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Oh J, Kim SA, Kwon KW, Choi SR, Lee CH, Hossain MA, Kim ES, Kim C, Lee BH, Lee S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Sophora flavescens Aiton methanol extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects via reduction of Src kinase phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116015. [PMID: 36563890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sophora flavescens Aiton (Family: Leguminosae), an herbal plant, has been used in East Asian home remedies for centuries for treating ulcers, skin burns, fevers, and inflammatory disorders. In addition, the dried root of S. flavescens was also applied for antipyretic, analgesic, antihelmintic, and stomachic uses. AIM OF STUDY Nonetheless, how this plant can show various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory responses was not fully elucidated. In this study, therefore, we aimed to investigate the curative effects of S. flavescens on inflammation and its molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS For reaching this aim, various in vitro and in vivo experimental models with LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer, and LPS-triggered lung injury conditions were employed and anti-inflammatory activity of S. flavescens methanol extract (Sf-ME) was also tested. Fingerprinting profile of Sf-ME was identified via LC-MS analysis. Its anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism was also examined by immunoblotting analysis. RESULTS Nitric oxide production and mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α were decreased. Additionally, phosphorylation of Src in the signaling cascade was decreased, and activities of the transcriptional factor NF-κB were reduced as determined by a luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, in vivo, gastritis and lung injury lesions were attenuated by Sf-ME. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that Sf-ME could be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent via suppression of Src kinase activity and regulation of IL-1β secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Seung A Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Ki Woong Kwon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Se Rin Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Icksan, 54596, South Korea.
| | - Eun Sil Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
| | - Changmu Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Icksan, 54596, South Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
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Alleviation of liver cirrhosis and associated portal-hypertension by Astragalus species in relation to their UPLC-MS/MS metabolic profiles: a mechanistic study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11884. [PMID: 35831335 PMCID: PMC9279505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease characterized by excessive fibrous deposition triggering portal-hypertension (PH); the prime restrainer for cirrhosis-related complications. Remedies that can dually oppose hepatic fibrosis and lower PH, may prevent progression into decompensated-cirrhosis. Different Astragalus-species members have shown antifibrotic and diuretic actions with possible subsequent PH reduction. However, A.spinosus and A.trigonus were poorly tested for eliciting these actions. Herein, A.spinosus and A.trigonus roots and aerial parts extracts were subjected to comprehensive metabolic-fingerprinting using UHPLC-MS/MS resulting in 56 identified phytoconstituents, followed by chemometric untargeted analysis that revealed variable metabolic profiles exemplified by different species and organ types. Consequently, tested extracts were in-vivo evaluated for potential antifibrotic/anticirrhotic activity by assessing specific markers. The mechanistic prospective to induce diuresis was investigated by analyzing plasma aldosterone and renal-transporters gene-expression. Serum apelin and dimethylarginine-dimethylaminohydrolase-1 were measured to indicate the overall effect on PH. All extracts amended cirrhosis and PH to varying extents and induced diuresis via different mechanisms. Further, An OPLS model was built to generate a comprehensive metabolic-profiling of A.spinosus and A.trigonus secondary-metabolites providing a chemical-based evidence for their efficacious consistency. In conclusion, A.spinosus and A.trigonus organs comprised myriad pharmacologically-active constituents that act synergistically to ameliorate cirrhosis and associated PH.
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Wang D, Liu R, Zeng J, Li C, Xiang W, Zhong G, Xia Z. Preliminary screening of the potential active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines using the Ussing chamber model combined with HPLC-PDA-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1189:123090. [PMID: 34959037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro intestinal absorption model combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS) was used for preliminary screening of potential active ingredients from complex multi-component traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system. Oral administration is one of the main administration methods for TCMs. Only the ingredients that could be absorbed have the opportunity to play a role. Thus, these were defined as potential active ingredients. Studying of intestinal absorption can provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of TCMs. The Caco-2 cell model, the everted rat gut sac model, and the Ussing chamber model were established for TCMs. The degree of anastomosis between the in vitro intestinal model and the actual intestinal absorption of TCMs were evaluated by the gavage method in rats. The Ussing chamber model was best fit for oral experiments in rats and was selected as the research means to preliminarily screen potential active ingredients from eight TCMs, including Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Astragalus propinquus Schischkin, Plantago asiatica L, Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Harald, Epimedium brevicornu Maxim, Moutan Cortex, Citrus reticulata Blanco, and Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow. A total of 44 components were absorbed and screened as the potential active ingredients from the 80 components identified in eight TCMs by HPLC-PDA-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jinxiang Zeng
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Chunhu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoyue Zhong
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Zhining Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Durazzo A, Nazhand A, Lucarini M, Silva AM, Souto SB, Guerra F, Severino P, Zaccardelli M, Souto EB, Santini A. Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus Bunge): botanical, geographical, and historical aspects to pharmaceutical components and beneficial role. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-021-01003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMedicinal plants always are part of folk medicine and are nowadays receiving worldwide attention for prophylaxis, management, and treatment of several diseases, as an alternative to chemical drugs. The current work provided a comprehensive overview and analysis of the Astragalus and health relationship in literature. The analysis of their therapeutic potential is thus instrumental to understand their bioactivity. Among these, the flowering medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus has raised interest due to several beneficial health effects. This perspective review discussed the botanical, geographical, historical, and the therapeutic properties of A. membranaceus, with a special focus on its health improving effects and medicinal applications both in vitro and in vivo.
Graphic abstract
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Kumar S, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. Investigation of CYP2B6, 3A4 and β-esterase interactions of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal in human liver microsomes and HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113766. [PMID: 33395575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) is a traditional herb, used in African indigenous systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases (including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis). The relevance of clinically significant interactions of Withania with ARVs and anti-TB drugs needs to be investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated the effects of its roots on cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 2B6, 3A4, and rifampicin metabolism pathway, using methanol, ethanol, aqueous, and ethyl acetate solvent extractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extracts were tested on human liver microsomes (HLM) for CYP inhibition, mRNA expression in HepG2 cells for CYP induction. Biochemical qualitative tests and LC-MS/MS methodology were used to determine active phytoconstituents. RESULTS The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited CYP2B6 with IC50s 79.16 and 57.96 μg/ml respectively, while none of the extracts had any effect on rifampicin metabolism or showed time-dependant inhibition (TDI). All extracts were moderate inducers of CYP3A4; the aqueous extract exhibited 38%-fold shift induction of CYP3A4 compared to the control. The methanolic extract had the lowest CTC50 (50% of cytotoxicity inhibition) (67.13 ± 0.83 μg/ml). LC-MS/MS-PDA full scans were consistent with the presence of flavone salvigenin (m/z 327), alkaloid isopelletierine (m/z 133), steroidal lactone 2,3-dihydrowithaferin-A (m/z 472), and other withanolides including withaperuvin I (m/z 533), withaferin derivative (m/z 567), some of these compounds likely being responsible for the observed CYP2B6 inhibition and CYP3A4 induction. The putative gastrointestinal tract (GIT) concentration for the active extracts was 1800 μg/ml and the hepatic circulation concentrations were estimated at about 220 μg/ml and 13.5 μg/ml for the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. The extrapolated in vivo percentage of inhibition was at 85% for the methanolic extract against CYP2B6. CONCLUSIONS The findings reported in this study suggest that W. somnifera extracts have the potential of causing clinically significant herb-drug interactions (HDI) as moderate inducer of CYP3A4 and inhibitor of CYP2B6 metabolism pathway (methanol and ethyl acetate extracts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saneesh Kumar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Patrick J Bouic
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Synexa Life Sciences, Montague Gardens, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Dai C, Wang S, De Souza C, Li YY, Zhou C, Qiu R, Xu XZ, Zhou HL, Wu Y. Chemical constituents and chemotaxonomic study of Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora maxim. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang P, He F, Tan M, Zhong F, Liao X, Li Y, Deng H, Mo X. Marked decrease of tacrolimus blood concentration caused by compound Chinese herbal granules in a patient with refractory nephrotic syndrome. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 46:215-218. [PMID: 32930420 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE The blood concentration of tacrolimus can be affected by co-administrated drugs. The objective is to draw more attention to herb-drug interactions in China, where herbal medicines are commonly used. CASE DESCRIPTION The blood concentration of tacrolimus in a girl with refractory nephrotic syndrome decreased nearly a half despite no change in dose. Nebulizer therapy, cyclophosphamide and a compound Chinese herbal medicine were the only additional treatments than usual. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The most possible cause of the decrease in tacrolimus concentration was the administration of Radix Astragali among compound Chinese herbal medicine granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fazhan Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Mo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kumar S, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. In Vitro Assessment of the Interaction Potential of Ocimum basilicum (L.) Extracts on CYP2B6, 3A4, and Rifampicin Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32425779 PMCID: PMC7204527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocimum basilicum L. or basilicum is a common culinary herb, used as a traditional medicine for various medical conditions including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, in Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of methanol, ethanol, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of the dried leaves and inflorescence of O. basilicum, on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) CYP2B6 and 3A4, as well as esterase-mediated metabolism of rifampicin to 25-O-desacetyl rifampicin (25ODESRIF). Human liver microsomes (HLM) were used to evaluate inhibition and CYP2B6/3A4 mRNA expression HepG2 assays were used to measure induction. Furthermore, the phytoconstituents likely involved in causing the observed effect were analyzed using biochemical tests and LC-MS. The aqueous and methanolic extracts showed reversible and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP2B6 with TDI-IC50s 33.35 μg/ml (IC50 shift-fold >1.5) and 4.93 μg/ml (IC50 shift-fold >7) respectively, while the methanolic and ethanolic extracts inhibited 25ODESRIF formation (IC50s 31 μg/ml, 8.94 μg/ml). In HepG2 assays, the methanolic and ethanolic extracts moderately induced CYP2B6, 3A4 mRNA with 38%-, 28%-fold shift, and 22%-, 44%-fold shift respectively. LC-MS full scans identified phenols rosmarinic acid [m/z 359 (M-H)-, approximately 2298 mg/L in aqueous extract] and caftaric acid along with flavones salvigenin [m/z 329 (M+H)+, approximately 1855 mg/L in ethanolic extract], eupatorin [m/z 345 (M+H)+, 668.772 mg/L in ethanolic extract], rutin [m/z 609 (M-H)-] and isoquercetin [m/z 463 (M-H)-] and other compounds—linalool [m/z 153 (M-H)-], hydroxyjasmonic acid [m/z 225 (M-H)-], eucommiol [m/z 187 (M-H)-] and trihydroxy octadecenoic acid [m/z 329 (M-H)-, 530 mg/L in ethanolic extract]. The putative gastrointestinal tract (GIT) concentration for all extracts was calculated as 2,400 μg/ml and hepatic circulation concentrations were estimated at 805.68 μg/ml for the aqueous extract, and 226.56 μg/ml for methanolic extract. Based on the putative GIT concentration, estimated hepatic circulation concentration [I] and inhibition constant Ki, the predicted percentile of inhibition in vivo was highest for the aqueous extract on CYP2B6 (96.7%). The observations indicated that O. basilicum extracts may have the potential to cause clinically relevant herb-drug interactions (HDI) with CYP2B6 and rifampicin metabolism in vivo, if sufficient hepatic concentrations are reached in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saneesh Kumar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Patrick J Bouic
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Synexa Life Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Fundisa African Academy of Medicines Development, Cape Town, South Africa
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