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Lin H, Chen X, Lei H, Zhou X, Du G, Essawy H, Xi X, Hou D, Song J, Cao M. Synthesis and characterization of a bio-aldehyde-based lignin adhesive with desirable water resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130020. [PMID: 38336332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Wood-based panels find widespread application in the furniture and construction industries. However, over 90 % of adhesives used are synthesized with formaldehyde, leading to formaldehyde emission and associated health risks. In this study, an entirely bio-based adhesive (OSL) was innovatively proposed through the condensation of multi-aldehyde derived from the oxidization of sucrose (OS) with sodium lignosulfonate (L). This approach positioned oxidized sucrose (OS) as a viable substitute for formaldehyde, ensuring safety, simplicity, and enhance water resistance upon reaction with L. The optimization of the OSL adhesive preparation process involved determining the oxidant level for high sucrose conversion to aldehyde (13 % based on sucrose), the mass ratio of OS to L (0.8), and hot-pressing temperature (200 °C). Notably, the shear strength of 3-plywood bonded with the developed adhesive (1.04 MPa) increased to 1.42 MPa after being immersed in hot water at 63 ± 3 °C for 3 h. Additionally, the plywood specimens exhibited excellent performance after soaking in boiling water for 3 h, resulting in a shear strength of 1.03 MPa. Chemical analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed an addition reaction between L and OS, forming a dense network structure, effectively enhanceing the water resistance of OSL adhesives. Furthermore, compared with lignin-formaldehyde resin adhesive (LF), the OSL adhesive exhibited superior wet shear strength. This study offered an innovative approach for developing lignin-based adhesives utilizing a biomass aldehyde (OS), as a promising substitute for formaldehyde in the wood industry. The findings indicated that this approach may advance lignin-based adhesives, ensuring resistance to strength deterioration under highly humid environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Lin
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hisham Essawy
- Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Defa Hou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jiaxuan Song
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ming Cao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China.
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2
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Zhang H, Wei Z, Xiong D, Wu Y, Tong M, Su H, Zhang Z, Liao J. Investigation into the Structure and Properties of Biochar Co-Activated by ZnCl 2 and NaHCO 3 under Low Temperature Conditions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:942. [PMID: 38399191 PMCID: PMC10890275 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Using sodium lignosulfonate as feedstock, ZnCl2 and NaHCO3 co-activated the hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) were prepared by one-pot pyrolysis with different NaHCO3 dosages (0-4 g) and carbonization temperatures (400-600 °C). Subsequently, phosphotungstate (HPW) was supported with the resulting biochar for the α-pinene hydration reaction to produce α-terpineol. The optimum preparation conditions were determined according to the yield of α-terpineol. The formation mechanism and physicochemical properties of HPCs were analyzed through TG, SEM, XPS, XRD, FT-IR, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The results demonstrated that NaHCO3 underwent a two-step reaction which liberated a substantial quantity of CO2, thereby enhancing activated carbon's macroporous and mesoporous structures. Simultaneously, NaHCO3 mitigated strong acid gas (HCl) emissions during ZnCl2 activation. Compared with AC450-4:8:0 prepared by ZnCl2 activation alone, the total pore volume of AC450-4:8:2 prepared by co-activation is increased from 0.595 mL/g to 0.754 mL/g and the mesopore rate from 47.7% to 77.8%, which is conducive to reducing the steric hindrance of the hydration reaction and improving the selectivity. Hydration experiments show that the selectivity of α-terpineol is 55.7% under HPW/AC450-4:8:2 catalysis, higher than 31.0% for HPW and 47.4% for HPW/AC450-4:8:0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhaozhou Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Deyuan Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Menglong Tong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huiping Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zuoyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jian Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
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Tkachenko O, Nikolaichuk A, Fihurka N, Backhaus A, Zimmerman JB, Strømme M, Budnyak TM. Kraft Lignin-Derived Microporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Adsorbent for Air and Water Purification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3427-3441. [PMID: 38194630 PMCID: PMC10811628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The study presents a streamlined one-step process for producing highly porous, metal-free, N-doped activated carbon (N-AC) for CO2 capture and herbicide removal from simulated industrially polluted and real environmental systems. N-AC was prepared from kraft lignin─a carbon-rich and abundant byproduct of the pulp industry, using nitric acid as the activator and urea as the N-dopant. The reported carbonization process under a nitrogen atmosphere renders a product with a high yield of 30% even at high temperatures up to 800 °C. N-AC exhibited a substantial high N content (4-5%), the presence of aliphatic and phenolic OH groups, and a notable absence of carboxylic groups, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Boehm's titration. Porosity analysis indicated that micropores constituted the majority of the pore structure, with 86% of pores having diameters less than 0.6 nm. According to BET adsorption analysis, the developed porous structure of N-AC boasted a substantial specific surface area of 1000 m2 g-1. N-AC proved to be a promising adsorbent for air and water purification. Specifically, N-AC exhibited a strong affinity for CO2, with an adsorption capacity of 1.4 mmol g-1 at 0.15 bar and 20 °C, and it demonstrated the highest selectivity over N2 from the simulated flue gas system (27.3 mmol g-1 for 15:85 v/v CO2/N2 at 20 °C) among all previously reported nitrogen-doped AC materials from kraft lignin. Moreover, N-AC displayed excellent reusability and efficient CO2 release, maintaining an adsorption capacity of 3.1 mmol g-1 (at 1 bar and 25 °C) over 10 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, confirming N-AC as a useful material for CO2 storage and utilization. The unique cationic nature of N-AC enhanced the adsorption of herbicides in neutral and weakly basic environments, which is relevant for real waters. It exhibited an impressive adsorption capacity for the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 96 ± 6 mg g-1 under pH 6 and 25 °C according to the Langmuir-Freundlich model. Notably, N-AC preserves its high adsorption capacity toward 2,4-D from simulated groundwater and runoff from tomato greenhouse, while performance in real samples from Fyris river in Uppsala, Sweden, causes a decrease of only 4-5%. Owing to the one-step process, high yield, annual abundance of kraft lignin, and use of environmentally friendly activating agents, N-AC has substantial potential for large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Tkachenko
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Alina Nikolaichuk
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Nataliia Fihurka
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Center
for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New
Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Julie B. Zimmerman
- Center
for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New
Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Maria Strømme
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Tetyana M. Budnyak
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
- Center
for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New
Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
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Vishnoi Y, Trivedi AK, Gupta M, Singh H, Rangappa SM, Siengchin S. Extraction of nano-crystalline cellulose for development of aerogel: Structural, morphological and antibacterial analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23846. [PMID: 38205309 PMCID: PMC10777015 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present decades, nanocellulose has been very popular in the field of nanotechnology and is receiving much attention from researchers because of its advantageous physicochemical properties, high aspect ratio, and high specific strength and modulus. The available non-eco-friendly conventional methods for the extraction of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) use highly concentrated chemicals and are time-consuming as well. The present adopted cost-effective method for the extraction of nano-crystalline cellulose involves minimum usage of chemicals and is environmentally friendly and relatively fast compared to other conventional methods. The nano-crystalline cellulose from sisal (NCC-S) fibers were extracted by steam explosion-assisted mild concentrated chemical treatments followed by mechanical grinding. The Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization confirmed the size of extracted NCC-S. A high aspect ratio was observed as 19.23, which signifies it could be a promising reinforcing material in developing nanocomposites for advanced applications. An increase in crystallinity and the removal of amorphous materials for NCC-S were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, respectively. Antibacterial study shows that NCC-S did not show any antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. The calculated yield of extracted nanocellulose was about 50 %. The aerogel with a porosity of 95.1 % and a density of 0.075 g/cm3 was prepared by vacuum freeze-drying method using extracted nanocellulose and chitosan. The cross-linking network structure and thermal stability of the aerogel were also confirmed by FTIR and TGA analysis respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Vishnoi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, U.P. India
| | - Alok Kumar Trivedi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, U.P. India
| | - M.K. Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, U.P. India
| | - Harinder Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, U.P. India
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
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Huang C, Su Y, Gong H, Jiang Y, Chen B, Xie Z, Zhou J, Li Y. Biomass-derived multifunctional nanoscale carbon fibers toward fire warning sensors, supercapacitors and moist-electric generators. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:127878. [PMID: 37949269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, great effort has been devoted to designing biomass-derived nanoscale carbon fibers with controllable fibrous morphology, high conductivity, big specific surface area and multifunctional characteristics. Herein, a green and renewable strategy is performed to prepare the biomass-based nanoscale carbon fibers for fire warning sensor, supercapacitor and moist-electric generator. This preparation strategy thoroughly gets over the dependence of petroleum-based polymeride, and effectually improves the energy storage capacity, sensing sensitivity, humidity power generation efficiency of the obtaining biomass-based carbon nanofibers. Without the introduction of any active components or pseudocapacitive materials, the specific capacitance and energy density for biomass-based nanoscale carbon fibers achieve 143.58 F/g and 19.9 Wh/kg, severally. The biomass-based fire sensor displays excellent fire resistance, stability, and flame sensitivity with a response time of 2 s. Furthermore, the biomass-based moist-electric generator shows high power generation efficiency. The output voltage and current of five series connected and parallel-connected biomass-based moist-electric generators reaches 4.30 V and 43 μA, respectively. Notably, as the number of biomass-based moist-electric generators in series or parallel increases, the overall output voltage and current of the device system have a linear relationship. This work proposes a self-powered fire prediction system based on nanoscale carbon fibers that integrates sensing, power generation, and energy storage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China
| | - Yingying Su
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China
| | - Hui Gong
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China
| | - Yuewei Jiang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China
| | - Zhanghong Xie
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116034, PR China.
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Choi JH, Woo JJ, Kim I. Sustainable Polycaprolactone Polyol-Based Thermoplastic Poly(ester ester) Elastomers Showing Superior Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3209. [PMID: 37571102 PMCID: PMC10421468 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) have attracted increasing attention for a wide variety of industrial and biomedical applications owing to their unique properties compared to those of traditional rubbers. To develop high-performance engineering TPEs and reduce the environmental pollution caused by plastic waste, α,ω-hydroxyl-terminated polycaprolactone (PCL) polyols with molecular weights of 1000-4200 g mol-1 and polydispersity index (Ð) of 1.30-1.88 are synthesized via the ring-opening polymerization of sustainable ε-caprolactone using a heterogeneous double metal cyanide catalyst. The resulting PCL polyols are employed as soft segments to produce thermoplastic poly(ester ester) elastomers and are compared to conventional thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomers prepared from polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG). Notably, the PCL-based TPEs exhibit superior mechanical properties and biodegradability compared to PTMEG-based TPEs owing to their crystallinity and microphase separation behaviors. Accordingly, they have 39.7 MPa ultimate strength and 47.6% biodegradability, which are much higher than those of PTMEG-based TPEs (23.4 MPa ultimate strength and 24.3% biodegradability). The introduction of biodegradable PCLs demonstrates significant potential for producing biodegradable TPEs with better properties than polyether-derived elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyeok Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Jae Woo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Solikhin A, Syamani FA, Hastati DY, Budiman I, Purnawati R, Mubarok M, Yanti H, Fachruddin A, Saad S, Jaenab S, Badrudin U, Kurniawan T. Review on lignocellulose valorization for nanocarbon and its composites: Starting from laboratory studies to business application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124082. [PMID: 36965566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This study concerns a scoping and literature review of nanocarbon and its composites with details on specific propositions, including nanocarbon history, nanocarbon types, and lignocellulose nanocarbon types, properties, applications, toxicity, regulation, and business model for commercialization. The review brings novelties, comprehensively expounding on laboratory studies and industrial applications of biomass or lignocellulose materials-derived nanocarbon and its composites. Since its first discovery in the form of Buckyball in 1985, nanocarbon has brought interest to scientists and industries for applications. From the previous studies, it is discovered that many types of nanocarbon are sourced from lignocellulose materials. With their excellent properties of nanomaterials, nanocarbon has been harnessed for such as reinforcing and filler agents for nanocomposites or direct use of individual nanocarbon for specific purposes. However, the toxicological properties of nanocarbon have delivered a level of concern in its use and application. In addition, with the radically growing increase in the use of nanocarbon, policies have been enacted in several countries that rule on the use of nanocarbon. The business model for the commercialization of lignocellulose-based nanocarbon was also proposed in this study. This study can showcase the importance of both individual nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composites for industrial implementations by considering their synthesis, properties, application, country legislations/regulations, and business model. The studies also can be the major references for researchers to partner with industries and governments in investing in lignocellulose-sourced nanocarbon potential research, development, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achmad Solikhin
- Indonesian Green Action Forum, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia; Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, DKI Jakarta 12110, Indonesia.
| | - Firda Aulya Syamani
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Yuni Hastati
- College of Vocational Studies, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16128, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Budiman
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Renny Purnawati
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Papua, Manokwari, Papua Barat 98314, Indonesia
| | - Mahdi Mubarok
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia
| | - Hikma Yanti
- Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 78124, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Fachruddin
- Creavill Consultant, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55184, Indonesia
| | - Sahriyanti Saad
- Faculty of Forestry, Hasannudin University, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia
| | - Siti Jaenab
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ubad Badrudin
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pekalongan, Pekalongan, Central Java 51115, Indonesia
| | - Tegar Kurniawan
- Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Central Java 50112, Indonesia
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