A clinical evaluation of the alterations in the level of serum zinc, copper, iron, and manganese in the ischemic heart disease patients of Bangladesh - A case-control study

Association of Blood Metals and Metal Mixtures with the Myocardial Enzyme Profile: An Occupational Population-Based Study in China

To investigate a cross-sectional association between blood metal mixture and myocardial enzyme profile, we quantified creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBD), and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels among participants from the manganese-exposed workers healthy cohort (MEWHC) (n = 544). The levels of 22 metals in blood cells were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized regression model was utilized for screening metals. The exposure-response relationship between specific metal and myocardial enzyme profile was identified by general linear regression and restricted cubic spline analyses. The overall effect and interactions were evaluated using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Manganese was linearly and positively associated with CK (Poverall = 0.019, Pnon-linearity = 0.307), dominating the positive overall effect of mixture exposure (manganese, arsenic, and rubidium) on CK level. Calcium and zinc were linearly and negatively associated with LD levels (Poverall < 0.05, Pnon-linearity > 0.05), and asserted dominance in the negative overall effect of metal mixtures (rubidium, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, cobalt, calcium, and magnesium) on LD level. Interestingly, we observed a U-shaped dose-response relationship of molybdenum with LD level (Poverall < 0.001, Pnon-linearity = 0.015), an interaction between age and calcium on LD level (Pinteration = 0.041), and an interaction between smoking and molybdenum on LD level (Pinteration = 0.035). Our study provides evidence that metal mixture exposure affects the myocardial enzyme profile. Additional investigation is required to confirm these associations, and to reveal the fundamental mechanisms involved.

Serum Zinc and Copper Concentrations and Dyslipidemia as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Data Mining Techniques

This study aimed to examine the relationship between serum cholesterol levels and the ratio of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the blood serum and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Phase I of the study, 9704 individuals between the age of 35 and 65 years were recruited. Phase II of the cohort study comprised 7561 participants who completed the 10-year follow-up. The variables which were measured at the baseline of the study included gender, age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP); biochemical parameters including serum Cu, Zn, copper-zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), zinc-copper ratio (Zn/Cu); fasted lipid profile consisting of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as well as fasting serum glucose, and triglycerides-glucose (TyG) index. Decision tree (DT) and logical regression (LR) models were applied to examine the relationship between the aforementioned factors and CVD. CVD was diagnosed in 837 individuals (378 males and 459 females) out of 7561 participants. According to the LR models, SBP, TC, HDL, age, Zn/Cu, and TyG index for males and SBP, age, TyG index, HDL, TC, Cu/Zn, and Cu for females had the highest correlation with CVD (p-value ≤ 0.033). Based on the DT algorithm, 88% of males with SPB < 129.66 mmHg, younger age (age < 53 years), TyG index < 9.53, 173 ≤ TC < 187 mg/dL, and HDL ≥ 32 mg/dL had the lowest risk of CVD. Also, 98% of females with SBP < 128 mmHg, TyG index < 9.68, age < 44, TC < 222 mg/dL, and HDL ≥ 63.7 mg/dL had the lowest risk of CVD. It can be concluded that the Zn/Cu for men and Cu/Zn for women, along with dyslipidemia and SBP, could significantly predict the risk of CVD in this cohort from northeastern Iran.

The Role of the Metabolism of Zinc and Manganese Ions in Human Cancerogenesis

Metal ion homeostasis is fundamental for life. Specifically, transition metals iron, manganese and zinc play a pivotal role in mitochondrial metabolism and energy generation, anti-oxidation defense, transcriptional regulation and the immune response. The misregulation of expression or mutations in ion carriers and the corresponding changes in Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ levels suggest that these ions play a pivotal role in cancer progression. Moreover, coordinated changes in Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ion carriers have been detected, suggesting that particular mechanisms influenced by both ions might be required for the growth of cancer cells, metastasis and immune evasion. Here, we present a review of zinc and manganese pathophysiology suggesting that these ions might cooperatively regulate cancerogenesis. Zn and Mn effects converge on mitochondria-induced apoptosis, transcriptional regulation and the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, mediating the immune response. Both Zn and Mn influence cancer progression and impact treatment efficacy in animal models and clinical trials. We predict that novel strategies targeting the regulation of both Zn and Mn in cancer will complement current therapeutic strategies.