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Deepika BK, Apoorva NH, Joel PR, B B, Sudheer SP. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation potential of Arnica montana and Bellis perennis in C3H10T1/2 multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:596. [PMID: 38683461 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arnica montana and Bellis perennis are two medicinal plants that are thought to accelerate bone repair in homoeopathic literature. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with the ability to differentiate and regenerate bone or osteogenesis. Hence, we aimed to determine the role of Arnica montana and Bellis perennis on the osteogenic differentiation of the C3H10T1/2 stem cell line. METHODS AND RESULTS The cell proliferation of Arnica montana and Bellis perennis was evaluated by MTT assay. Osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 was induced by the addition of β-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid and dexamethasone in the differentiation medium over 3 weeks. Cells were treated with Arnica montana and Bellis perennis individually as well as in combination. The osteogenic differentiation potential of Arnica montana and Bellis perennis to differentiate C3H10T1/2 into osteoblasts was measured by alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining and the expression of Osteocalcin using immunostaining and qRT-PCR. Arnica montana and Bellis perennis could enhance C3H10T1/2 cell proliferation at 1600 µg. Further, the compound showed the ability to augment osteogenesis as confirmed by increased expression of alkaline phosphatase and enhanced calcium accumulation as seen by the Alizarin Red staining and quantification. Enhanced osteogenesis was further supported by the increased expression of osteocalcin in the treated cells with individual and combined doses of Arnica montana and Bellis perennis. Therefore, the findings provide additional support for the positive impact of Arnica montana and Bellis perennis on bone formation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that homoeopathic compounds Arnica montana and Bellis perennis can augment osteogenesis individually as well as in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhat K Deepika
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to Be University, University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Nagendra H Apoorva
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to Be University, University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Pinto R Joel
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to Be University, University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Bipasha B
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to Be University, University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Shenoy P Sudheer
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to Be University, University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
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Kumar A, Prajapati S, Sharma M, Singh T, Choudhary N, Bharti AC, Sharma R, Gupta P. Quantitative assessment of antioxidant potential of selected homeopathic preparations in clinical practice. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2022:dmdi-2022-0169. [PMID: 36577508 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antioxidant property like radical scavenging is a primary target to elucidate the efficacy mechanism of a drug against diseases linked to oxidative stress such as cancer, metabolic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. In alternative therapies, homeopathy is one of the preferred choices by patients and clinicians due to its potential to cure chronic and complex illnesses. However, the efficacy of homeopathic preparations at high diluted potencies attracts rational criticism due to insufficient scientific knowledge supporting the mechanism of action. Therefore, an attempt was made to estimate the total phenolic content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity of clinically prescribed homeopathic drugs. METHODS With gallic acid as a reference control, mother tinctures (MTs) and different potencies of Eucalyptus globulus (EG), Syzygium jambolanum (SJ), Ruta graveolens (RG), and Thuja occidentalis (TO) were used to perform Folin-Ciocalteu test, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. RESULTS The results showed TPC of MTs equivalent to µg/mL of gallic acid viz; EG (4,872.5 ± 133.2), SJ (8,840.5 ± 14.8), RG (985.6 ± 39.1), and TO (341.5 ± 19.5) with significant ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging potential. Whereas 30C and 200C potencies of each homeopathic drug showed undetectable phenolic content and insignificant radical scavenging potential compared to vehicle control, i.e., alcohol 90% (2.0 ± 1.5). CONCLUSIONS The reported efficacy of 30C and 200C potencies of homeopathic medicines against oxidative stress-related illnesses might be due to mechanisms other than radical scavenging. Furthermore, the assays studied can be helpful in drug standardization and quality control of MTs that are used as starting material in homeopathic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Drug Standardization Unit, Dr. DP Rastogi Central Research Institute of Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007 , India
| | - Suneel Prajapati
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Drug Standardization Unit, Dr. DP Rastogi Central Research Institute of Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahima Sharma
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Drug Standardization Unit, Dr. DP Rastogi Central Research Institute of Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007 , India
| | - Neha Choudhary
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Alok C Bharti
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Drug Standardization Unit, Dr. DP Rastogi Central Research Institute of Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Žitek T, Postružnik V, Knez Ž, Golle A, Dariš B, Knez Marevci M. Arnica Montana L. Supercritical Extraction Optimization for Antibiotic and Anticancer Activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:897185. [PMID: 35620474 PMCID: PMC9127360 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.897185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arnica montana L. flower heads are known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. The aim of this work was to optimize the process of supercritical CO2 extraction, to achieve high extraction yield and high content of biologically active components, and to confirm the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of the extract. The influence of pressure and temperature on the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and proanthocyanidin content was evaluated. The pressure and temperature were found to be interdependent. A temperature of 60°C and a pressure of 30 MPa resulted in a high extraction yield, antioxidant activity and phenolic content. The content of proanthocyanidins was highest at a pressure between 18 and 24 MPa. The extracts inhibited three different microorganisms successfully; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5.16 mg/ml and showed anticancer activity decrease up to 85% at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Žitek
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engi-neering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Postružnik
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engi-neering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engi-neering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Golle
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment, and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Dariš
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maša Knez Marevci
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engi-neering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Courtens F, Demangeat JL, Benabdallah M. Could the Olfactory System Be a Target for Homeopathic Remedies as Nanomedicines? J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:1032-1038. [PMID: 29889551 PMCID: PMC6247980 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeopathic remedies (HRs) contain odorant molecules such as flavonoids or terpenes and can lose their efficiency in presence of some competitive odors. Such similarities, along with extreme sensitivity of the olfactory system, widespread presence of olfactory receptors over all organic tissues (where they have metabolic roles besides perception of odors), and potential direct access to the brain through olfactory nerves (ONs) and trigeminal nerves, may suggest the olfactory system as target for HRs. Recent works highlighted that HRs exist in a dual form, that is, a still molecular form at low dilution and a nanoparticulate form at high dilution, and that remnants of source remedy persist in extremely high dilutions. From the literature, both odorants and nanoparticles (NPs) can enter the body through inhalation, digestive absorption, or through the skin, especially, NPs or viruses can directly reach the brain through axons of nerves. Assuming that HRs are recognized by olfactory receptors, their information could be transmitted to numerous tissues through receptor-ligand interaction, or to the brain by either activating the axon potential of ONs and trigeminal nerves or, in their nanoparticulate form, by translocating through axons of these nerves. Moreover, the nanoparticulate form may activate the immune system at multiple levels, induce systemic various biological responses through the pituitary axis and inflammation factors, or modulate gene expression at the cellular level. As immunity, inflammation, pituitary axis, and olfactory system are closely linked together, their permanent interaction triggered by olfactory receptors may thus ensure homeostasis.
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Bias and misleading concepts in an Arnica research study. Comments to improve experimental Homeopathy. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 9:75-80. [PMID: 29496319 PMCID: PMC5884037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic experimental models in Homeopathy are of major interest because they could get insightful data about the ability of high dilutions to work in a biological system. Due to the extreme difficulty in the highlighting any possible effect and trusting its reliability, methods should be particularly stringent and highly standardized. Confounders, handling process, pre-analytical errors, misleading statistics and misinterpretations may lead to experimental biases. This article tries to elucidate those factors causing bias, taking into account some recent reported evidence in the field.
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Bellavite P, Marzotto M, Bonafini C. Arnica montana experimental studies: confounders and biases? JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018. [PMID: 29526239 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arnica montana is a popular traditional remedy widely used in complementary and alternative medicine, in part for its wound-healing properties. The authors recently showed that this plant extract and several of its homeopathic dilutions are able to modify the expression of a series of genes involved in inflammation and connective tissue regeneration. Their studies opened a debate, including criticisms to the "errors" in the methods used and the "confounders and biases". Here the authors show that the criticisms raised on methodology and statistics are not consistent and cannot be considered pertinent. The present comment also updates and reviews information concerning the action of A. montana dilutions in human macrophage cells while summarizing the major experimental advances reported on this interesting medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Clara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
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Bellavite P, Bonafini C, Marzotto M. Experimental neuropharmacology of Gelsemium sempervirens: Recent advances and debated issues. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 9:69-74. [PMID: 29428604 PMCID: PMC5884012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsemium sempervirens L. (Gelsemium) is traditionally used for its anxiolytic-like properties and its action mechanism in laboratory models are under scrutiny. Evidence from rodent models was reported suggesting the existence of a high sensitivity of central nervous system to anxiolytic power of Gelsemium extracts and Homeopathic dilutions. In vitro investigation of extremely low doses of this plant extract showed a modulation of gene expression of human neurocytes. These studies were criticized in a few commentaries, generated a debate in literature and were followed by further experimental studies from various laboratories. Toxic doses of Gelsemium cause neurological signs characterized by marked weakness and convulsions, while ultra-low doses or high Homeopathic dilutions counteract seizures induced by lithium and pilocarpine, decrease anxiety after stress and increases the anti-stress allopregnanolone hormone, through glycine receptors. Low (non-Homeopathic) doses of this plant or its alkaloids decrease neuropathic pain and c-Fos expression in mice brain and oxidative stress. Due to the complexity of the matter, several aspects deserve interpretation and the main controversial topics, with a focus on the issues of high dilution pharmacology, are discussed and clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Clara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Homeopathic Arnica from Boiron and post-operative bleeding in mastectomized women in Milan: Statistical flaws and bias to be addressed. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:1-3. [PMID: 29321982 PMCID: PMC5755990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. Homeopathic potencies of Arnica montana L. change gene expression in a Tamm-Horsfall protein-1 cell line in vitro model: the role of ethanol as a possible confounder and statistical bias. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2017; 15:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(17)60346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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de Paula Coelho C, Motta PD, Petrillo M, de Oliveira Iovine R, Dalboni LC, Santana FR, Correia MSF, Casarin RCV, Carvalho VM, Bonamin LV. Homeopathic medicine Cantharis modulates uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)-induced cystitis in susceptible mice. Cytokine 2017; 92:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Palliative Care in the Management of Pain, Odor, and Exudate in Chronic Wounds at the End of Life. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/njh.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marzotto M, Bonafini C, Olioso D, Baruzzi A, Bettinetti L, Di Leva F, Galbiati E, Bellavite P. Arnica montana Stimulates Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression in a Macrophage Cell Line Differentiated to Wound-Healing Phenotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166340. [PMID: 27832158 PMCID: PMC5104438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arnica montana (Arnica m.) is used for its purported anti-inflammatory and tissue healing actions after trauma, bruises, or tissue injuries, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. This work tested Arnica m. effects on gene expression using an in vitro model of macrophages polarized towards a "wound-healing" phenotype. The monocyte-macrophage human THP-1 cell line was cultured and differentiated with phorbol-myristate acetate and Interleukin-4, then exposed for 24h to Arnica m. centesimal (c) dilutions 2c, 3c, 5c, 9c, 15c or Control. Total RNA was isolated and cDNA libraries were sequenced with a NextSeq500 sequencer. Genes with significantly positive (up-regulated) or negative (down-regulated) fold changes were defined as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 20 DEGs were identified in Arnica m. 2c treated cells. Of these, 7 genes were up-regulated and 13 were down-regulated. The most significantly up-regulated function concerned 4 genes with a conserved site of epidermal growth factor-like region (p<0.001) and three genes of proteinaceous extracellular matrix, including heparin sulphate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2), fibrillin 2 (FBN2), and fibronectin (FN1) (p<0.01). Protein assay confirmed a statistically significant increase of fibronectin production (p<0.05). The down-regulated transcripts derived from mitochondrial genes coding for some components of electron transport chain. The same groups of genes were also regulated by increasing dilutions of Arnica m. (3c, 5c, 9c, 15c), although with a lower effect size. We further tested the healing potential of Arnica m. 2c in a scratch model of wound closure based on the motility of bone marrow-derived macrophages and found evidence of an accelerating effect on cell migration in this system. The results of this work, taken together, provide new insights into the action of Arnica m. in tissue healing and repair, and identify extracellular matrix regulation by macrophages as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marzotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Clara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Debora Olioso
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Baruzzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Bettinetti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Leva
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Galbiati
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
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Olioso D, Marzotto M, Bonafini C, Brizzi M, Bellavite P. Response to Commentary: Arnica montana Effects on Gene Expression in a Human Macrophage Cell Line. Evaluation by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Front Immunol 2016; 7:320. [PMID: 27667990 PMCID: PMC5016530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Olioso
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Clara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Maurizio Brizzi
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. Commentary: Arnica Montana Effects on Gene Expression in a Human Macrophage Cell Line: Evaluation by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Front Immunol 2016; 7:280. [PMID: 27660630 PMCID: PMC5015595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine , Mo i Rana , Norway
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Fisher P. PCR, pre-sensitisation and polycrystals. HOMEOPATHY 2016; 105:129-30. [PMID: 27211320 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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