Predictors of failure of endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography during common bile duct stones

Comparison of the clinical effects of dual-modality endoscopy and traditional laparotomy for the treatment of intra- and extrahepatic bile duct stones

BACKGROUND

Bile duct stones (BDSs) may cause patients to develop liver cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Currently, the success rate of surgical treatment for intrahepatic and extrahepatic BDSs is not satisfactory, and there is a risk of postoperative complications.

AIM

To compare the clinical effects of dual-modality endoscopy (duodenoscopy and laparoscopy) with those of traditional laparotomy in the treatment of intra- and extrahepatic BDSs.

METHODS

Ninety-five patients with intra- and extrahepatic BDSs who sought medical services at Wuhan No.1 Hospital between August 2019 and May 2023 were selected; 45 patients in the control group were treated by traditional laparotomy, and 50 patients in the research group were treated by dual-modality endoscopy. The following factors were collected for analysis: curative effects, safety (incision infection, biliary fistula, lung infection, hemobilia), surgical factors [surgery time, intraoperative blood loss (IBL) volume, gastrointestinal function recovery time, and length of hospital stay], serum inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8], and oxidative stress [glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and advanced protein oxidation products (AOPPs)].

RESULTS

The analysis revealed markedly better efficacy (an obviously higher total effective rate) in the research group than in the control group. In addition, an evidently lower postoperative complication rate, shorter surgical duration, gastrointestinal function recovery time and hospital stay, and lower IBL volume were observed in the research group. Furthermore, the posttreatment serum inflammatory marker (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) levels were significantly lower in the research group than in the control group. Compared with those in the control group, the posttreatment GSH-Px, SOD, MDA and AOPPs in the research group were equivalent to the pretreatment levels; for example, the GSH-Px and SOD levels were significantly higher, while the MDA and AOPP levels were lower.

CONCLUSION

Dual-modality endoscopy therapy (duodenoscopy and laparoscopy) is more effective than traditional laparotomy in the treatment of intra- and extrahepatic BDSs and has a lower risk of postoperative complications; significantly shortened surgical time; shorter gastrointestinal function recovery time; shorter hospital stay; and lower intraoperative bleeding volume, while having a significant inhibitory effect on excessive serum inflammation and causing little postoperative oxidative stress.

PREDICTORS OF FAILURE OF ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN CLEARING BILE DUCT STONES DURING INDEX PROCEDURE - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

BACKGROUND

Common bile duct (CBD) stones are known to complicate 10-15% of gallstone diseases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the therapeutic modality of choice for bile duct clearance in CBD stones but may fail to achieve stone clearance. This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP.

OBJECTIVE

This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP.

METHODS

All consecutive patients with bile duct stones undergoing ERCP at a tertiary care center were prospectively included from October 2020 to October 2021. The study's primary outcome was to identify and analyze factors that could predict the failure of complete CBD clearance.

RESULTS

A total of 120 patients (50.8% males, median age: 53.5 years) were included in the final analysis. Successful clearance of CBD stones during the index procedure was achieved in 70% of patients. At a cut-off stone diameter of >10.5 mm and CBD diameter of >12.5 mm, the AUC was 0.890 and 0.884, respectively, to predict failed clearance of CBD. On multivariate analysis, stone diameter ≥15 mm [odds ratio (OR) 16.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.629-176.785], location of stones in hepatic ducts (OR 7.74, 95%CI: 2.041-29.332), presence of stricture distal to stone (OR 6.99, 95%CI: 1.402-34.726) and impacted stone (OR 21.61, 95%CI: 1.84-253.058) were independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance.

CONCLUSION

Stone size and location are independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. The endoscopist should consider these factors while subjecting a patient to biliary ductal clearance to plan additional intervention.

BACKGROUND

• Failure to clear bile duct stones in the index ERCP can be seen in 15-20% of cases, and identifying the factors associated with failure is important.

BACKGROUND

• A prospective analysis was conducted to identify and analyze the factors that could predict the failure of complete CBD clearance.

BACKGROUND

• The present study reported a successful clearance of CBD stones during the index procedure in only 70% of patients.

BACKGROUND

• A stone diameter ≥15 mm, location of stones in hepatic ducts, presence of stricture distal to stone, and impacted stone were independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance.

Predictive factors of difficult biliary cannulation: An experience of a tunisian tertiary center

Introduction

Selective biliary cannulation is a prerequisite for a successful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, conventional biliary access can be difficult. The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of difficult biliary cannulation (DBC) and its associated factors and to describe the efficiency and safety of used standard and advanced cannulation techniques.

Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective study including all patients with naïve papilla who had an ERCP procedure in Gastroenterology department of Mohamed Taher Maamouri Hospital from June 2019 to December 2021. Efficiency was defined as successful selective deep biliary cannulation. DBC was defined based on the presence of one or more of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) criteria (5-5-1): more than five cannulation attempts, more than 5 min before cannulation and more than one accidental passage in the wirsung. Prevalence was measured using ESGE 5-5-1 cutoffs and chinese set cutoffs 15-10-2. Predictors of DBC were sought by univariate and multivariate analysis (SPSS software, p significant if < 0.05).

Results

We included 664 patients (mean age 62 years and sex ratio M/W = 0.8). Main indication for ERCP was choledocholithiasis (67%, n = 442) followed by malignant biliary stenosis (21%, n = 138). Based on ESGE criteria, prevalence of DBC was 42.62% (n = 283). Prevalence was 21.15% when 15-10-2 cutoffs are applied in trainee-involved procedure. Cumulative biliary success rate was 96.46%. Standard cannulation method achieved access in 98.2% while advanced methods permitted success in 92.2% in fistulotomy, 94.1% in papillotomy and 77.3% in transpancreatic sphincterotomy. Independent predictive factors of DBC in multivariate analysis were: Trainee presence OR 1.80 [1.24-2.65], SOD OR 4.71 [1.11-19.88], biliary stenosis found on imaging examinations (OR 2.53 [1.63-3.92], small papilla OR 4.09 [1.82-9.17] and difficult orientation of the papilla OR 14.90 [3.28-67.62].

Conclusion

DBC is a frequent endoscopic situation. Predictors of DBC can be related to trainee involvement in the procedure, anatomical and clinical factors. A thorough understanding of these factors can actively contribute to ERCP management plans.

The Evaluation of Clinical Status of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography for the Placement of Metal and Plastic Stents in Cholangiocarcinoma Therapy

Objective

Cholangiocarcinoma is a common malignant tumor that occurs in the bile duct system, which can be treated by using the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP). This study was aimed at exploring the therapeutic effect of ERCP with metal stent and plastic stent for cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

The clinical data of 71 patients with cholangiocarcinoma treated by ERCP in our hospital from June 2020 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different stent types, the patients were divided into plastic stent group (n = 43) and metal stent group (n = 28). Patients in the plastic stent group and metal stent group were received with plastic stent and metal stent, respectively. The indexes of liver function (serum alkaline phosphatase (ALT), direct bilirubin (DBIL), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TBIL)), postoperative complications, success rate of stent implantation, and survival time of patients in the two groups were determined. Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the prognostic factors of postoperative cholangiocarcinoma.

Results

The liver function indexes of the two groups were significantly improved after treatment with the stent, in which the ameliorative effect in the metal stent group was better than that in the plastic stent group (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications in the plastic stent group and the metal stent group was 53.49% and 14.29%, respectively, and the success rate of stent placement was 60.47% and 96.43%, respectively. The incidence of complications in the metal stent group was lower than that in the plastic stent group, and the success rate of stent placement was higher than that in the plastic stent group (P < 0.05). The median survival time of patients in the plastic stent group and the metal stent group was 8.15 and 11.83 months, respectively. The survival time of patients in the metal stent group was longer than that of the plastic stent group. The median survival time of patients with types I, II, III, and IV was 12.73, 11.54, 10.57, and 9.36 months, respectively. The survival time of patients with stage I was significantly higher than that of patients with types II, III, and IV. There was an inverse relationship between the disease type and the survival time of patients. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm, portal vein invasion, lymph node metastasis, and classification of hilar cholangiocarcinoma were the risk factors (P < 0.05) and metal stent type was the protective factor (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In the clinical treatment of patients with cholangiocarcinoma, the placement of metal stent and plastic stent under ERCP plays an important role. The placement of the metal stent under ERCP has a higher success rate and better prognosis and can prolong the survival time of patients to a greater extent, but the price of the metal stent is relatively expensive. For patients with an expected survival period of more than 4-6 months, the metal stent should be considered; otherwise, the plastic stent can be used to maintain cost-effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the patient's economic affordability, expected survival time, stent drainage time, and personal needs and then select an appropriate treatment method.

Cost-effective analysis of preliminary single-operator cholangioscopy for management of difficult biliary stones

Background and study aims  Single-operator peroral cholangioscopy (SOC) is a therapeutic modality for difficult biliary stone disease. Given its high success rate and increasing availability, analysis of the economic impact of early SOC utilization is critical for clinical decision-making. Our aim is to compare the cost-effectiveness of different first and second-line endoscopic modalities for difficult-to-treat choledocholithiasis. Patients and methods  A decision-tree model with a 1-year time horizon and a hypothetical cohort of 200 patients was used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of SOC for first, second and third-line intervention in presumed difficult biliary stones. We adopted the perspective of a Canadian tertiary hospital, omitting recurrence rates associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Effectiveness estimates were obtained from updated meta-analyses. One-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were also performed to assess how changes in key parameters affected model conclusions. Results  First- and second-line SOC achieved comparable clinical efficacy from 96.3 % to 97. 6 % stone clearance. The least expensive strategy is third-line SOC (SOC-3: $800,936). Performing SOC during the second ERCP was marginally more expensive (SOC-2: $ 816,584) but 9 % more effective. The strategy of first-line SOC incurred the highest hospital expenditures (SOC-1: $ 851,457) but decreased total procedures performed by 16.9 % when compared with SOC-2. Sensitivity analysis was robust in showing SOC-2 as the most optimal approach. Conclusions  Second-line SOC was superior to first and third-line SOC for treatment of difficult biliary stones. When based on meta-analysis of non-heterogeneous trials, SOC-2 is more cost-effective and cost-efficient. Our study warrants a larger pragmatic effectiveness trial.