma PP, Jana UK, Devi R. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Verbascoside from Clerodendrum glandulosum Leaves for Analysis of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20360-20369. [PMID: 37323385 PMCID: PMC10268293 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Verbascoside (VER) is a phenylethanoid glycoside compound found in Clerodendrum species and is an important part of traditional medicine. It is found in the leaves of Clerodendrum glandulosum, which is taken as a soup or vegetable and also utilized in traditional medicine by the people of Northeast India, especially against hypertension and diabetes. In the present study, VER was extracted from C. glandulosum leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction through the solvent extraction method (ethanol-water, ethanol, and water). The ethanol extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, viz., 110.55 mg GAE/g and 87.60 mg QE/g, respectively. HPLC and LC-MS were used to identify the active phenolic compound, and VER was found to be the main component present in the extraction with a molecular weight of 624.59 g/mol. NMR (1H, 2D-COSY) analysis showed the presence of hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid, glucose, and rhamnose in the VER backbone. Further, different antioxidant activities and antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemia enzyme markers' inhibition against VER-enriched ethanol extract were evaluated. The results showed that ultrasound extraction of polyphenols using ethanol from C. glandulosum could be a promising technique for the extraction of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspanjali Khound
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
- Department
of Zoology, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | - Himangshu Sarma
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sarma
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Jana
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Devi
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
- Department
of Zoology, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
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Castro TFD, Carneiro WF, Reichel T, Fabem SL, Machado MRF, de Souza KKC, Resende LV, Murgas LDS. The toxicological effects of Eryngium foetidum extracts on zebrafish embryos and larvae depend on the type of extract, dose, and exposure time. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:891-899. [PMID: 36337237 PMCID: PMC9618102 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Eryngium foetidum is a herbaceous plant found in tropical and subtropical regions. In vivo pharmacological parameters show that leaf extracts of this plant have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities due to their bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenols. Despite the evidence for several bioactivities of E. foetidum, information on its safety and tolerability is limited. The objective of this study was to assess the effect and concentration of different extracts of E. foetidum on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. To study the impact of aqueous (AE), ethanolic (EE), and methanolic (ME) extracts, the embryos were exposed to 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg mL-1 for up to 120-h postfertilization to assess embryonic developmental toxicity and then to 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.312, and 0.625 mg mL-1 to assess the antioxidant responses of the enzymes superoxide dismutase catalase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cell apoptosis. The results showed that, depending on the extraction solvent, concentration used, and exposure time, E. foetidum extracts caused mortality, altered the hatching time, and promoted changes in enzymatic activities. Delays in development and increased GST activity were found in all treatments. Apoptosis was not observed in any of the treatments. In conclusion, AE, EE, and ME concentrations above 0.625 mg mL-1 can cause adverse effects on the early stages of zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassia Flavia Dias Castro
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP:37200-000, Brazil
| | - William Franco Carneiro
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP:37200-000, Brazil
| | - Tharyn Reichel
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Sarah Lacerda Fabem
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP:37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciane Vilela Resende
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Luis David Solis Murgas
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP:37200-000, Brazil
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4
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Biosynthesis and medicinal applications of proanthocyanidins: A recent update. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sun JX, Li X, Jiang Y, Liu YL, Li P, Li HJ. Precise identification of Celosia argentea seed and its five adulterants by multiple morphological and chemical means. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 216:114802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sharma S, Padhi S, Kumari M, Patnaik S, Sahoo D. Antioxidant Potential of Selected Wild Edible Leafy Vegetables of Sikkim Himalayan Region: Effects of Cooking Methods and Gastrointestinal Digestion on Activity. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861347. [PMID: 35529464 PMCID: PMC9069990 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Green leafy vegetables or GLVs are one of the main attractions in the local vegetable market and are widely consumed as the main course and side dish in the Sikkim Himalayan region (SHR). This study evaluated the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) and antioxidant potential in different extracts such as methanolic (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAC), and hexane extracts of selected GLVs followed by changes in the antioxidant activity on cooking and stimulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. The MeOH extracts of Urtica dioica L. (Sisnu), Nasturtium officinale W. T. Aiton (Simrayo), Diplazium esculentum Retz. Sw. (Ningro), and Chenopodium album L. (Bethu) were estimated to have higher TPC [22.73–45.84 μg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg of extract]. In contrast, the plant extracts prepared using EtOAC (except for N. officinale, where TFC was found to be higher in hexane extract) were found to contain higher TFC (3.42–14.86 μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/mg of extract). The MeOH extracts also exhibited higher 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (9.55–18.67 μg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/mg of extract), total antioxidant activity (TAA) (0.27–0.32 mg AAE/mg of extract), and reducing power potential (RPP) (1.6–9.9 μg AAE/mg of extract). Among the test MeOH extracts, U. dioica demonstrated relatively higher antioxidant activities and was selected for cooking experiments followed by simulated GI digestion. The findings revealed that the loss of antioxidant activity was minimal in steam-cooked leaves (3.5% in 40 min) as compared to the boiled ones (18% in 10 min). The simulated GI (simulated salivary, gastric, and intestinal) digestion performed on raw, steam cooked, and boiled U. dioica leaves showed substantial enhancement of antioxidant properties (by 64.63%) through steam cooking in comparison to the raw leaves. Overall the study concludes that higher antioxidant properties can be achieved on the consumption of steam-cooked U. dioica leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
| | - Megha Kumari
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Dinabandhu Sahoo
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Kim GJ, Park S, Kim E, Kwon H, Park HJ, Nam JW, Roh SS, Choi H. Antioxidant, Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory, and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Extracts of the Invasive Plant Spartina anglica (Cord-Grass). Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020242. [PMID: 33557332 PMCID: PMC7914639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, the invasive halophyte Spartina anglica has been colonizing mudflats along the western coast of South Korea. In order to minimize costs on S. anglica expansion management and waste-treatment of collected biomass, the potential application of the collected biomass of S. anglica was investigated. Ethanolic extracts and subfractions thereof (hexanes, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, and water-soluble) of the aerial and belowground parts of S. anglica showed free radical-scavenging [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)], tyrosinase inhibitory, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. An ethyl acetate fraction derived from aerial parts (EA-a) showed the most potent radical-scavenging and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities, whereas tyrosinase inhibition was mainly observed in the methylene chloride soluble fractions (MC-bg) and other lipophilic fractions (ethyl acetate and hexanes layers) obtained from belowground parts. The major EA-a compound isolated and identified was 1,3-di-O-trans-feruloyl quinic acid (1) based on spectroscopic analysis, whereas the two major MC-bg compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2) and N-trans-feruloyltyramine (3). Compounds 1 and 3 scavenged both DPPH and ABTS radicals, whereas 1 and 2 inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. These results indicate that extracts and fractions of S. anglica have antioxidant, anti-obesity, and whitening properties with potential pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and functional food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (S.P.); (E.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea
| | - Songhee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (S.P.); (E.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Eonmi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (S.P.); (E.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Hyukbean Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (S.P.); (E.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Hae-Jin Park
- Faculty of Herbal Cuisine and Nutrition, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea;
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (S.P.); (E.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Herbology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-S.R.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-770-2258 (S.-S.R.); +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.)
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (S.P.); (E.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-S.R.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-770-2258 (S.-S.R.); +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.)
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Faber RJ, Laubscher CP, Rautenbach F, Jimoh MO. Variabilities in alkaloid concentration of Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E. Br in response to different soilless growing media and fertigation regimes in hydroponics. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05479. [PMID: 33235938 PMCID: PMC7670209 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the variations in alkaloid concentrations of Sceletium tortuosum when grown in soilless mediums under different fertigation regimes and to examine the suitability of the plant for hydroponic cultivation. A mother plant obtained from Verve Dynamics (Pty) Ltd (a manufacturer and supplier of purified botanical extracts) was cultivated into three hundred plants used for this research study. Twenty treatments were evaluated with 15 sample replicates. Treatments were made up of 4 different soilless growing media, namely: pure silica sand, 50% silica sand with 50% coco-peat, 50% silica sand with 50% vermiculite, and 50% silica sand with 50% perlite. These growing media were tested in conjunction with 5 different fertigation regimes (FR). Plants grown in FR1 received aqueous nutrient solution once every week, FR2 received aqueous nutrient solution once every second week, FR3 received aqueous nutrient solution once every third week, FR4 received aqueous nutrient solution once every fourth week and FR5 received aqueous nutrient solution once every fifth week respectively. Results from this experiment showed that different soilless growing media and fertigation had varying effects on alkaloid concentrations in S. tortuosum. It was also observed that roots contained higher amounts of delta 7 mesembrenone and mesembrenone, while shoots contained higher amounts of the alkaloid mesembrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Faber
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7537, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles Petrus Laubscher
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7537, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fanie Rautenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7537, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muhali Olaide Jimoh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7537, Cape Town, South Africa
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Jimoh MA, Idris OA, Jimoh MO. Cytotoxicity, Phytochemical, Antiparasitic Screening, and Antioxidant Activities of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1249. [PMID: 32971828 PMCID: PMC7569803 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the biological activities of Mucuna pruriens seeds using cytotoxicity, phytochemical, antiparasitic screening, and antioxidant assays. Mature fruits of M. pruriens were harvested from Fort Hare University's Research Farm located in Alice, South Africa. The collected seeds were pulverized in a standard process and taken to the laboratory for crude extraction and further treatments. Cytotoxic, antimalarial, and trypanocidal effects of crude extracts obtained from ethanol and water were tested, while the total phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents of the aqueous extracts as well as their pharmacological activities were determined in vitro using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ethanol (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Although the extracts showed mild antiparasitic (antiplasmodial and trypanocidal) effects, results from the cytotoxic experiment revealed that M. pruriens is not toxic to human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells when tested using 50 µg/mL of extracts. It was observed that the seeds were remarkably rich in phenol (3730.1 ± 15.52 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) compared to flavonoids (63.03 ± 1.95 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) and proanthocyanidin (18.92 ± 1.09 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g). Also, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were comparable to those of the standard antioxidant drugs (rutin and gallic acid) used, in a concentration-dependent manner. There was a direct relationship between phenolic acid content and antioxidant effects. It is therefore suggested that M. pruriens seeds be incorporated into human diets as a supplement to promote healthy living. Pharmaceutical industries with a particular interest in natural phenolic acids should consider using seeds of M. pruriens as pharmaceutical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oladayo Amed Idris
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management (UESM), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Muhali Olaide Jimoh
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7537, South Africa
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Oyeyinka BO, Afolayan AJ. Comparative and Correlational Evaluation of the Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Musa sinensis L. and Musa paradisiaca L. Fruit Compartments (Musaceae). ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:4503824. [PMID: 32831803 PMCID: PMC7428880 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4503824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites and their biological activity have pharmacological relevance in the prevention and therapeutic management of disease, including the facilitation of normal physiological processes through biochemical mechanisms. In this study, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity were evaluated quantitatively on the acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of the flesh, and peel, as well as the boiled peel extract compartments of Musa sinensis L. and Musa paradisiaca L. fruits. Total phenol, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents were estimated and measured spectrophotometrically. The free radical scavenging antioxidant capacity of the extracts was tested on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ethanol), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay models. Correlation between phytoconstituents and antioxidant activity was analysed using Pearson's coefficient. The results showed varying amounts of phytochemicals in the solvent extracts of the flesh and peel, including the boiled peel extract of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca. All acetone extracts of M. sinensis flesh, M. paradisiaca flesh, and M. paradisiaca peel had the highest phytochemical contents, with the exception of the ethanol extract of M. sinensis peel which had the highest phenol content; just as on the overall scale, the peel compartments had generally higher phytochemical profiles than the soft flesh in both fruits. The boiled peel extracts of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca had the highest ABTS (0.03 mg/mL) and DPPH (0.03 mg/mL) activity. Ferric reducing power (FRAP) was the highest in the ethanol extracts of M. sinensis flesh and peel, and M. paradisiaca flesh, while it was the highest in the acetone extract of M. paradisiaca at the peak concentration used (0.1 mg/mL). There was a significant negative correlation between the total phenol and flavonoid contents of M. sinensis flesh with its DPPH radical scavenging activity and proanthocyanidin content of M. paradisiaca flesh with its DPPH radical scavenging activity. The correlation outcomes indicate that none of the phytochemical constituents solely affected antioxidant activity; instead, a combination of the polyphenolic constituents contributed to antioxidant activity. This study shows the therapeutic potentials of the flesh and, importantly, the peel of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca fruits on the basis of the polyphenolic constitution against free radicals and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Oluwatomide Oyeyinka
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Jide Afolayan
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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