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Impact of synchronized left ventricular pacing rate on risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2022; 65:239-249. [PMID: 35739437 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-022-01284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptive cardiac resynchronization therapy (aCRT) algorithm automatically produces synchronized left ventricular pacing (sLVP) with intrinsic atrioventricular conduction to improve clinical outcomes. However, relationship between sLVP percentage and risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT/VF) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of sLVP rate on VT/VF occurrence. METHODS In total, 1,419 device interrogation data from 42 consecutive patients who underwent new aCRT device implantation were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was the first time VT/VF episode after aCRT device implantation. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 34 months, 15 patients had VT/VF episodes. Patients were divided into a high sLVP (the average sLVP percentage of ≥ 51.5%, n = 27) or low sLVP group (< 51.5%, n = 15). The high sLVP group had a significantly lower VT/VF incidence (22% vs. 60%; p = 0.014) and an independent predictor for VT/VF occurrence on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 0.21; p = 0.007). LV ejection fraction improvements after 6 months (12.3 ± 8.7% vs. 2.8 ± 10.3%; p = 0.004) and 12 months (13.8 ± 9.3% vs. 6.2 ± 11.1%; p = 0.030) were significantly greater in the high sLVP group than in the low sLVP group. Age, PR interval, and left atrial diameter were significantly associated with the sLVP rate after aCRT. CONCLUSIONS Patients with high sLVP percentage after aCRT had lower long-term risk of VT/VF incidence with a favorable response to CRT. A synchronized pacing algorithm using intrinsic conduction may prevent malignant arrhythmias, as well as recover cardiac functions.
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Patel MH, Sampath S, Kapoor A, Damani DN, Chellapuram N, Challa AB, Kaur MP, Walton RD, Stavrakis S, Arunachalam SP, Kulkarni K. Advances in Cardiac Pacing: Arrhythmia Prediction, Prevention and Control Strategies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:783241. [PMID: 34925071 PMCID: PMC8674736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.783241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias constitute a tremendous burden on healthcare and are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. An alarming number of people have been reported to manifest sudden cardiac death as the first symptom of cardiac arrhythmias, accounting for about 20% of all deaths annually. Furthermore, patients prone to atrial tachyarrhythmias such as atrial flutter and fibrillation often have associated comorbidities including hypertension, ischemic heart disease, valvular cardiomyopathy and increased risk of stroke. Technological advances in electrical stimulation and sensing modalities have led to the proliferation of medical devices including pacemakers and implantable defibrillators, aiming to restore normal cardiac rhythm. However, given the complex spatiotemporal dynamics and non-linearity of the human heart, predicting the onset of arrhythmias and preventing the transition from steady state to unstable rhythms has been an extremely challenging task. Defibrillatory shocks still remain the primary clinical intervention for lethal ventricular arrhythmias, yet patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators often suffer from inappropriate shocks due to false positives and reduced quality of life. Here, we aim to present a comprehensive review of the current advances in cardiac arrhythmia prediction, prevention and control strategies. We provide an overview of traditional clinical arrhythmia management methods and describe promising potential pacing techniques for predicting the onset of abnormal rhythms and effectively suppressing cardiac arrhythmias. We also offer a clinical perspective on bridging the gap between basic and clinical science that would aid in the assimilation of promising anti-arrhythmic pacing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrie Harshad Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shrikanth Sampath
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Anoushka Kapoor
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Nikitha Chellapuram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Manmeet Pal Kaur
- Department of Medicine, GAIL, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Richard D. Walton
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Shivaram P. Arunachalam
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, GAIL, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kanchan Kulkarni
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Adelstein EC, Althouse AD, Davis L, Schwartzman D, Bazaz R, Jain S, Wang N, Saba S. Amiodarone is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias upgraded to cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30:348-356. [PMID: 30575185 DOI: 10.1111/jce.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amiodarone reduces recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) but may worsen cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may also be antiarrhythmic. When patients with prior sustained VTA are upgraded to CRT defibrillators (CRT-D) from conventional implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), should concomitant amiodarone be continued or is CRT's antiarrhythmic potential sufficient? METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 67 patients from a prospective CRT registry with spontaneous sustained VTA, New York Heart Association (NYHA) II-IV HF, and left bundle-branch block (LBBB) who were upgraded to CRT defibrillators from conventional ICDs. We compared changes in QRS duration and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) pre- and post-CRT, time to death, transplant or ventricular assist device (VAD), and time to recurrent VTA therapies between 37 patients continuing amiodarone therapy and 30 amiodarone-naïve patients. Amiodarone-treated patients had worse renal function and a higher prevalence of prior VTA storm compared with amiodarone-naïve patients. After CRT, amiodarone-treated patients demonstrated less QRS narrowing (8 vs 20 ms; P = 0.021) and less LVEF improvement (-2.7 vs +5.2%; P = 0.006). Over 29 months, 31 (47%) patients died and 13 (20%) received transplant or VAD. Risk of death, transplant, or VAD was greater in amiodarone-treated than -naïve patients (corrected hazard ratio [HR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-4.11; P = 0.022). Appropriate CRT-D therapies occurred in 37 (55%) patients; amiodarone use was not associated time to first therapy (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.59-2.16; P = 0.72). CONCLUSION In patients with sustained VTA and LBBB upgraded from conventional ICDs to CRT defibrillators, concomitant amiodarone use is associated with less QRS narrowing, less LVEF improvement, greater risk of death, transplant, or VAD, and similar risk of recurrent VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Adelstein
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Cardiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - Andrew D Althouse
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lydia Davis
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Schwartzman
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Butler Hospital System, Cardiac Electrophysiology, Butler Memorial Hospital, Butler, Pennsylvania
| | - Raveen Bazaz
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandeep Jain
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Norman Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samir Saba
- University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Li X, Yang D, Kusumoto F, Shen WK, Mulpuru S, Zhou S, Liang J, Wu G, Yang M, Liu JQ, Friedman PA, Cha YM. Predictors and outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy extended to the second generator. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14:1793-1800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Osadchii OE. Role of abnormal repolarization in the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmia. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220 Suppl 712:1-71. [PMID: 28707396 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac patients, life-threatening tachyarrhythmia is often precipitated by abnormal changes in ventricular repolarization and refractoriness. Repolarization abnormalities typically evolve as a consequence of impaired function of outward K+ currents in cardiac myocytes, which may be caused by genetic defects or result from various acquired pathophysiological conditions, including electrical remodelling in cardiac disease, ion channel modulation by clinically used pharmacological agents, and systemic electrolyte disorders seen in heart failure, such as hypokalaemia. Cardiac electrical instability attributed to abnormal repolarization relies on the complex interplay between a provocative arrhythmic trigger and vulnerable arrhythmic substrate, with a central role played by the excessive prolongation of ventricular action potential duration, impaired intracellular Ca2+ handling, and slowed impulse conduction. This review outlines the electrical activity of ventricular myocytes in normal conditions and cardiac disease, describes classical electrophysiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmia, and provides an update on repolarization-related surrogates currently used to assess arrhythmic propensity, including spatial dispersion of repolarization, activation-repolarization coupling, electrical restitution, TRIaD (triangulation, reverse use dependence, instability, and dispersion), and the electromechanical window. This is followed by a discussion of the mechanisms that account for the dependence of arrhythmic vulnerability on the location of the ventricular pacing site. Finally, the review clarifies the electrophysiological basis for cardiac arrhythmia produced by hypokalaemia, and gives insight into the clinical importance and pathophysiology of drug-induced arrhythmia, with particular focus on class Ia (quinidine, procainamide) and Ic (flecainide) Na+ channel blockers, and class III antiarrhythmic agents that block the delayed rectifier K+ channel (dofetilide).
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Affiliation(s)
- O. E. Osadchii
- Department of Health Science and Technology; University of Aalborg; Aalborg Denmark
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Providencia R, Rogers D, Papageorgiou N, Ioannou A, James A, Babu G, Cobb V, Ahsan S, Segal OR, Rowland E, Lowe M, Lambiase PD, Chow AW. Long-Term Results of Triventricular Versus Biventricular Pacing in Heart Failure. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2016; 2:825-835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Karbasi Afshar R, Ramezani Binabaj M, Rezaee Zavareh MS, Saburi A, Ajudani R. Efficacy of cardiac resynchronization with defibrillator insertion in patients undergone coronary artery bypass graft: a cohort study of cardiac function. Ann Card Anaesth 2015; 18:34-8. [PMID: 25566709 PMCID: PMC4900314 DOI: 10.4103/0971-9784.148319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a proven therapeutic method in selected patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction which increases left ventricular function and patient survival. We designed a study that included patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), with and without CRT-defibrillator (CRT-D) inserting and then measured its effects on these two groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2010 and 2013, we conducted a prospective cohort study on 100 coronary artery disease patients where candidate for CABG. Then based on the receiving CRT-D, the patients were categorized in two groups; Group 1 ( n = 48, with CRT-D insertion before CABG) and Group 2 ( n = 52 without receiving CRT-D). Thereafter both of these groups were followed-up at 1-3 months after CABG for mortality, hospitalization, atrial fibrillation (AF), echocardiographic assessment, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class level. RESULTS The mean age of participants in Group 1 (48 male) and in Group 2 (52 male) was 58 ± 13 and 57 ± 12 respectively. Difference between Groups 1 and 2 in cases of mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes and NYHA class level was significant ( P > 0.05). Hospitalization ( P = 0.008), mortality rate ( P = 0.007), and AF were significantly different between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the increase in LVEF and patient's improvement according to NYHA-class was significant in the first group, and readmission, mortality rate and AF was increased significantly in the second group.
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García-Lunar I, Castro-Urda V, Toquero-Ramos J, Mingo-Santos S, Moñivas-Palomero V, Daniela Mitroi C, Sánchez-García M, Pérez-Pereira E, Delgado HE, Fernández-Lozano I. Arritmias ventriculares en superrespondedores a la terapia de resincronización cardiaca. Rev Esp Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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García-Lunar I, Castro-Urda V, Toquero-Ramos J, Mingo-Santos S, Moñivas-Palomero V, Daniela Mitroi C, Sánchez-García M, Pérez-Pereira E, Delgado HE, Fernández-Lozano I. Ventricular arrhythmias in super-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:883-9. [PMID: 25443812 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Cardiac resynchronization therapy is associated with improved quality of life and reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction and wide QRS. However, its role in the reduction of ventricular arrhythmias is more controversial. METHODS We compared the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients who were undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in terms of the degree of echocardiographic response to resynchronization. Patients were classified in 3 subgroups;super-responders, responders, and nonresponders. RESULTS We included 196 patients who were followed up for a median 30.1 months [interquartile range, 18.0-55.1 months]. We recorded the presence of ventricular arrhythmias in 37 patients (18.8%); 3 patients (5.9%) in the super-responder group had ventricular arrhythmias vs 14 (22.2%) among the responders and 20 (24.4%) in the group of nonresponders (P = .025). In multivariate analysis, the only independent predictors of the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias were secondary-prevention device implantation (odds ratio = 4.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-10.75; P=.005), absence of echocardiographic super-response (odds ratio=3.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-13.93; P=043), QRS >160 ms (odds ratio=2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.35; P=.049) and treatment with amiodarone (odds ratio=2.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-5.91; P=.041). CONCLUSIONS The patients classified as super-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy had a significant reduction in incidence of ventricular arrhythmias by comparison with the other patients. Despite this, arrhythmic episodes do not completely disappear in this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Lunar
- Unidad de Arritmias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Quirón, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Castro-Urda
- Unidad de Arritmias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Toquero-Ramos
- Unidad de Arritmias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mingo-Santos
- Unidad de Imagen Cardiaca, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Moñivas-Palomero
- Unidad de Imagen Cardiaca, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Daniela Mitroi
- Unidad de Imagen Cardiaca, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-García
- Unidad de Arritmias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pérez-Pereira
- Unidad de Arritmias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo E Delgado
- Unidad de Arritmias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Lozano
- Unidad de Arritmias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Bortnik M, Degiovanni A, Dell’Era G, Cavallino C, Occhetta E, Marino P. Prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy without back-up ICD. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2014; 15:301-6. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283638148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ogano M, Iwasaki YK, Tanabe J, Takagi H, Umemoto T, Hayashi M, Miyauchi Y, Mizuno K. Antiarrhythmic effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy with triple-site biventricular stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 15:1491-8. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eut134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Manfredi JA, Al-Khatib SM, Shaw LK, Thomas L, Fogel RI, Padanilam B, Rardon D, Vatthyam R, Gemma LW, Golden K, Prystowsky EN. Association Between Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Post-Cardiac Resynchronization Treatment and Subsequent Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy for Sustained Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6:257-64. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.112.000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Manfredi
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Sana M. Al-Khatib
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Linda K. Shaw
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Laine Thomas
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Richard I. Fogel
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Benzy Padanilam
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - David Rardon
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Rosh Vatthyam
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Lee W. Gemma
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Keith Golden
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
| | - Eric N. Prystowsky
- From the AnMed Arrhythmia Specialists, Anderson, SC (J.A.M.); Duke Clinical Research Institute (L.K.S., L.T.), and Division of Cardiology (S.M.A.-K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and the St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, IN (R.I.F., B.P., D.R., R.V., L.W.G., K.G., E.N.P.)
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SHAHRZAD SHAHAB, SOLEIMAN NOZADKARIM, TABAN SAMIRA, ALIZADEH ABOLFATH, ASLANI AMIR, TAVOOSI AMIR, EMKANJOO ZAHRA. The Effect of Left Ventricular (LV) Remodeling on Ventricular Arrhythmia in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT-D) Patients (Antiarrhythmic Effect of CRT). PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2012; 35:592-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the incidence of electrical storm. Int J Cardiol 2009; 143:330-6. [PMID: 19359057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodynamic improvement from biventricular pacing is well documented; however, its electrophysiologic effects have not been systematically studied. In this study, incidence and risk factors for electrical storm (ES) were investigated in 729 ICD and biventricular defibrillator (CRT-D) heart failure patients. METHODS 168 consecutive CRT-D and 561 ICD patients were retrospectively analyzed for the occurrence of VT/VF and predisposing factors. Electrical storm was defined as ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation ≥3 times during 24 h. Mean follow-up was 41 months. RESULTS In 168 CRT-D patients only one patient experienced electrical storm compared to 39 patients out of 561 ICD patients (0.6% vs. 7%, p<0.01). 33% of the patients with electrical storm died within one year. In the CRT-D group 81 patients (48%) developed VT or VF and received at least one appropriate therapy, compared to 281 patients (50%) in the ICD group. Mean ejection fraction was 21.7% in the CRT-D group and 34.7% (p<0.01) in the ICD group. Stratifying the patients according to primary or secondary prevention and ejection fraction demonstrated that VT/VF clusters were significantly associated with ICD indication for secondary prevention, previous myocardial infarction and LVEF<30%. CONCLUSION The development of electrical storm is accompanied with a highly increased mortality risk even if an ICD/CRT-D is implanted. In CRT-D patients electrical storm is much less common than in ICD patients. Secondary prevention and ejection fraction<30% are predictors of electrical storm. Beside hemodynamic improvements cardiac resynchronization therapy may reduce the arrhythmia burden in heart failure patients.
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Boveda S, Marijon E, Jacob S, Defaye P, Winter JB, Bulava A, Gras D, Albenque JP, Combes N, Pavin D, Delarche N, Teubl A, Lambiez M, Chevalier P. Incidence and prognostic significance of sustained ventricular tachycardias in heart failure patients implanted with biventricular pacemakers without a back-up defibrillator: results from the prospective, multicentre, Mona Lisa cohort study. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:1237-44. [PMID: 19264750 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the 12-month incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in chronic heart failure patients implanted with biventricular pacemakers without a back-up defibrillator (CRT-P), assessed by continuous intracardiac ventricular electrograms. METHODS AND RESULTS The Mona Lisa study, a prospective, multicentre, cohort study, designed to determine the incidence of sustained VT and its prognostic impact in CRT-P recipients within the year after implant enrolled 198 patients with moderate or severe chronic heart failure, despite optimal pharmacological therapy. An independent committee reviewed the data from all arrhythmic episodes as well as causes of death according to predefined criteria. During a mean follow-up of 9.8 +/- 3.1 months after implantation, 8 patients experienced at least one episode of sustained VT [4.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-7.5] and 21 deaths occurred, giving a 12-month mortality rate of 11.7% (95% CI, 6.4-16.9). The presence of sustained VT was associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and the lowest 12-month overall survival (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The incidence of sustained VT remains relatively low in the first year after CRT-P implantation, but when present appears closely associated with short-term adverse outcomes, especially SCD. This emphasizes the possible value of remote monitoring to detect high-risk patients for urgent upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Boveda
- Clinique Pasteur, Département de Rythmologie, Toulouse, France
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Patel JB, Koplan BA. ICD implantation in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2009; 11:3-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-009-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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BAI RONG, BIASE LUIGIDI, ELAYI CLAUDE, CHING CHIKEONG, BARRETT CONOR, PHILIPPS KAREN, LIM PASCAL, PATEL DIMPI, CALLAHAN TOM, MARTIN DAVIDO, ARRUDA MAURICIO, SCHWEIKERT ROBERTA, SALIBA WALIDI, WILKOFF BRUCE, NATALE ANDREA. Mortality of Heart Failure Patients After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Identification of Predictors. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Di Biase L, Gasparini M, Lunati M, Santini M, Landolina M, Boriani G, Curnis A, Bocchiardo M, Vincenti A, Denaro A, Valsecchi S, Natale A, Padeletti L. Antiarrhythmic Effect of Reverse Ventricular Remodeling Induced by Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:1442-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sauer WH, Bristow MR. The Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial in perspective. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2007; 21:3-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-007-9170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Turitto G, El-Sherif N. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Review of Proarrhythmic and Antiarrhythmic Mechanisms. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2007; 30:115-22. [PMID: 17241325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence supports the hypothesis that cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) results in favorable structural as well as electrical remodeling. Electrical remodeling seems to be related, to a large extent, to structural remodeling, usually referred to as reverse remodeling of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. This can lead to amelioration of the arrhythmogenic substrate associated with depressed LV systolic function and heart failure. However, a direct electrophysiological effect due to favorable remodeling of repolarization with reduction of the dispersion of repolarization cannot be ruled out. On the other hand, in a small subgroup of patients, CRT could increase the dispersion of repolarization and induce malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Clinical trials have consistently shown improved outcome with CRT-defibrillators (CRT-D) and more trials have demonstrated the benefits of the defibrillator in the population with depressed LV function. However, some physicians argue that implanting the less expensive and less complicated CRT-pacemaker (CRT-P) may be appropriate in certain groups of patients. Before this position is accepted, it is imperative that criteria for the selection of this group of patients with presumably low risk for sudden arrhythmic death as well as the proarrhythmic effect of CRT be clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Turitto
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, New York Methodist Hospital, New York 11215, USA.
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Daccarett M, Pai RK, Abedin M, Segerson NM, Hamdan MH. Biventricular pacing reduces ventricular arrhythmic burden and defibrillator therapies in patients with heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2006; 29:474-5; author reply 475. [PMID: 17063957 PMCID: PMC6654094 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960291015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kantharia BK, Patel JA, Nagra BS, Ledley GS. Electrical storm of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia after a cardiac-resynchronization-therapy-defibrillator upgrade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:625-8. [PMID: 16772367 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eul049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure despite optimal medical therapy, implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillation (CRT-D) devices has been shown to improve symptoms and mortality. In this report, we describe a case of a patient with ischaemic cardiomyopathy who developed incessant ventricular tachycardia (VT) after undergoing an upgrade from an implantable cardioverter defibrillator to a CRT-D device. The patient required multiple anti-arrhythmic agents, removal of the coronary sinus lead, and radiofrequency ablation to control VT. Thus, in rare patients, the CRT devices may potentially cause 'proarrhythmia' with serious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat K Kantharia
- Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, 5501 Old York Road, Levy 3 East, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Arya A, Haghjoo M, Dehghani MR, Alasti M, Alizadeh H, Kazemi B, Sadr-Ameli MA. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Heart Rhythm 2006; 2:1094-8. [PMID: 16188588 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces mortality in selected patients with heart failure. However, this result may not be entirely related to the beneficial hemodynamic effects of CRT. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess retrospectively the effect of CRT on the incidence of appropriate therapy in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). METHODS Sixty-five patients (48 men and 17 women; mean age 58 +/- 13 years) with an ICD (31 biventricular, 34 dual-chamber) were included in the study. Clinical, ECG, and ICD stored data and electrograms were collected. RESULTS Biventricular and dual-chamber ICDs were implanted in 31 and 34 patients, respectively, who had either ischemic (n = 36) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 29). Thirty-two (49%) patients received > or =1 appropriate ICD therapy during follow-up of 11 +/- 8 months. Thirty-five percent and 62% of patients with biventricular (n = 11) and dual-chamber ICDs (n = 21), respectively, received appropriate ICD therapy during the follow-up period (odds ratio = 0.340, P = .048). Stratifying the patients according to underlying heart disease and ejection fraction resulted in an adjusted odds ratio = 0.239 (P = .029). Comparing the rate of > or =1 appropriate ICD therapy between the two groups by Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log rank test resulted in P = .027. CONCLUSION In this retrospective analysis, biventricular pacing was associated with a decreased incidence of sustained ventricular arrhythmias requiring ICD therapy. The antiarrhythmic effect of biventricular pacing could contribute to the reduction in mortality reported in recent large-scale clinical trials on CRT. However, further prospective studies are warranted to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Arya
- Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Harada M, Osaka T, Yokoyama E, Takemoto Y, Ito A, Kodama I. Biventricular Pacing Has an Advantage over Left Ventricular Epicardial Pacing Alone to Minimize Proarrhythmic Perturbation of Repolarization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006; 17:151-6. [PMID: 16533252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) by simultaneous biventricular pacing is now widely accepted as a new therapeutic option for patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). Recent studies have shown comparable hemodynamic benefits of left ventricular (LV) pacing alone. The clinical usefulness of CRT, however, might be compromised by potential exaggeration of arrhythmogenic substrates through a modification of ventricular repolarization. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared ECG parameters during sinus rhythm (SR), atrioventricular synchronous pacing at the right ventricular apex (RV(end)P), at LV epicardium (LV(epi)P), and at both sites (BiVP) in acute homodynamic studies of 14 CHF patients scheduled for CRT (QRS duration = 144 +/- 23 msec, LVEF = 27 +/- 10%). The maximum rate of increase in LV pressure (LVdp/dt(max)) was decreased significantly during RV(end)P, whereas it was increased similarly during LV(epi)P and BiVP compared with SR. QTc was increased during RV(end)P (by 10.2%) and LV(epi)P (by 26.1%). QTc dispersion (QTc(max)-QTc(min) in the six precordial leads) was also increased during LV(epi)P (by 66.5%). These parameters were unaffected during BiVP. JTc was unchanged, and the interval from the peak to the end of the T wave (Tc(peak-end)) was increased slightly (by 19.3%) during RV(end)P. Both JTc and Tc(peak-end) were increased dramatically during LV(epi)P (by 18.2% and 55.4%, respectively), but increased only modestly during BiVP (by 6.6% and 15.8%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS LV(epi)P causes much greater increase in spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization than BiVP in CHF patients. BiVP may have a substantial advantage over LV(epi)P to minimize the proarrhythmic perturbation of ventricular repolarization in association with CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Harada
- Section of Arrhythmia, Division of Cardiology, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
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