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Kamal R, Awasthi A, Paul P, Mir MS, Singh SK, Dua K. Novel drug delivery systems in colorectal cancer: Advances and future prospects. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155546. [PMID: 39191194 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an abnormal proliferation of cells within the colon and rectum, leading to the formation of polyps and disruption of mucosal functions. The disease development is influenced by a combination of factors, including inflammation, exposure to environmental mutagens, genetic alterations, and impairment in signaling pathways. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are often used but have limitations, including poor solubility and permeability, treatment resistance, side effects, and post-surgery issues. Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have emerged as a superior alternative, offering enhanced drug solubility, precision in targeting cancer cells, and regulated drug release. Thereby addressing the shortcomings of conventional therapies and showing promise for more effective CRC management. The present review sheds light on the pathogenesis, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and application of NDDS against CRC. Additionally, clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials, marketed formulations, and patents on CRC are also covered in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of Quality Assurance, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, PCTE Group of Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Shabab Mir
- School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Dewi MK, Muhaimin M, Joni IM, Hermanto F, Chaerunisaa AY. Fabrication of Phytosome with Enhanced Activity of Sonneratia alba: Formulation Modeling and in vivo Antimalarial Study. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:9411-9435. [PMID: 39282578 PMCID: PMC11402348 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s467811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sonneratia alba extract exhibits antimalarial activity, mainly due to its secondary metabolites-naphthoquinones, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins-where naphthoquinone is the primary active component. However, its low bioavailability limits its effectiveness. To improve this, a phytosome-based vesicular system was proposed. This study focused on formulating a phytosome with S. alba and developing a predictive model to enhance its antimalarial activity. Methods Phytosomes were produced using antisolvent precipitation and optimized with 3-factor, 3-level Box-behnken model. Particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were assessed. The optimized phytosomes were characterized by their physical properties and release profiles. Their antimalarial activity was tested in white BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei using Peter's 4-day suppressive test. Results The optimal phytosome formulation used a phospholipid-to-extract ratio of 1:3, reflux temperature of 50°C, and a duration of 2.62 hours. The phytosomes had a particle size of 471.8 nm, a zeta potential of -54.1 mV, and an entrapment efficiency (EE) of 82.4%. In contrast, the phytosome-fraction showed a particle size of 233.4 nm, a zeta potential of -61.5 mV, and an EE of 87.08%. TEM analysis confirmed both had a spherical shape. In vitro release rates at 24 hours were 86.2 for the phytosome-extract and 95.9% for the phytosome-fraction, compared to 46.9% and 37.7% for the extract and fraction alone. Overall, the phytosome formulation demonstrated good stability. The actual experimental values closely matched the predicted values from the Box-Behnken model, indicating a high degree of accuracy in the model. Additionally, the phytosomes exhibited significantly greater antimalarial activity than the S. alba extract and fraction alone. Conclusion The findings indicated that the vesicular formulation in phytosomes can enhance the antimalarial activity of S. alba extract and fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayang Kusuma Dewi
- Doctoral Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Muhaimin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - I Made Joni
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Faizal Hermanto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Indonesia
| | - Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
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Jenča A, Mills DK, Ghasemi H, Saberian E, Jenča A, Karimi Forood AM, Petrášová A, Jenčová J, Jabbari Velisdeh Z, Zare-Zardini H, Ebrahimifar M. Herbal Therapies for Cancer Treatment: A Review of Phytotherapeutic Efficacy. Biologics 2024; 18:229-255. [PMID: 39281032 PMCID: PMC11401522 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s484068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Natural products have proven to be promising anti-cancer agents due to their diverse chemical structures and bioactivity. This review examines their central role in cancer treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic benefits. Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and polyphenols, which exhibit various anticancer properties. These compounds induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, interfere with microtubule formation, act on topoisomerase targets, inhibit angiogenesis, modulate key signaling pathways, improve the tumor microenvironment, reverse drug resistance and activate immune cells. Herbal anti-cancer drugs offer therapeutic advantages, particularly selective toxicity against cancer cells, reducing the adverse side effects associated with conventional chemotherapy. Recent studies and clinical trials highlight the benefits of herbal medicines in alleviating side effects, improving tolerance to chemotherapy and the occurrence of synergistic effects with conventional treatments. For example, the herbal medicine SH003 was found to be safe and potentially effective in the treatment of solid cancers, while Fucoidan showed anti-inflammatory properties that are beneficial for patients with advanced cancer. The current research landscape on herbal anticancer agents is extensive. Numerous studies and clinical trials are investigating their efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action in various cancers such as lung, prostate, breast and hepatocellular carcinoma. Promising developments include the polypharmacological approach, combination therapies, immunomodulation and the improvement of quality of life. However, there are still challenges in the development and use of natural products as anti-cancer drugs, such as the need for further research into their mechanisms of action, possible drug interactions and optimal dosage. Standardizing herbal extracts, improving bioavailability and delivery, and overcoming regulatory and acceptance hurdles are critical issues that need to be addressed. Nonetheless, the promising anticancer effects and therapeutic benefits of natural products warrant further investigation and development. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to advance herbal cancer therapy and integrate these agents into mainstream cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Jenča
- Klinika of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery Akadémia Košice Bacikova, UPJS LF, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - David K Mills
- Molecular Science and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Hadis Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Science, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Elham Saberian
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Klinika and Akadémia Košice Bacikova, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Jenča
- Klinika of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery Akadémia Košice Bacikova, UPJS LF, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Adriána Petrášová
- Klinika of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery Akadémia Košice Bacikova, UPJS LF, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Janka Jenčová
- Klinika of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery Akadémia Košice Bacikova, UPJS LF, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Zeinab Jabbari Velisdeh
- Molecular Science and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Hadi Zare-Zardini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
| | - Meysam Ebrahimifar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza
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Chauhan D, Yadav PK, Sultana N, Agarwal A, Verma S, Chourasia MK, Gayen JR. Advancements in nanotechnology for the delivery of phytochemicals. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:385-398. [PMID: 38693014 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Phytosomes (phytophospholipid complex) are dosage forms that have recently been introduced to increase the stability and therapeutic effect of herbal medicine. Currently, bioactive herbs and the phytochemicals they contain are considered to be the best remedies for chronic diseases. One promising approach to increase the efficacy of plant-based therapies is to improve the stability and bioavailability of their bio-active ingredients. Phytosomes employ phospholipids as their active ingredients, and use their amphiphilic properties to solubilize and protect herbal extracts. The unique properties of phospholipids in drug delivery and their use in herbal medicines to improve bioavailability results in significantly enhanced health benefits. The introduction of phytosome nanotechnology can alter and revolutionize the current state of drug delivery. The goal of this review is to explain the application of phytosomes, their future prospects in drug delivery, and their advantages over conventional formulations. Please cite this article as: Chauhan D, Yadav PK, Sultana N, Agarwal A, Verma S, Chourasia MK, Gayen JR. Advancements in nanotechnology for the delivery of phytochemicals. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(4): 385-398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chauhan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nazneen Sultana
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Agarwal
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Islam F, Zeng Q. Advances in Organosulfur-Based Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1207. [PMID: 38732676 PMCID: PMC11085353 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur-based polymers have unique properties that make them useful for targeted and managed drug delivery, which can improve therapy while reducing side effects. This work aims to provide a brief review of the synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, and packages of organosulfur-based polymers in drug delivery. More importantly, this work discusses the characterization, biocompatibility, controlled release, nanotechnology, and targeted therapeutic aspects of these important structural units. This review provides not only a good comprehension of organosulfur-based polymers but also an insightful discussion of potential future prospectives in research. The discovery of novel organosulfur polymers and innovations is highly expected to be stimulated in order to synthesize polymer prototypes with increased functional accuracy, efficiency, and low cost for many industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingle Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
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Patil J, Pawde DM, Bhattacharya S, Srivastava S. Phospholipid Complex Formulation Technology for Improved Drug Delivery in Oncological Settings: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:91. [PMID: 38664316 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing poor solubility and permeability issues associated with synthetic drugs and naturally occurring active compounds is crucial for improving bioavailability. This review explores the potential of phospholipid complex formulation technology to overcome these challenges. Phospholipids, as endogenous molecules, offer a viable solution, with drugs complexed with phospholipids demonstrating a similar absorption mechanism. The non-toxic and biodegradable nature of the phospholipid complex positions it as an ideal candidate for drug delivery. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the mechanisms underlying phospholipid complexes. Special emphasis is placed on the solvent evaporation method, with meticulous scrutiny of formulation aspects such as the phospholipid ratio to the drug and solvent. Characterization techniques are employed to understand structural and functional attributes. Highlighting the adaptability of the phospholipid complex, the review discusses the loading of various nanoformulations and emulsion systems. These strategies aim to enhance drug delivery and efficacy in various malignancies, including breast, liver, lung, cervical, and pancreatic cancers. The broader application of the drug phospholipid complex is showcased, emphasizing its adaptability in diverse oncological settings. The review not only explores the mechanisms and formulation aspects of phospholipid complexes but also provides an overview of key clinical studies and patents. These insights contribute to the intellectual and translational advancements in drug phospholipid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Datta Maroti Pawde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
| | - Sauarbh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Toma L, Deleanu M, Sanda GM, Barbălată T, Niculescu LŞ, Sima AV, Stancu CS. Bioactive Compounds Formulated in Phytosomes Administered as Complementary Therapy for Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4162. [PMID: 38673748 PMCID: PMC11049841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders (MDs), including dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular diseases are a significant threat to human health, despite the many therapies developed for their treatment. Different classes of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenes have shown therapeutic potential in ameliorating various disorders. Most of these compounds present low bioavailability when administered orally, being rapidly metabolized in the digestive tract and liver which makes their metabolites less effective. Moreover, some of the bioactive compounds cannot fully exert their beneficial properties due to the low solubility and complex chemical structure which impede the passive diffusion through the intestinal cell membranes. To overcome these limitations, an innovative delivery system of phytosomes was developed. This review aims to highlight the scientific evidence proving the enhanced therapeutic benefits of the bioactive compounds formulated in phytosomes compared to the free compounds. The existing knowledge concerning the phytosomes' preparation, their characterization and bioavailability as well as the commercially available phytosomes with therapeutic potential to alleviate MDs are concisely depicted. This review brings arguments to encourage the use of phytosome formulation to diminish risk factors inducing MDs, or to treat the already installed diseases as complementary therapy to allopathic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Camelia Sorina Stancu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 8 B.P. Haşdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (L.T.); (M.D.); (G.M.S.); (T.B.); (L.Ş.N.); (A.V.S.)
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Palol VV, Saravanan SK, Vuree S, Chinnadurai RK, Subramanyam V. Nanophytosome formulation of β-1,3-glucan and Euglena gracilis extract for drug delivery applications. MethodsX 2023; 11:102480. [PMID: 38098771 PMCID: PMC10719576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis (EG) is a unicellular freshwater alga known for its high β-1,3-glucan (BG) content with well-known biological properties and immune response. The high molecular weight structure of BG traditionally poses a challenge in terms of its size and absorption. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a novel drug delivery mechanism of BG and EG to nanophytosomes (NPs) by converting the heavy molecular weight of BG and EG into lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), which plays an important role in improving their bioavailability and entrapment in captivity. The BG and EG NPs were developed by the solvent evaporation method while varying time and temperature to optimize their drug delivery ability. The size of BG-PC and EG-PC obtained by the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method was 134.62 and 158.38 nm, respectively. Chemical (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) and structural (X-Ray Diffraction) characterization of NPs improved the binding capacity and the amorphous nature of both NPs. The shape of the NPs by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed their spherical, vesicular nature. The encapsulation efficiency of BG-PC and EG-PC was 82 ± 1.62 % and 87 ± 3.22 %, respectively, which improves the bioavailability. The developed methodology has thus proven effective in synthesizing BG-PC and EG-PC, which may be useful as NP drug delivery carriers. Future research could demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of long-term storage conditions for medical and pharmaceutical applications.•Nanophytosomes are tailored in size, shape and composition to optimize the delivery of phytochemicals/phytocompounds through nanoscale size and surface modification for better physiological absorption.•Nanophytosomes increase the stability of phytochemicals/phytocompounds and protect them from degradation due to heat or chemical reactions, leading to longer shelf life and improved therapeutic efficacy.•In this method, optimal conditions were created for the formation of β-1,3-glucan and Euglena gracilis extract nanophytosomes for successful development of drug delivery system that can effectively deliver bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Virendra Palol
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Saravanan
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Preclinical Research Centre (MGMPRC), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Sugunakar Vuree
- MNR Foundation for Research and Innovation, MNR Medical College and Hospital, MNR Nagar, Fasalwadi, Narsapur Road, Sangareddy 502294, India
| | - Raj Kumar Chinnadurai
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Veni Subramanyam
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
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Oliveira da Silva L, Assunção Ferreira MR, Lira Soares LA. Nanotechnology Formulations Designed with Herbal Extracts and Their Therapeutic Applications - A Review. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201241. [PMID: 37455394 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increasing demand for natural products, the development of nanoformulations containing natural active ingredients requires in-depth knowledge of the substances used, methods of obtaining, and stability profiles to ensure product quality, efficacy, and safety. Considering this, the bibliography of the last five years presented in databases (PubMed and Science Direct) was discussed in this work, discussing the study with medicinal plants to obtain active metabolites with therapeutic properties, as well as the different nano-systems responsible for carrying these molecules. Due to the wealth of biodiversity found in the world, many species are submitted to the extraction process for several purposes. However, identifying, classifying, and quantifying the constituents of herbal matrices are crucial steps to verify their therapeutic potential. In addition, knowing the techniques of production and elaboration of nanotechnology products allows the optimization of the incorporation of herbal extracts as an innovation target. For studies to be successful, it is necessary to exhaust experimental results that guarantee the efficacy, safety, and quality of natural nanosystems, with the objective of obtaining reliable answers in nanotechnology therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Oliveira da Silva
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Alberto Lira Soares
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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