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Rhus Coriaria L. Extract: Antioxidant Effect and Modulation of Bioenergetic Capacity in Fibroblasts from Parkinson’s Disease Patients and THP-1 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112774. [PMID: 36361562 PMCID: PMC9655332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumac, Rhus coriaria L., is a Mediterranean plant showing several useful properties, such as antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Currently, there is no evidence about its possible neuroprotective action in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We hypothesized that sumac could modulate mitochondrial functionality in fibroblasts of familial early-onset PD patients showing PARK2 mutations. Sumac extract volatile profile, polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity have been previously characterized. We evaluated ROS and ATP levels on sumac-treated patients’ and healthy control fibroblasts. In PD fibroblasts, all treatments were effective in reducing H2O2 levels, while patients’ ATP content was modulated differently, probably due to the varying mutations in the PARK2 gene found in individual patients which are also involved in different mitochondrial phenotypes. We also investigated the effect of sumac extract on THP-1-differentiated macrophages, which show different embryogenic origin with respect to fibroblasts. In THP-1 macrophages, sumac treatment determined a reduction in H2O2 levels and an increase in the mitochondrial ATP content in M1, assuming that sumac could polarize the M1 to M2 phenotype, as demonstrated with other food-derived compounds rich in polyphenols. In conclusion, Rhus coriaria L. extracts could represent a potential nutraceutical approach to PD.
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Khalil M, Bazzi A, Zeineddine D, Jomaa W, Daher A, Awada R. Repressive effect of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extracts on microglial cells-mediated inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113748. [PMID: 33359864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhus coriaria L. represents a herbal shrub that is used widely in traditional medicine in the Middle East region to treat different diseases including inflammation-related disorders. R. coriaria extracts have been well characterized in terms of their biological activities, pharmacological potential and phytochemical components. However, the effect of R. coriaria on neuro-inflammation has not been studied previously in detail. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we performed a qualitative phytochemical analysis and investigated the antioxidant and anti-neuro-inflammatory potential of R. coriaria extracts on BV-2 microglial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS R. coriaria extracts were prepared using two different solvents: distilled water and ethanol. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine the principal bioactive components. The radical scavenging activity was assessed by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The effect of R. coriaria on neuro-inflammation was studied upon measuring the production of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors using DCF (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein) and Nitric oxide (NO) assays respectively, and by analyzing the mRNA (TNFα, IL-10, iNOS and COX-2) and protein (NFκβ) levels of genes involved BV-2 microglia cells-mediated inflammation using quantitative Real Time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS We found that R. coriaria extracts contain high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Interestingly, the ethanolic extract exerted a potent anti-inflammatory potential on insulted BV-2 cells manifested by: i) inhibition of Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) production and nitric oxide (NO) release; ii) suppressing TNFα, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels; iii) reducing NFκβ activation; and iiii) enhancing IL-10 transcription levels. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the neuro-inflammation inhibitory activity of R. coriaria extracts involves the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that R. coriaria might carry therapeutic potential against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khalil
- Anti-cancer Therapeutic Approaches Group (ATAC), Rammal Rammal Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon; Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Ali Bazzi
- Anti-cancer Therapeutic Approaches Group (ATAC), Rammal Rammal Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon
| | - Dana Zeineddine
- Anti-cancer Therapeutic Approaches Group (ATAC), Rammal Rammal Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon
| | - Wissam Jomaa
- Anti-cancer Therapeutic Approaches Group (ATAC), Rammal Rammal Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Daher
- Anti-cancer Therapeutic Approaches Group (ATAC), Rammal Rammal Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon; Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Lebanese University, Lebanon
| | - Rana Awada
- Anti-cancer Therapeutic Approaches Group (ATAC), Rammal Rammal Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon; Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Lebanese University, Lebanon.
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Pharmacological and Antioxidant Activities of Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac). Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010073. [PMID: 33430013 PMCID: PMC7828031 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), commonly known as sumac, is a commonly used spice, condiment, and flavoring agent, especially in the Mediterranean region. Owing to its bountiful beneficial values, sumac has been used in traditional medicine for the management and treatment of many ailments including hemorrhoids, wound healing, diarrhea, ulcer, and eye inflammation. This plant is rich in various classes of phytochemicals including flavonoids, tannins, polyphenolic compounds, organic acids, and many others. By virtue of its bioactive, Rhus coriaria possesses powerful antioxidant capacities that have ameliorative and therapeutic benefits for many common diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. This review describes the phytochemical properties of R. coriaria and then focuses on the potent antioxidant capacities of sumac. We then dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sumac’s action in modulating many pathophysiological instigators. We show how accumulating evidence supports the antibacterial, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects of this plant, especially that toxicity studies show that sumac is very safe to consume by humans and has little toxicity. Taken together, the findings we summarize here support the utilization of this plant as an attractive target for drug discovery.
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Role of the Synthetic B1 Vitamin Sulbutiamine on Health. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:9349063. [PMID: 32399290 PMCID: PMC7210561 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9349063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulbutiamine is a thiamine derivative developed in Japan in the mid-60's as a beriberi treatment drug. Since then, different potential applications have been described. For instance, there is some evidence that sulbutiamine can have anti-fatigue, nootropic, and antioxidant effects, which led to its use as a sport supplement (although some authors argue it is actually a masking doping strategy). Moreover, this molecule has been proposed as a possible treatment for some microsporidial infections and even for certain types of cancer. Despite these potential effects, sulbutiamine is still a relatively unknown molecule, which justifies the present review, where we discuss its history and the existing literature on its health applications. We conclude that there is a great potential for sulbutiamine use, well beyond its first described function (to increase thiamine tissue concentration). Indeed, new mechanisms of action have been found, mainly associated with its derivatives. Nevertheless, and although the research on sulbutiamine started 50 years ago, only a limited number of studies were conducted during this time frame. As so, methodological concerns need to be addressed and new studies are necessary, especially randomized controlled trials. Only then will the full potential of this versatile molecule be identified.
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Nozza E, Melzi G, Marabini L, Marinovich M, Piazza S, Khalilpour S, Dell’Agli M, Sangiovanni E. Rhus coriaria L. Fruit Extract Prevents UV-A-Induced Genotoxicity and Oxidative Injury in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E292. [PMID: 32244567 PMCID: PMC7222194 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is a small plant widely diffused in the Mediterranean region. Its fruit are often consumed as a spice but are also present in traditional medicine of several countries. Recently, interest in this plant has increased and many scientific works reported its beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant extracts can be successfully used against ultraviolet rays, which are able to reach and damage the human skin; however, sumac extracts were never applied to this usage. Thus, in this study, we used a macerated ethanol extract of Rhus coriaria L. dried fruit (mERC) to demonstrate its preventive role against the damage induced by ultraviolet-A rays (UV-A) on microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). In vitro effects of the extract pre-treatment and UV-A exposure were evaluated in detail. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cellular antioxidant activity measurement. Genoprotective effects of mERC were investigated as well. Our findings indicate that the extract acts as a cell cycle inhibitor or apoptosis inducer, according to the level of damage. The present work provides new insights into the usage of Rhus coriaria extracts against skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nozza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.N.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.N.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Laura Marabini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.N.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.N.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Saba Khalilpour
- Boston University School of Medicine, Arthritis Center/Rheumatology, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Mario Dell’Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.N.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.N.); (G.M.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (E.S.)
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Khalilpour S, Sangiovanni E, Piazza S, Fumagalli M, Beretta G, Dell'Agli M. In vitro evidences of the traditional use of Rhus coriaria L. fruits against skin inflammatory conditions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111829. [PMID: 30917928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhus coriaria L. (R. coriaria) is a medicinal herb native to the middle east and Mediterranean region and well-known as "sumac" or "sicilian sumac". This herb has a wide range of traditional applications, covering its topical use to treat skin burns or eczemas and to promote wound healing. AIM OF THE STUDY The present research aims to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory activity of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extracts in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), evaluating extracts prepared using different techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water (WRC), ethanol-water (EWRC) and two types of ethanol extracts (mERC and ERC) were prepared. The HaCaT cells were challenged by TNF-α (10 ng/mL) and IL-8, ICAM-1, VEGF, and MMP-9 release, as well as NF-κB translocation, were measured by ELISA assays. The most active extracts were chemically profiled through HPLC-UV-DAD analysis. RESULTS Althought all the extracts inhibited the TNF-α-induced IL-8 release, just mERC and EWRC suppressed NF-κB activation, ICAM-1, and MMP-9 secretion. EWRC showed higher inhibition on ICAM-1 and MMP-9 with IC50s of 1.76 ± 0.24 and 1.24 ± 0.33 μg/mL, respectively (mean ± s.d.). On the contrary, mERC significantly decreased VEGF levels whereas EWRC did not show any effect. The HPLC-UV profile of the extracts revealed higher amount of anthocyanins in EWRC in comparison with mERC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the potential positive effect of R. coriaria fruit extracts, mostly mERC, as preventive agent in the treatment of keratinocyte inflammation through their inhibitory effect on the production of skin pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khalilpour
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Dell'Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Khalilpour S, Behnammanesh G, Suede F, Ezzat MO, Muniandy J, Tabana Y, Ahamed MK, Tamayol A, Majid AMS, Sangiovanni E, Dell'Agli M, Majid AS. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rhus coriaria Extract in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020048. [PMID: 29690612 PMCID: PMC6027176 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating oxidative stresses and inflammation can potentially prevent or alleviate the pathological conditions of diseases associated with the nervous system, including ischemic optic neuropathy. In this study we evaluated the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities of Rhus coriaria (R. coriaria) extract in vivo. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for DPPH, ABTS and β⁻carotene were 6.79 ± 0.009 µg/mL, 10.94 ± 0.09 µg/mL, and 6.25 ± 0.06 µg/mL, respectively. Retinal ischemia was induced by optic nerve crush injury in albino Balb/c mice. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of R. coriaria (ERC) and linoleic acid (LA) on ocular ischemia was monitored using Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (FMT). Following optic nerve crush injury, the mice treated with 400 mg/kg of ERC and LA exhibited an 84.87% and 86.71% reduction of fluorescent signal (cathepsin activity) respectively. The results of this study provide strong scientific evidence for the neuroprotective activity of the ERC, identifying LA as one of the main components responsible for the effect. ERC may be useful and worthy of further development for its adjunctive utilization in the treatment of optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khalilpour
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ghazaleh Behnammanesh
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Fouad Suede
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed O Ezzat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jayadhisan Muniandy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Yasser Tabana
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Khadeer Ahamed
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincol, NE 68508, USA.
| | - Amin Malik Shah Majid
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mario Dell'Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Aman Shah Majid
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Centre for Natural Product and Angiogenesis Research/Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University, Ipoh 30250, Malaysia.
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