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Mitra A, Naik L, Dhiman R, Sarkar N. Protonation-State Dependent Modulation of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme Fibrillation under the Influence of a Short Synthetic Peptide. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5995-6013. [PMID: 38875472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Under the influence of various conditions, misfolding of soluble proteins occurs, leading to the formation of toxic insoluble amyloids. The formation and deposition of such amyloids within the body are associated with detrimental biological consequences such as the onset of several amyloid-related diseases. Previously, we established a strategy for the rational design of peptide inhibitors against amyloid formation based on the amyloidogenic-prone region of the protein. In the current study, we have designed and identified an Asp-containing rationally designed hexapeptide (SqP4) as an excellent inhibitor of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) amyloid progression in vitro. First, SqP4 showed strong affinity toward the native monomeric HEWL leading to the stabilization of the native form and restriction in the unfolding process of monomeric HEWL. Second, SqP4 was found to arrest the amyloidogenic misfolded structure of HEWL in a nonfibrillar monomer-like stage. We also observed the differential effect of the protonation state of the charged amino acid (Asp) within the peptide inhibitor on the amyloid formation of HEWL and explored the reason behind the observations. The findings of this study can be implemented in future strategies for the development of potent therapeutics against other amyloid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Nandini Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
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Rani K, Pippal B, Singh SK, Karmakar A, Vankayala R, Jain N. Effects of the aspect ratio of plasmonic gold nanorods on the inhibition of lysozyme amyloid formation. Biomater Sci 2023. [PMID: 37161699 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid formation due to altered protein folding and aggregation has gained significant attention due to its association with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and systemic lysozyme amyloidosis. Amyloids are characterized by parallel and anti-parallel cross-β-strands arranged to form stacks of sheets that provide stability and rigidity to the amyloid core. The prototypic protein Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL) has been extensively used to understand protein hydrolysis, fragmentation, folding, misfolding, and amyloid formation. In the present study, we have examined the efficacy of plasmonic gold nanorods (GNRs) as an anti-amyloid agent against HEWL amyloids. Our results reveal that (i) the amyloid inhibition by plasmonic GNRs is dependent on their aspect ratio, (ii) the large aspect ratio GNRs ameliorate amyloid assembly completely, and (iii) GNRs interfere at several stages along the lysozyme fibril-formation pathway and block the conversion of monomeric and oligomeric intermediates into mature fibrils. Using a multi-parametric approach, we demonstrate that GNRs drive HEWL into off-pathway and amyloid-incompetent forms. To establish GNRs as generic amyloid inhibitors, we extended our studies to another archetypal protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and observed similar results of GNRs inhibiting BSA aggregation. We believe that our results will pave the way for the potential use of GNRs with current therapeutics to reduce the burden of amyloid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Rani
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
| | - Bhumika Pippal
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
| | - Shubham Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
| | - Anurupa Karmakar
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
- Interdisciplinary Research Platform Smart Healthcare, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
- Centre for Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Development (CETSD), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India
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Kasi PB, Molnár K, László L, Kotormán M. Peppermint extract inhibits protein aggregation. Biol Futur 2021; 72:367-372. [PMID: 34554557 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The extracts of 7 herbs were screened and compared for their functional ability to inhibit the aggregation of trypsin as an appropriate model protein for in vitro fibrillation in aqueous ethanol at pH 7.0. Turbidity measurements, total phenolic content determination, aggregation kinetics, Congo red binding assay as well as transmission electron microscopy were used to analyse the inhibition of amyloid fibril formation. This correlated with the total phenolic content of the herb extracts. The peppermint extract proved to be the most potent anti-amyloidogenic agent. Results showed that the peppermint extract exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effect on trypsin fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanindra Babu Kasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Kotormán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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Anaya-Esparza LM, la Mora ZVD, Vázquez-Paulino O, Ascencio F, Villarruel-López A. Bell Peppers ( Capsicum annum L.) Losses and Wastes: Source for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175341. [PMID: 34500773 PMCID: PMC8434037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the high added-value compounds contained in plant by-products and wastes offer a wide spectrum of opportunities for their reuse and valorization, contributing to the circular economy. The bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an exotic vegetable with high nutritional value that, after processing, leaves wastes (peel, seeds, and leaves) that represent desirable raw material for obtaining phytochemical compounds. This review summarizes and discusses the relevant information on the phytochemical profile of bell peppers and their related biological properties as an alternative to revalorize losses and wastes from bell peppers for their application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bell pepper fruits, seeds, and leaves contain bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherol, and pectic polysaccharides) that exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, immunosuppressive and immunostimulant properties, and antidiabetic, antitumoral and neuroprotective activities, and have a potential use as functional food additives. In this context, the revalorization of food waste is positioned as a technological and innovative research area with beneficial effects for the population, the economy, and the environment. Further studies are required to guarantee the safety use of these compounds and to understand their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guada-lajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico;
| | - Zuamí Villagrán-de la Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico;
| | - Olga Vázquez-Paulino
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Felipe Ascencio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, BCS, Mexico
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (A.V.-L.)
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (A.V.-L.)
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Effect of Caesalpinia bonduc Polyphenol Extract on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats in Attenuating Hyperglycemia by Upregulating Insulin Secretion and Inhibiting JNK Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9020219. [PMID: 32256963 PMCID: PMC7103044 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Caesalpinia bonduc has been used in herbal medicines for the treatment of a wide range of diseases from decades. The present study has explored the remedial potential and underlying mechanism of polyphenol extract of Caesalpinia bonduc in alloxanized diabetic rats. HPLC/MS analysis confirmed the presence of phenolics in considerable concentrations in Caesalpinia bonduc extract. Administration of different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of CPP extract to hyperglycemic rats for 8 weeks restored blood and serum glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, leptin, amylin, and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes level towards normal compared to alloxanized diabetic group. The effect of CPP extract on various genes such as Pdx-1, Ins-1, ngn-3, GLUT-4, and IRS-1 in insulin signaling pathway and Traf-4, Traf-6, and Mapk-8 in MAPK downstream JNK cascade was examined through qRT-PCR to access the core molecular mechanism involved in CPP-induced recovery of diabetes. Results have revealed that CPP extract reduced oxidative stress in pancreatic β cells by restoring free radical scavenging potential, reducing the mRNA expression of Mapk-8, Traf-4, and Traf-6, and increasing the Pdx-1, Ins-1, ngn-3, GLUT-4, and IRS-1 expression ensuing regeneration of β cells and subsequent insulin release from pancreas. The results obtained in this study recommend that CPP extract may be a promising therapeutic restorative agent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Kasi PB, Kotormán M. Avocado Juice Prevents the Formation of Trypsin Amyloid-Like Fibrils in Aqueous Ethanol. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19851410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work fruit and vegetable juices were analyzed for their ability to prevent the aggregation of trypsin using turbidity measurement. Fruit and vegetable juices are capable of inhibiting the aggregation of PMS-trypsin in aqueous ethanol. Among the juices examined, avocado was found to be the most effective. Choline bitartrate was investigated for its ability to inhibit the fibrillation of PMS-trypsin. We have found that avocado juice and choline bitartrate have an inhibitory effect on the formation of trypsin amyloid-like fibrils using Congo red-binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanindra Babu Kasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Kotormán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Azadirachtin inhibits amyloid formation, disaggregates pre-formed fibrils and protects pancreatic β-cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide/amylin-induced cytotoxicity. Biochem J 2019; 476:889-907. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) or amylin is the major constituent of amyloidogenic aggregates found in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic patients that have been associated with β-cell dysfunction and/or death associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, developing and/or identifying inhibitors of hIAPP aggregation pathway and/or compound that can mediate disaggregation of preformed aggregates holds promise as a medical intervention for T2DM management. In the current study, the anti-amyloidogenic potential of Azadirachtin (AZD)—a secondary metabolite isolated from traditional medicinal plant Neem (Azadirachta indica)—was investigated by using a combination of biophysical and cellular assays. Our results indicate that AZD supplementation not only inhibits hIAPP aggregation but also disaggregates pre-existing hIAPP fibrils by forming amorphous aggregates that are non-toxic to pancreatic β-cells. Furthermore, AZD supplementation in pancreatic β-cells (INS-1E) resulted in inhibition of oxidative stress; along with restoration of the DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and the associated membrane damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial membrane potential. AZD treatment also restored glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets exposed to hIAPP. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation studies on full-length hIAPP pentamer with AZD suggested that AZD interacted with four possible binding sites in the amyloidogenic region of hIAPP. In summary, our results suggest AZD to be a promising candidate for combating T2DM and related amyloidogenic disorders.
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Mohammad-Beigi H, Kjaer L, Eskandari H, Aliakbari F, Christiansen G, Ruvo G, Ward JL, Otzen DE. A Possible Connection Between Plant Longevity and the Absence of Protein Fibrillation: Basis for Identifying Aggregation Inhibitors in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:148. [PMID: 30815009 PMCID: PMC6381023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of proteins to aggregate to form well-organized β-sheet rich amyloid fibrils is increasingly viewed as a general if regrettable property of the polypeptide chain. Aggregation leads to diseases such as amyloidosis and neurodegeneration in humans and various mammalian species but is also found in a functional variety in both animals and microbes. However, there are to our knowledge no reports of amyloid formation in plants. Plants are also the source of a large number of aggregation-inhibiting compounds. We reasoned that the two phenomena could be connected and that one of (many) preconditions for plant longevity is the ability to suppress unwanted protein aggregation. In support of this, we show that while protein extracts from the sugar maple tree Acer saccharum fibrillate readily on their own, this process is efficiently abolished by addition of small molecule extracts from the same plant. Further analysis of 44 plants showed a correlation between plant longevity and ability to inhibit protein aggregation. Extracts from the best performing plant, the sugar maple, were subjected to chromatographic fractionation, leading to the identification of a large number of compounds, many of which were shown to inhibit aggregation in vitro. One cautious interpretation is that it may have been advantageous for plants to maintain an efficient collection of aggregation-inhibiting metabolites as long as they do not impair metabolite function. From a practical perspective, our results indicate that long-lived plants may be particularly appropriate sources of new anti-aggregation compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Kjaer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hoda Eskandari
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Farhang Aliakbari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Biomedicine-Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Ruvo
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Jane L. Ward
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Daniel Erik Otzen,
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Menezes CDA, de Oliveira Garcia FA, de Barros Viana GS, Pinheiro PG, Felipe CFB, de Albuquerque TR, Moreira AC, Santos ES, Cavalcante MR, Garcia TR, Silva TF, Coutinho HDM, de Menezes IRA. Murraya paniculata (L.) (Orange Jasmine): Potential Nutraceuticals with Ameliorative Effect in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1747-1756. [PMID: 28840616 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae), is a plant from India widely used in folk medicine as antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant. Although oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin are the mainstays of treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), there is a significant demand for new natural products to reduce the development of diabetic complications. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated for 60 days with a hydroalcoholic extract of M. paniculata (MPE), at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. MPE decreased glycemia and also cholesterol and triglyceride levels, starting 1 week after treatments, as compared with the same group before treatments. Glucose values were reduced toward normality after 1 week of treatment. MPE hypoglycemic effects were potentiated by glibenclamide and metformin. MPE also decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin values. MPE reduced diabetes-induced morphological alterations of the kidney, pancreas, and liver. MPE acts similarly to glibenclamide and metformin, and its glucose-lowering action is partly a consequence of ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibition. MPE may be a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicero Diego Almino Menezes
- Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Cel Antonio luis 1161, Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceara, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Thaís Rodrigues de Albuquerque
- Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Cel Antonio luis 1161, Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Alisson Cordeiro Moreira
- Faculdade de Medicina Estácio de Juazeiro do, Norte-Estácio-FMJ, 63180-000, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Enaide Soares Santos
- Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Cel Antonio luis 1161, Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceara, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina Estácio de Juazeiro do, Norte-Estácio-FMJ, 63180-000, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Rodrigues Garcia
- Faculdade de Medicina Estácio de Juazeiro do, Norte-Estácio-FMJ, 63180-000, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Microbiology and Biology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Cel Antonio luis 1161, Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Cel Antonio luis 1161, Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceara, Brazil
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Nurdiana S, Goh YM, Ahmad H, Dom SM, Syimal’ain Azmi N, Noor Mohamad Zin NS, Ebrahimi M. Changes in pancreatic histology, insulin secretion and oxidative status in diabetic rats following treatment with Ficus deltoidea and vitexin. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:290. [PMID: 28576138 PMCID: PMC5457635 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential application of Ficus deltoidea and vitexin for the management of symptomatologies associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) has gained much attention. However, less firm evidence comes from data to augment our understanding of the role of F. deltoidea and vitexin in protecting pancreatic β-cells. The aim of this study was to assess histological and oxidative stress changes in the pancreas of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats following F. deltoidea extract and vitexin treatment. METHODS F. deltoidea and vitexin was administrated orally to six-weeks STZ-induced diabetic rats over 8 weeks period. The glucose and insulin tolerances were assessed by intraperitoneal glucose (2 g/kg) tolerance test (IPGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin (0.65 U/kg) tolerance test (IPITT), respectively. Subsequently, insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis assessment model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and the insulin/triglyceride-derived McAuley index. The histological changes in the pancreas were then observed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Further, the pattern of fatty acid composition and infrared (IR) spectra of the serum and pancreas were monitored by gas chromatography (GC) method and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. RESULTS F. deltoidea and vitexin increased pancreatic antioxidant enzymes and promoted islet regeneration. However, a significant increase in insulin secretion was observed only in rats treated with F. deltoidea. More importantly, reduction of fasting blood glucose is consistent with reduced FT-IR peaks at 1200-1000 cm-1. CONCLUSIONS These results accentuate that F. deltoidea and vitexin could be a potential agent to attenuate pancreatic oxidative damage and advocate their therapeutic potential for treating DM.
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