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Aradwad P, Raut S, Abdelfattah A, Rauh C, Sturm B. Brewer's spent grain: Unveiling innovative applications in the food and packaging industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2025; 24:e70150. [PMID: 40172248 PMCID: PMC11963836 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Revised: 01/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain, a byproduct of beer brewing, is often discarded as waste, leading to environmental concerns. However, the growing interest in sustainability and the circular bioeconomy has prompted research into its use in food and packaging industries. The objective of this review paper is to explore recent advancements in food applications, focusing on various aspects such as processing innovations, food properties, sensory acceptability, and safety considerations. The paper highlights the role of functional bioactive compounds of BSG in food and evaluates their pharmacological activities. Additionally, it investigates the development of sustainable food-packaging materials derived from BSG, discussing their applications, challenges, and potential for eco-friendly packaging solutions. The inclusion of BSG significantly impacts the food matrix during processing, which can negatively affect the physical, rheological, and textural properties and sensory acceptability. To enhance BSGs desirability as a food ingredient, various approaches have been employed, including drying, fermentation, extrusion, and modifications using enzyme treatments, dough enhancers, and texture modifiers. BSG-derived biodegradable films and coatings demonstrate a promising potential for food-packaging applications, offering desirable properties such as sustainability and effective performance. Key challenges for adopting BSG-based solutions in food and packaging industries include limited consumer awareness, commercialization strategies, and the need for life cycle assessment and life cycle costing for successful integration and widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Aradwad
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max‐Eyth Allee 100PotsdamGermany
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, Dr Rajendra Prasad RdNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sharvari Raut
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max‐Eyth Allee 100PotsdamGermany
- NETZSCH Grinding & Dispersing GmbH, Sedanstraße 70SelbGermany
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max‐Eyth Allee 100PotsdamGermany
| | - Cornelia Rauh
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Food Process EngineeringTechnische Universität, Straße des 17BerlinGermany
| | - Barbara Sturm
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max‐Eyth Allee 100PotsdamGermany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural SciencesHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Hinter der Reinhardtstr. 6–8BerlinGermany
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Chamika WAS, Ho TC, Park JS, Marasinghe CK, Je JY, Chun BS. Thermally optimized subcritical water hydrolysis for green extraction of bioactive compounds from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Food Chem 2025; 484:144368. [PMID: 40262291 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
This study investigated the bioactive compounds in Stichopus japonicus extracts obtained using subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) at nine temperatures (115 °C-235 °C at 15 °C intervals). Increasing temperature enhanced the extraction efficiency and decreased the average molecular weight, extracts had abundant amino acids and phenolic compounds. Maximum protein (832.66 ± 15.00 mg BSA/g) and polysachchrides (32.02 ± 0.88 mg glucose/g) contents were achieved at 175 °C, while the highest phenolic content (23.93 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity were observed at 220 °C. The highest α-amylase (18.62 % ± 1.17 %) and α-glucosidase (24.31 % ± 1.43 %) activities were observed at 115 °C. However, there was no significant trend between temperature and anti-inflammatory or anticholesterol activities. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticholesterol potential. In conclusion, our results indicate that SWH is a sustainable approach for extracting bioactive compounds from S. japonicus, with promising applications in functional foods and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerathunga Arachchige Shiran Chamika
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Institute for Research & Development, 393/3, Lily Avenue, Robert Gunawardane Mawatha, Battaramulla, 10120, Sri Lanka
| | - Truc Cong Ho
- PL MICROMED Co., Ltd., 1F, 15-5, Yangju 3-gil, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae-Young Je
- Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Li J, Hu Y, Ma Q, Zhao D, Dou X, Xu B, Liu L. Phytosterol-γ-Oryzanol-Glycerol Monostearate Composite Gelators for Palm Stearin/Linseed Oil Oleogel-Based Margarine: Nutrient Enrichment, Textural Modulation, and Commercial Product Mimicry. Foods 2025; 14:1206. [PMID: 40238378 PMCID: PMC11988302 DOI: 10.3390/foods14071206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2025] [Revised: 03/20/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
This study prepared palm stearin/linseed oil-based margarines (PST/LO-BMs) and palm stearin/linseed oil oleogel-based margarines (PST/LO-OBM) by incorporating varying proportions (20-60% oil phase) of linseed oil (LO) and LO-based oleogel, respectively. By comparing PST/LO-OBMs and PST/LO-BMs, it was found that the introduction of phytosterol-γ-oryzanol (PO) complexes and glycerol monostearate (GMS) to PST/LO-OBM induced three distinct crystalline morphologies: needle-like crystals, spherical crystals, and cluster-type crystals. These crystal assemblies synergistically constructed a robust three-dimensional network, effectively entrapping both aqueous droplets and liquid oil fractions while substantially reinforcing the structural integrity of PST/LO-OBM. Notably, the incorporated gelators modified the crystallization behavior, where GMS likely served as a nucleating site promoting triglyceride crystallization. This structural modulation yielded favorable β'-form crystal polymorphism, which is critically associated with enhanced textural properties. Comparative analysis with commercial margarine revealed that the PST45/LO40-OBM formulation exhibited comparable rheological performance, crystalline type, and thermal properties, while demonstrating superior nutritional characteristics, containing elevated levels of α-linolenic acid (23.54%), phytosterol (1410 mg/100 g), and γ-oryzanol (2110 mg/100 g). These findings provide fundamental insights for margarine alternatives with nutritional attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (X.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Yujuan Hu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (X.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Qing Ma
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (X.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Dongkun Zhao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (X.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Xinjing Dou
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (X.D.); (L.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Luoyang 471000, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Food Processing and Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Baocheng Xu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (X.D.); (L.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Luoyang 471000, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Food Processing and Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Lili Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (X.D.); (L.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Luoyang 471000, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Food Processing and Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
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Gai Y, Liu S, Zhang Z, Wei J, Wang H, Liu L, Bai Q, Qin Q, Zhao C, Zhang S, Xiang N, Zhang X. Integrative Approaches to Soybean Resilience, Productivity, and Utility: A Review of Genomics, Computational Modeling, and Economic Viability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 14:671. [PMID: 40094561 PMCID: PMC11901646 DOI: 10.3390/plants14050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Soybean is a vital crop globally and a key source of food, feed, and biofuel. With advancements in high-throughput technologies, soybeans have become a key target for genetic improvement. This comprehensive review explores advances in multi-omics, artificial intelligence, and economic sustainability to enhance soybean resilience and productivity. Genomics revolution, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), QTL mapping, GBS, and CRISPR-Cas9, metagenomics, and metabolomics have boosted the growth and development by creating stress-resilient soybean varieties. The artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning approaches are improving genetic trait discovery associated with nutritional quality, stresses, and adaptation of soybeans. Additionally, AI-driven technologies like IoT-based disease detection and deep learning are revolutionizing soybean monitoring, early disease identification, yield prediction, disease prevention, and precision farming. Additionally, the economic viability and environmental sustainability of soybean-derived biofuels are critically evaluated, focusing on trade-offs and policy implications. Finally, the potential impact of climate change on soybean growth and productivity is explored through predictive modeling and adaptive strategies. Thus, this study highlights the transformative potential of multidisciplinary approaches in advancing soybean resilience and global utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Gai
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shuhao Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhidan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134099, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qianyue Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qiushi Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
- Jilin Changfa Modern Agricultural Technology Group Co., Ltd., Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chungang Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shuheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Nan Xiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Northern Salt-Alkali Tolerant Soybean Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (Q.B.); (Q.Q.); (C.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (X.Z.)
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Stellaard F, Lütjohann D. Phytosterol-Enriched Dietary Supplements for Lowering Plasma LDL-Cholesterol: Yes or No? Nutrients 2025; 17:654. [PMID: 40004982 PMCID: PMC11858453 DOI: 10.3390/nu17040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis and development of cardiovascular disease. An elevated plasma LDL-C concentration is the result of enhanced C synthesis, C absorption, and/or altered C homeostasis. Plasma LDL-C lowering can be achieved using pharmaceutical means. Statin therapy inhibits endogenous C synthesis and leads to a mean 40% LDL-C reduction. Ezetimibe inhibits C absorption and achieves an average 20% LDL-C reduction with a 10 mg daily intake. Phytosterol therapy is established by dietary supplements enriched in phytosterols and/or phytostanols. A dosage of 2 to 3 g a day reduces C absorption and leads to an average 10% LDL-C reduction. This dosage expresses a 10-fold increased daily intake for phytosterols or a 100-fold increased intake of phytostanols. Phytosterol- and -stanol-enriched dietary supplements are freely available in the supermarket. The majority of consumers may be healthy subjects with a plasma LDL-C in the normal range. Scientific evidence reveals that increased phytosterol intake may be associated with the development of atherosclerosis. The degree of increased risk is dependent on the patient's genetic polymorphisms in NPC1L1 and ABCG5/G8 transport proteins as well as on the established risk reduction due to LDL-C lowering. Subjects with a normal or only slightly elevated LDL-C have only minimal LDL-C lowering and lack the compensation for the potential increased risk for atherosclerosis by phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
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Książkiewicz M, Karczewska M, Nawrot F, Korybalska K, Studzińska-Sroka E. Traditionally Used Edible Flowers as a Source of Neuroactive, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Extracts and Bioactive Compounds: A Narrative Review. Molecules 2025; 30:677. [PMID: 39942781 PMCID: PMC11820717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Edible flowers are becoming a popular addition to diets. As science has progressed, it has been proven that in addition to their aesthetic value, they possess pharmacological effects and health-promoting properties. Several edible flowers are used in medicine, and the available literature data indicate their broad biological activity. This review focuses on pharmacological knowledge about the neuroactive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of 15 traditionally used edible flowers. It also describes their traditionally uses and summarizes research findings on their chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Książkiewicz
- Section “Pharmacognosy”, The Student Scientific Society of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michalina Karczewska
- Section “Pharmacognosy”, The Student Scientific Society of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Filip Nawrot
- Section “Pharmacognosy”, The Student Scientific Society of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Korybalska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Rokietnicka 8 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
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