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Lin TY, Cheng HC, Liu HW, Hung TM. Exploring Temporal and Intensity Effects of Resistance Exercise on Inhibition: A Four-Arm Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:1917-1934. [PMID: 38745911 PMCID: PMC11091470 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s455305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Given the recognized benefits of resistance exercise on both physical and cognitive domains, elucidating how to maximize its benefit is pivotal. This study aims to evaluate these effects in terms of their timing and intensity on cognitive performance. Methods This was a four-arm, crossover randomized controlled trial. Healthy college-aged male adults with recreational resistance training experience participated in this study. Participants completed three separate sessions of circuit barbell resistance exercises, including back squat, press, and deadlift. Each session corresponded to a different intensity level: 65% 1RM, 72% 1RM, and 78% 1RM. Each session consisted of 5 repetitions across 3 sets, with a 3-minute rest between exercises and sets. For the control condition, participants engaged in a reading activity for the same duration. The subjective exercise intensity was measured using the rating of perceived exertion and repetitions in reserve immediately after each set. The primary outcome was the temporal effect of acute resistance exercise on inhibition, measured by the Stroop color-word task. The secondary outcome was the effect of different intensities. Results 30 out of 31 recruited participants were randomized, with 28 completing all experiment sessions. Using repeated measures correlation (rrm), a linear temporal effect was observed on accuracy-adjusted congruent reaction time: rrm = 0.114, p = 0.045, 95% CI [0.002, 0.223]. Participants responded 19.1 ms faster than the control condition approximately 10 minutes post-intervention. This advantage, however, gradually declined at a rate of 4.3 ms every 15 minutes between 10-55 minutes post-intervention. In contrast, no significant effects were detected for incongruent trials or the Stroop effect. When examining the linear relationship across exercise intensities, no significant correlations emerged for congruent trials. Conclusion Resistance exercise demonstrates a temporal effect on cognitive performance, particularly in reaction speed for congruent trials, without significant changes in incongruent trials or the overall Stroop effect. The findings highlight the importance of timing in leveraging the cognitive benefits of acute resistance exercise, suggesting a window of enhanced cognitive performance following exercise. However, this study has a limitation regarding Type I error inflation, due to multiple measurements of cognitive performance being undertaken, suggesting caution in interpreting the observed temporal effects. Practically, scheduling crucial, cognitively demanding tasks within 10-60 minutes post-exercise may maximize benefits, as positive effects diminish after this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chien Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin SC, Lee JY, Yang Y, Fang CC, Fang HL, Hou TH. Exploring the Design of Upper Limb Strength Training Through High-Intensity Interval Training Combined With Exergaming: Usability Study. JMIR Serious Games 2024; 12:e51730. [PMID: 38632713 DOI: 10.2196/51730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a popular exercise strategy in modern society, with the Tabata training method being the most popular. In the past, these training methods were mostly done without equipment, but incorporating exergaming into the training may provide a new option for muscle training. objectives The aim of this study was to explore the differences in upper limb muscle activation using an HIIT program combined with exergaming. Methods A total of 15 healthy male participants were recruited for the study, and the differences in muscle activation were compared between push-ups and exergaming (Nintendo Switch Ring Fit Adventure with the Ring-Con accessory) during HIIT. Prior to the tests, participants underwent pretests, including maximal voluntary contractions of various muscle groups, maximal push-up tests, and maximal movement tests using the exergaming device. The push-up and exergaming tests were conducted on separate days to avoid interference, with a warm-up period of 5 minutes on a treadmill before testing. Muscle activation in the lateral and anterior portions of the deltoid muscle, the sternal and clavicular heads of the pectoralis major muscle, and the latissimus dorsi muscle were measured during the maximal voluntary contractions and single-round tests for each exercise mode. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the variations in muscle activation observed across the 2 distinct modes of exercise, specifically push-ups and exergaming. Results In exergaming, the number of repetitions for push-ups was significantly fewer than for single-site exercises across both exhaustive (mean 23.13, SD 6.36 vs mean 55.67, SD 17.83; P=.001; effect size [ES]: 2.43) and single-round (mean 21.93, SD 7.67 vs mean 92.40, SD 20.47; P=.001; ES: 4.56) training. Heart rate differences were not significant (all P>.05), yet exergaming led to better muscle activation in specific muscle groups, particularly the right anterior deltoid (mean 48.00%, SD 7.66% vs mean 32.84%, SD 10.27%; P=.001; ES: 1.67) and right pectoralis major (sternal head: mean 38.99%, SD 9.98% vs mean 26.90%, SD 12.97%; P=.001; ES: 1.04; clavicular head: mean 43.54%, SD 9.59% vs mean 30.09%, SD 11.59%; P=.002; ES: 1.26) during exhaustive training. In single-round training, similar patterns were observed with the anterior deltoid (mean 51.37%, SD 11.76% vs mean 35.47%, SD 12.72%; P=.002; ES: 1.30) and pectoralis major (sternal head: mean 53.27%, SD 10.79% vs mean 31.56%, SD 16.92%; P=.001; ES: 1.53; clavicular head: mean 53.75%, SD 13.01% vs mean 37.95%, SD 14.67%; P=.006; ES: 1.14). These results suggest that exergaming may be more effective for targeted muscle activation. Conclusions In conclusion, HIIT can increase muscle activation in the upper extremities and can be incorporated into exergaming strategies to provide a fun and engaging way to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Sport, Leisure and Health Management, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yu Lee
- Department of Sport, Leisure and Health Management, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yong Yang
- Laboratory of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation, School of Physical Education and Sport, Chaohu University, Hefei, China
| | - Chu-Chun Fang
- National Taipei University of Business Physical Education Office, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Lin Fang
- Department of Styling & Cosmetology, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hung Hou
- General Education Center and Regimen and Leisure Management (Jointly Appointed), Tainan University of Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Sustainable Environment and Technology Application Research Center, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Lin TY, Cheng HC, Tsai YL, Liu HW, Hung TM. Effects of resistance exercises on inhibitory control and plasma epinephrine levels: A registered report of a crossover randomized controlled trial. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14489. [PMID: 38095293 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
According to the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) theory, activity of the LC, the major releaser of NE in the brain, regulates inhibitory control. As there is reciprocal communication between circulating epinephrine and the LC, plasma epinephrine is used as the index of LC-NE activity. The aim of this crossover randomized controlled trial is to expand on previous findings by investigating the effects of free-weight, multiple-joint, and structural barbell resistance exercises. Previous studies have had some methodological limitations, such as failure to report the process of randomization, absence of resistance exercise familiarization before the maximal strength testing, and lack of protocol publication. To address these issues, this study incorporates resistance exercise familiarization, transparent reporting of randomization, and submission as a registered report. The results suggest that a single session of resistance exercise (barbell squat, press, and deadlift) with an intensity of 65%-78% 1RM for five repetitions (70%-90% relative intensity) and three sets with 3-min rest intervals improved Stroop congruent reaction time (RT) only (t(27) = -2.663, mean reduction = -15 ms, p = .013, 95% CI [-26, -3]). No significant enhancements were observed in Stroop incongruent RT, inhibitory control as indexed by Stroop effect, or inhibitory control as indexed by the RT difference between the Stroop task and the simple reaction task. Moreover, the alterations in plasma epinephrine levels did not significantly associate with changes in any measure of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chien Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Luen Tsai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Executive Function: A Systematic Review of the Moderating Role of Intensity and Executive Function Domain. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:141. [PMID: 36480075 PMCID: PMC9732176 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has demonstrated that there is a beneficial effect of acute exercise on cognitive function; however, the moderators of the acute resistance exercise (RE) effect on executive function (EF) are underestimated. This systematic review aims to clarify the effects of acute RE on EF by examining the moderating effect of exercise intensity (light, moderate, and vigorous) and EF domains (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility), as well as their interactions. METHODS The search strategy was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, PsycARTICLES, and Cochrane Library) prior to January 29, 2022. Included studies had to: (1) investigate acute RE in adults with normal cognition and without diagnosed disease; (2) include a control group or control session for comparison; (3) include outcomes related to the core EF domains; and (4) be published in English. The methodological quality of the included studies was judged according to the PEDro scale guidelines. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included which included a total of 692 participants. More than half of the outcomes (24/42, 57.14%) indicate that acute RE had a statistically significant positive effect on overall EF. In terms of RE intensity and EF domain, moderate intensity acute RE benefited EF more consistently than light and vigorous intensity acute RE. Acute RE-induced EF benefits were more often found for inhibitory control than for working memory and cognitive flexibility. When considering moderators simultaneously, measuring inhibitory control after light or moderate intensity RE and measuring working memory or cognitive flexibility after moderate intensity RE most often resulted in statistically significant positive outcomes. CONCLUSION Acute RE has a beneficial effect on EF, observed most consistently for inhibitory control following moderate intensity RE. Future studies should include all exercise intensities and EF domains as well as investigate other potential moderators to enable a better understanding of the benefits of acute RE on EF.
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Wen HJ, Liu SH, Tsai CL. Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on neurocognitive performance in obese women. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:291-304. [PMID: 35892114 PMCID: PMC9287612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous studies conducted on the long-term effects of an exercise intervention on deficits in inhibitory control in obese individuals. The aim of this study was thus to examine the effect of 12 weeks of a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise on behavioral and cognitive electrophysiological performance involving cognitive interference inhibition in obese individuals. Methods Thirty-two qualified healthy obese women were randomly divided into either an exercise group (EG, age: 34.76 ± 5.52 years old; BMI: 29.35 ± 3.52 kg/m2) or a control group (CG, age: 33.84 ± 7.05 years old; BMI: 29.61 ± 4.31 kg/m2). All participants performed the Stroop task, with electrophysiological signals being collected simultaneously before and after a 12-week intervention. The estimated V̇O2max, muscular strength, and body fat percentage (measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were also assessed within one week before and after the intervention. Participants in the EG group engaged in 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, 5 sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the participants in the CG group maintained their regular lifestyle without engaging in any type of exercise. Results The results revealed that although a 12-week exercise intervention did not enhance the behavioral indices [e.g., accuracy rates (ARs) and reaction times (RTs)] in the EG group, significantly shorter N2 and P3 latencies and greater P2 and P3 amplitudes were observed. Furthermore, the fat percentage distribution (e.g. total body fat %, trunk fat %, and leg fat %) and level of physical fitness (e.g. estimated V̇O2max and muscular strength) in the EG group were significantly improved. The changes prior to and after the intervention in the P3 amplitude and trunk fat percentage were significantly negatively correlated in the EG group (r = −0.521, p = 0.039). Conclusions These findings suggested that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise in obese women affects cognitive function broadly, but not specifically in terms of inhibitory control. The percentage of decreased trunk fat may play a potential facilitating role in inhibition processing in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Jhen Wen
- Physical Education Center, College of Education and Communication, Tzu Chi University, 97004, Hualien, Taiwan
- Sports Medicine Center, Tzu Chi Hospital, 97004, Hualien, Taiwan
- Corresponding author.. Physical Education Center, College of Education and Communication, Tzu Chi University, 97004, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hsin Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan. Sports Medicine Center, Tzu Chi Hospital, 97004, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institution of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
- Corresponding author.
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Musumeci G. Sports Medicine and Movement Sciences. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08996. [PMID: 35252608 PMCID: PMC8891956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Hashimoto T, Tsukamoto H, Ando S, Ogoh S. Effect of Exercise on Brain Health: The Potential Role of Lactate as a Myokine. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120813. [PMID: 34940571 PMCID: PMC8709217 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials that habitual exercise is beneficial for brain health, such as cognition and mental health. Generally, it may be reasonable to say that the physiological benefits of acute exercise can prevent brain disorders in late life if such exercise is habitually/chronically conducted. However, the mechanisms of improvement in brain function via chronic exercise remain incompletely understood because such mechanisms are assumed to be multifactorial, such as the adaptation of repeated acute exercise. This review postulates that cerebral metabolism may be an important physiological factor that determines brain function. Among metabolites, the provision of lactate to meet elevated neural activity and regulate the cerebrovascular system and redox states in response to exercise may be responsible for exercise-enhanced brain health. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the influence of exercise on brain health, particularly cognitive performance, with the underlying mechanisms by means of lactate. Regarding the influence of chronic exercise on brain function, the relevance of exercise intensity and modality, particularly high-intensity interval exercise, is acknowledged to induce “metabolic myokine” (i.e., lactate) for brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (T.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (T.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan;
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Correspondence:
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