Induced mathematical filtration as an innovative strategy for discrimination and estimation of glycemic control drugs in fixed dose combination

Intelligent spectrophotometric resolution platforms for the challenging spectra of ipratropium and fenoterol in their combination inhaler with ecological friendliness assessment

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the most common diagnoses for adults and children with respiratory tract inflammation. Recently, a novel fixed dose combination consisting of Ipratropium and Fenoterol has been released for the management and control of the symptoms of such disorders. The current research has newly developed and optimized three smart, accurate, simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods that enabled the simultaneous determination of the drugs under study in their combined inhaler dosage form, without the need for any previous separation steps, using water as a green solvent. The strategy employed was based on calculating one or two factors as a numerical spectrum or constant, which provided the complete removal of any component in the mixture that might overlap and the mathematical filtration of the targeted analyte. The methods developed could be classified into two types of spectrophotometric windows. Window I; involved absorption spectrum in their original zero-order forms (°D), which included recently designed methods named induced concentration subtraction (ICS) and induced dual wavelength (IDW). While window III focused on the ratio spectrum as the induced amplitude modulation (IAM) method. The extremely low absorptivity and lack of distinct absorption maximum in the zero-order absorption spectrum of Ipratropium were two intrinsic challenges that were better overcome by the proposed spectrophotometric methods than by the conventionally used ones. According to ICH guidelines, the proposed methods were validated using unified regression over range 2.0-40.0 µg/mL in the ICS method, while the linearity ranges for the IDW and IAM methods were 5.0-40.0 µg/mL of Ipratropium and 2.0-40.0 µg/mL of Fenoterol. Moreover, the three proposed methods were effectively used to assay the co-formulated marketed inhaler and further expanded to confirm the delivered dose uniformity in compliance with the USP guidelines. Finally, the established methods were evaluated for their greenness and blueness, in comparison to the official and reported analysis methods, using advanced cutting edge software metrics. Furthermore, the suggested techniques adhered well to the white analytical chemistry postulates that were recently published.

Independent concentration extraction as a novel green approach resolving overlapped UV-Vis binary spectra and HPTLC-densitometric methods for concurrent determination of levocloperastine and chlorpheniramine

BACKGROUND

The proposed research study introduces independent concentration extraction (ICE) as a novel UV-Vis spectrophotometric approach. The approach can be used for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped spectra from their binary mixtures. ICE is based on spectral extraction platform involving simple smart successive methods that can directly extract the original zero order spectra of the analytes at their characteristic (λmax). Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and Levocloperastine fendizoate (LCF) are two commonly co-formulated drugs in cough preparations. The combined mixture was used to confirm the validity of the developed ICE tool. Another less green HPTLC was developed for the first time to separate both drugs and help also in confirming the proposed tool.

METHODS

For the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF, two ecologically friendly techniques were employed. The first approach encompasses the use of the ICE spectrophotometric method that could be successively applied for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped unresolved spectra in their binary mixtures. Other complementary methods aiming at original spectral extraction; including spectrum subtraction (SS) and unity subtraction (US) were also successfully employed to resolve the zero order spectra of the combined drugs with all their characteristic features and peaks. The second technique used, a high-performance TLC-densitometric one, was performed on silica plates with silica plates F254 and a mobile phase with a ratio of 3:3:3:1 by volume of toluene, ethanol, acetone, and ammonia as a developing system at 230 nm.

RESULTS

The presented extraction approach was executed without any optimization steps or sample pretreatment for the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF. The method was found to be valid for their determination within concentration range of 3.0-30.0 μg mL-1 for both drugs. For HPTLC method, the resulting Rf values of CPM and LCF were 0.37 and 0.78, within concentration ranges of 0.3-4.0 μg/spot and 0.8-10.0 μg/spot, respectively. Greenness assessment of both developed methodologies showed that the HPTLC method is less green than the spectrophotometric method, yet with comparable sustainability when it comes to the used technique.

CONCLUSION

The procedures were found to be selective, accurate, and precise for analysis of the studied binary mixture. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the introduced methods was assessed using novel greenness metrics, namely AGREE and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) to prove their ecological safety. In addition, white analytical chemistry (WAC) evaluation metric was employed to ensure the synergy and coherence of analytical, practical, and ecological attributes.

Eco-friendly and smart spectrophotometric approaches for quality control analysis of one of β-blockers in their dosage

The pharmaceutical industry's rapid progress has spurred the demand for diverse analysis approaches within quality control laboratories to investigate approved drug combinations. Antihypertensive drugs, especially beta-blockers (BB), represent a significant pharmaceutical group, with increasing consumption. The presented research resolves spectral overlay for important binary combination of Propranolol hydrochloride (PRO) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) which its zero order spectrums exhibit interference with a lack of iso-absorptive points, throughout three proposed approaches: Induced Dual Wavelength (IDW), Absorptivity Factor (α-factor), and Amplitude Factor (P-factor). These approaches enable simultaneous spectrophotometric identification of binary mixture without prior separation, with good linearity ranges of (1.5-25) µg/mL (2.0-25) µg/mL for (PRO) and (HCT). The outputs of quality control laboratories involve multiple solvents and reagents, leading to the production of toxic waste that affects the environment and society. While BBs are safe for human and veterinary use, their impact on ecosystems cannot be ignored, thus this research highlights the importance of eco-friendly and smart spectrophotometric approaches for simultaneous identification of the most important β-blockers combination with minimal waste and energy consumption. Greenness and Whiteness aspects of proposed approaches are assessed via three Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) metrics: Analytical Greenness Metric approach (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI Index) and Red-Green-Blue (RGB) model. Verification of each proposed approaches are proved via ICH confines and statistically compared with USP pharmacopeia approach revealing along with never main deviation.

State-of-the-art mathematically induced filtration approaches for smart spectrophotometric assessment of silodosin and solifenacin mixture in their new challenging formulation: Multi-tool greenness and whiteness evaluation

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is one of the most predominant health disorders in men with increasing incidence by age and usually accompanied with other bothersome symptoms. A new fixed dose combination, containing Silodosin and Solifenacin, has been recently launched for relieving such disorder associated with overactive bladder syndrome. In the current work, three smart, innovative and white spectrophotometric methods have been newly developed and optimized for simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in their binary mixture using water as an eco-friendly solvent. The adopted strategy relied on calculation of one or two factors as numerical constant or spectrum allowing mathematical filtration of desired analyte and full removal of any overlapped components in the mixture. The developed methods are categorized over two spectrophotometric platform windows. Window I deals with absorption spectra in its native forms (zero-order) including a newly developed method termed induced concentration subtraction (ICS) as well as induced dual wavelength (IDW) methods. Whereas window III is concerned with ratio spectra as in induced amplitude modulation (IAM) method. Compared to classical spectrophotometric methods, the proposed ones are superior in overcoming the inherited challenges in zero-order absorption spectrum of Solifenacin, particularly its very low absorptivity and lack of unique absorption maximum. Validity of the methods were thoroughly assured as per ICH guidelines with unified regression over 3.0-50.0 µg/mL in ICS method while IDW and IAM ones possessed linearity ranges of 3.0-50.0 µg/mL of Silodosin and 5.0-60.0 µg/mL of Solifenacin. The work was also extended to verify content uniformity of dosage units in accordance with USP recommendations. Greenness profile of the proposed methods was clearly assessed, in comparison to the reported analysis ones, via state-of-the-art software metrics, namely, green solvent selection tool (GSST), complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) and analytical greenness (AGREE). Finally, the proposed methods were in good adherence to the recently published postulates of white analytical chemistry.