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Chen G, Qin Y, Wang J, Li S, Zeng F, Deng F, Chater C, Xu S, Chen ZH. Stomatal evolution and plant adaptation to future climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3299-3315. [PMID: 38757448 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is affecting plant photosynthesis and transpiration processes, as well as increasing weather extremes impacting socio-political and environmental events and decisions for decades to come. One major research challenge in plant biology and ecology is the interaction of photosynthesis with the environment. Stomata control plant gas exchange and their evolution was a crucial innovation that facilitated the earliest land plants to colonize terrestrial environments. Stomata couple homoiohydry, together with cuticles, intercellular gas space, with the endohydric water-conducting system, enabling plants to adapt and diversify across the planet. Plants control stomatal movement in response to environmental change through regulating guard cell turgor mediated by membrane transporters and signaling transduction. However, the origin, evolution, and active control of stomata remain controversial topics. We first review stomatal evolution and diversity, providing fossil and phylogenetic evidence of their origins. We summarize functional evolution of guard cell membrane transporters in the context of climate changes and environmental stresses. Our analyses show that the core signaling elements of stomatal movement are more ancient than stomata, while genes involved in stomatal development co-evolved de novo with the earliest stomata. These results suggest that novel stomatal development-specific genes were acquired during plant evolution, whereas genes regulating stomatal movement, especially cell signaling pathways, were inherited ancestrally and co-opted by dynamic functional differentiation. These two processes reflect the different adaptation strategies during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Caspar Chater
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Rosa-Diaz I, Rowe J, Cayuela-Lopez A, Arbona V, Díaz I, Jones AM. Spider mite herbivory induces an ABA-driven stomatal defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2970-2984. [PMID: 38669227 PMCID: PMC11288753 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Arthropod herbivory poses a serious threat to crop yield, prompting plants to employ intricate defense mechanisms against pest feeding. The generalist pest 2-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) inflicts rapid damage and remains challenging due to its broad target range. In this study, we explored the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) response to T. urticae infestation, revealing the induction of abscisic acid (ABA), a hormone typically associated with abiotic stress adaptation, and stomatal closure during water stress. Leveraging a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based ABA biosensor (nlsABACUS2-400n), we observed elevated ABA levels in various leaf cell types postmite feeding. While ABA's role in pest resistance or susceptibility has been debated, an ABA-deficient mutant exhibited increased mite infestation alongside intact canonical biotic stress signaling, indicating an independent function of ABA in mite defense. We established that ABA-triggered stomatal closure effectively hinders mite feeding and minimizes leaf cell damage through genetic and pharmacological interventions targeting ABA levels, ABA signaling, stomatal aperture, and density. This study underscores the critical interplay between biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, highlighting how the vulnerability to mite infestation arising from open stomata, crucial for transpiration and photosynthesis, reinforces the intricate relationship between these stress types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rosa-Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223 Madrid, Spain
| | - James Rowe
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ana Cayuela-Lopez
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Biologia, Bioquímica i Ciències Naturals, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Isabel Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Bjerring Jensen N, Vrobel O, Akula Nageshbabu N, De Diego N, Tarkowski P, Ottosen CO, Zhou R. Stomatal effects and ABA metabolism mediate differential regulation of leaf and flower cooling in tomato cultivars exposed to heat and drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2156-2175. [PMID: 38207009 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Co-occurring heat and drought stresses challenge crop performance. Stomata open to promote evaporative cooling during heat stress, but close to retain water during drought stress, which resulted in complex stomatal regulation under combined heat and drought. We aimed to investigate stomatal regulation in leaves and flowers of perennial, indeterminate cultivars of tomatoes subjected to individual and combined heat and drought stress followed by a recovery period, measuring morphological, physiological, and biochemical factors involved in stomatal regulation. Under stress, stomata of leaves were predominantly affected by drought, with lower stomatal density and stomatal closing, resulting in significantly decreased photosynthesis and higher leaf temperature. Conversely, stomata in sepals seemed affected mainly by heat during stress. The differential patterns in stomatal regulation in leaves and flowers persisted into the recovery phase as contrasting patterns in stomatal density. We show that flower transpiration is regulated by temperature, but leaf transpiration is regulated by soil water availability during stress. Organ-specific patterns of stomatal development and abscisic acid metabolism mediated this phenomenon. Our results throw light on the dual role of stomata in heat and drought tolerance of vegetative and generative organs, and demonstrate the importance of considering flower surfaces in the phenotyping of stomatal reactions to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bjerring Jensen
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ondřej Vrobel
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nagashree Akula Nageshbabu
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Matilla AJ. The Interplay between Enucleated Sieve Elements and Companion Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3033. [PMID: 37687278 PMCID: PMC10489895 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to adapt to sessile life and terrestrial environments, vascular plants have developed highly sophisticated cells to transport photosynthetic products and developmental signals. Of these, two distinct cell types (i.e., the sieve element (SE) and companion cell) are arranged in precise positions, thus ensuring effective transport. During SE differentiation, most of the cellular components are heavily modified or even eliminated. This peculiar differentiation implies the selective disintegration of the nucleus (i.e., enucleation) and the loss of cellular translational capacity. However, some cellular components necessary for transport (e.g., plasmalemma) are retained and specific phloem proteins (P-proteins) appear. Likewise, MYB (i.e., APL) and NAC (i.e., NAC45 and NAC86) transcription factors (TFs) and OCTOPUS proteins play a notable role in SE differentiation. The maturing SEs become heavily dependent on neighboring non-conducting companion cells, to which they are connected by plasmodesmata through which only 20-70 kDa compounds seem to be able to pass. The study of sieve tube proteins still has many gaps. However, the development of a protocol to isolate proteins that are free from any contaminating proteins has constituted an important advance. This review considers the very detailed current state of knowledge of both bound and soluble sap proteins, as well as the role played by the companion cells in their presence. Phloem proteins travel long distances by combining two modes: non-selective transport via bulk flow and selective regulated movement. One of the goals of this study is to discover how the protein content of the sieve tube is controlled. The majority of questions and approaches about the heterogeneity of phloem sap will be clarified once the morphology and physiology of the plasmodesmata have been investigated in depth. Finally, the retention of specific proteins inside an SE is an aspect that should not be forgotten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 14971-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Guo Z, Gao Y, Yuan X, Yuan M, Huang L, Wang S, Liu C, Duan C. Effects of Heavy Metals on Stomata in Plants: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9302. [PMID: 37298252 PMCID: PMC10252879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata are one of the important structures for plants to alleviate metal stress and improve plant resistance. Therefore, a study on the effects and mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity to stomata is indispensable in clarifying the adaptation mechanism of plants to heavy metals. With the rapid pace of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metal pollution has been an environmental issue of global concern. Stomata, a special physiological structure of plants, play an important role in maintaining plant physiological and ecological functions. Recent studies have shown that heavy metals can affect the structure and function of stomata, leading to changes in plant physiology and ecology. However, although the scientific community has accumulated some data on the effects of heavy metals on plant stomata, the systematic understanding of the effects of heavy metals on plant stomata remains limited. Therefore, in this review, we present the sources and migration pathways of heavy metals in plant stomata, analyze systematically the physiological and ecological responses of stomata on heavy metal exposure, and summarize the current mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity on stomata. Finally, the future research perspectives of the effects of heavy metals on plant stomata are identified. This paper can serve as a reference for the ecological assessment of heavy metals and the protection of plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolai Guo
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Xinqi Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Mengxiang Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Lv Huang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Sichen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Chang’e Liu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Changqun Duan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
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Bawa G, Liu Z, Wu R, Zhou Y, Liu H, Sun S, Liu Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Yang J, Hu M, Sun X. PIN1 regulates epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress using single-cell analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043204. [PMID: 36466268 PMCID: PMC9716655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, plants have developed plasticity to acclimate to environmental stresses such as drought and salt stress. These plant adaptation measures involve the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction and the expression of stress related genes. Here, we investigated the role of the plasma membrane-localized transporter of auxin PINFORMED1 (PIN1) in the regulation of pavement cells (PCs) and guard cells (GCs) development under drought and salt stress conditions. The results showed that drought and salt stress treatment affected the development of PCs and GCs. Further analysis identified the different regulation mechanisms of PIN1 in regulating the developmental patterns of PCs and GCs under drought and salt stress conditions. Drought and salt stress also regulated the expression dynamics of PIN1 in pif1/3/4/5 quadruple mutants. Collectively, we revealed that PIN1 plays a crucial role in regulating plant epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress conditions, thus contributing to developmental rebustness and plasticity.
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Liu Z, Wang J, Qiu B, Ma Z, Lu T, Kang X, Yang J. Induction and Characterization of Tetraploid Through Zygotic Chromosome Doubling in Eucalyptus urophylla. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870698. [PMID: 35574074 PMCID: PMC9094141 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in plant growth can bring great benefits to the forest industry. Eucalyptus urophylla is an important plantation species worldwide, and given that ploidy increases are often associated with plant phenotype changes, it was reasoned that its polyploidization may have good prospects and great significance toward its cultivation. In this study, the zygotic development period of E. urophylla was observed through paraffin sections, and a correlation between the development time of flower buds after pollination and the zygotic development period was established. On this basis, it was determined that the 25th day after pollination was the appropriate time for a high temperature to induce zygotic chromosome doubling. Then tetraploid E. urophylla was successfully obtained for the first time through zygotic chromosome doubling induced by high temperature, and the appropriate conditions were treating flower branches at 44°C for 6 h. The characterization of tetraploid E. urophylla was performed. Chromosome duplication brought about slower growing trees with thicker leaves, larger cells, higher net photosynthetic rates, and a higher content of certain secondary metabolites. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms for the variation in the tetraploid's characteristics were studied. The qRT-PCR results showed that genes mediating the tetraploid characteristics showed the same change trend as those of the characteristics, which verified that tetraploid trait variation was mainly caused by gene expression changes. Furthermore, although the tetraploid had no growth advantage compared with the diploid, it can provide important germplasm resources for future breeding, especially for the creation of triploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bingfa Qiu
- Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm, Chongzuo, China
| | - Zhongcai Ma
- Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm, Chongzuo, China
| | - Te Lu
- Science and Technology Section, Chifeng Research Institute of Forestry Science, Chifeng, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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