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Islam SN, Arif Z, Badar A, Moinuddin, Khan MA, Alam K. Glycoxidation of mammalian whole histone generates highly immunogenic aggregates: Sera of SLE patients contain autoantibodies against aggregates. Scand J Immunol 2024; 100:e13389. [PMID: 38816907 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of self-proteins, causing formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), have been reported in an array of pathologies, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Such modifications may generate neo-epitopes, break immunological tolerance, and induce antibody response. In this study, we have first analysed the structural modifications of whole histone in the presence of deoxyribose followed by oxidation with hydroxyl radicals. Changes in the secondary and tertiary structure of the whole histone were determined by spectroscopic techniques and biochemical assays. Fluorescence spectroscopy and UPLC-MS showed the generation of AGEs such as carboxymethyl lysine and pentosidine, while DLS and TEM indicated the presence of amorphous AGE-aggregates. Moreover, rabbits immunized with these histone-AGEs exhibited enhanced immunogenicity and ELISA and western immunoblot of IgG antibodies from SLE patients' sera showed a significantly higher specificity towards modified histone-AGEs than the native histone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Naaz Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Zarina Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Asim Badar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Md Asad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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Chatterji A, Banerjee D, Billiar TR, Sengupta R. Understanding the role of S-nitrosylation/nitrosative stress in inflammation and the role of cellular denitrosylases in inflammation modulation: Implications in health and diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:604-621. [PMID: 34245859 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a very fundamental post-translational modification of protein and non-protein thiols due the involvement of it in a variety of cellular processes including activation/inhibition of several ion channels such as ryanodine receptor in the cardiovascular system; blood vessel dilation; cGMP signaling and neurotransmission. S-nitrosothiol homeostasis in the cell is tightly regulated and perturbations in homeostasis result in an altered redox state leading to a plethora of disease conditions. However, the exact role of S-nitrosylated proteins and nitrosative stress metabolites in inflammation and in inflammation modulation is not well-reviewed. The cell utilizes its intricate defense mechanisms i.e. cellular denitrosylases such as Thioredoxin (Trx) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) systems to combat nitric oxide (NO) pathology which has also gained current attraction as novel anti-inflammatory molecules. This review attempts to provide state-of-the-art knowledge from past and present research on the mechanistic role of nitrosative stress intermediates (RNS, OONO-, PSNO) in pulmonary and autoimmune diseases and how cellular denitrosylases particularly GSNOR and Trx via imparting opposing effects can modulate and reduce inflammation in several health and disease conditions. This review would also bring into notice the existing gaps in current research where denitrosylases can be utilized for ameliorating inflammation that would leave avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajanta Chatterji
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Debasmita Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, Block C, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India.
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García-Giménez JL, Garcés C, Romá-Mateo C, Pallardó FV. Oxidative stress-mediated alterations in histone post-translational modifications. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:6-18. [PMID: 33689846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression provides a finely tuned response capacity for cells when undergoing environmental changes. However, in the context of human physiology or disease, any cellular imbalance that modulates homeostasis has the potential to trigger molecular changes that result either in physiological adaptation to a new situation or pathological conditions. These effects are partly due to alterations in the functionality of epigenetic regulators, which cause long-term and often heritable changes in cell lineages. As such, free radicals resulting from unbalanced/extended oxidative stress have been proved to act as modulators of epigenetic agents, resulting in alterations of the epigenetic landscape. In the present review we will focus on the particular effect that oxidative stress and free radicals produce in histone post-translational modifications that contribute to altering the histone code and, consequently, gene expression. The pathological consequences of the changes in this epigenetic layer of regulation of gene expression are thoroughly evidenced by data gathered in many physiological adaptive processes and in human diseases that range from age-related neurodegenerative pathologies to cancer, and that include respiratory syndromes, infertility, and systemic inflammatory conditions like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis García-Giménez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Garcés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
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Ahmad R, Hussain A, Ahsan H. Peroxynitrite: cellular pathology and implications in autoimmunity. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:123-138. [PMID: 30843753 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1583109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In inflamed tissues, the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide leads to the formation of an extremely reactive peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which is a well known oxidizing and nitrating agent that exhibits high reactivity at physiological pH. The peroxynitrite formed can attack a wide range of biomolecules via direct oxidative reactions or indirect radical-mediated mechanisms thus triggering cellular responses leading to cell signaling, oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. Cellular DNA is an important target for ONOO- attack, and can react with deoxyribose, nucleobases or induces single strand breaks. The free radical-mediated damage to proteins results in the modification of amino acid residues, cross-linking of side chains and fragmentation. Free/protein-bound tyrosines are attacked by various reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including peroxynitrite, to form free/protein-bound nitrotyrosine (NT). The formation of NT represents a specific peroxynitrite-mediated protein modification, and the detection of NT in proteins is considered as a biomarker for endogenous peroxynitrite activity. The peroxynitrite-driven oxidation and nitration of biomolecules may lead to autoimmunity and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, peroxynitrite modified DNA and nitrated proteins can act as neoantigens and lead to the generation of autoantibodies against self-components in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- a Department of Academic Affairs, College of Medicine , Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University , Dammam , KSA
| | - Ahtesham Hussain
- b Lee's Biotech , Korean Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , South Korea
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- c Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
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Khan MA, Alam K, Zafaryab M, Rizvi MMA. Peroxynitrite-modified histone as a pathophysiological biomarker in autoimmune diseases. Biochimie 2017; 140:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Khan MA, Alam K, Hassan SM, Rizvi MMA. Nitration of H2B histone elicits an immune response in experimental animals. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:232-240. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1347643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Asad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, India
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Autoantibodies against Modified Histone Peptides in SLE Patients Are Associated with Disease Activity and Lupus Nephritis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165373. [PMID: 27780265 PMCID: PMC5079581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent exposure of the immune system to death cell debris leads to autoantibodies against chromatin in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Deposition of anti-chromatin/chromatin complexes can instigate inflammation in multiple organs including the kidney. Previously we identified specific cell death-associated histone modifications as targets of autoantibodies in SLE. In this study we addressed, in a large cohort of SLE patients and controls, the question whether plasma reactivities with specific histone peptides associated with serology and clinical features. Plasma from SLE patients with and without lupus nephritis, disease controls, and healthy controls, were tested in ELISA with histone H4 peptide acetylated at lysines 8, 12 and 16 (H4pac), H2B peptide acetylated at lysine 12 (H2Bpac), H3 peptide trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3pme), and their unmodified equivalents. SLE patients displayed a higher reactivity with the modified equivalent of each peptide. Reactivity with H4pac showed both a high sensitivity (89%) and specificity (91%) for SLE, while H2Bpac exhibited a high specificity (96%) but lower sensitivity (69%). Reactivity with H3pme appeared not specific for SLE. Anti-H4pac and anti-H2Bpac reactivity demonstrated a high correlation with disease activity. Moreover, patients reacting with multiple modified histone peptides exhibited higher SLEDAI and lower C3 levels. SLE patients with renal involvement showed higher reactivity with H2B/H2Bpac and a more pronounced reactivity with the modified equivalent of H3pme and H2Bpac. In conclusion, reactivity with H4pac and H2Bpac is specific for SLE patients and correlates with disease activity, whereas reactivity with H2Bpac is in particular associated with lupus nephritis.
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Mir AR, Moinuddin. Glycoxidation of histone proteins in autoimmune disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mir AR, Uddin M, Khan F, Alam K, Ali A. Dicarbonyl Induced Structural Perturbations Make Histone H1 Highly Immunogenic and Generate an Auto-Immune Response in Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136197. [PMID: 26317779 PMCID: PMC4552624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress under hyperglycemic conditions, through the interaction of AGEs with RAGE receptors and via activation of interleukin mediated transcription signalling, has been reported in cancer. Proteins modifications are being explored for their roles in the development and progression of cancer and autoantibody response against them is gaining interest as a probe for early detection of the disease. This study has analysed the changes in histone H1 upon modification by methylglyoxal (MG) and its implications in auto-immunopathogenesis of cancer. Modified histone showed modifications in the aromatic residues, changed tyrosine microenvironment, intermolecular cross linking and generation of AGEs. It showed masking of hydrophobic patches and a hypsochromic shift in the in ANS specific fluorescence. MG aggressively oxidized histone H1 leading to the accumulation of reactive carbonyls. Far UV CD measurements showed di-carbonyl induced enhancement of the alpha structure and the induction of beta sheet conformation; and thermal denaturation (Tm) studies confirmed the thermal stability of the modified histone. FTIR analysis showed amide I band shift, generation of a carboxyethyl group and N-Cα vibrations in the modified histone. LCMS analysis confirmed the formation of Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine and electron microscopic studies revealed the amorphous aggregate formation. The modified histone showed altered cooperative binding with DNA. Modified H1 induced high titre antibodies in rabbits and the IgG isolated form sera of rabbits immunized with modified H1 exhibited specific binding with its immunogen in Western Blot analysis. IgG isolated from the sera of patients with lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer and cancer of head and neck region showed better recognition for neo-epitopes on the modified histone, reflecting the presence of circulating autoantibodies in cancer. Since reports suggest a link between AGE-RAGE axis and carcinogenesis, glycoxidation of histone H1 and its immunogenicity paves ways for understanding role of glycoxidatively damaged nuclear proteins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rouf Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Moin Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Farzana Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Predonzani A, Calì B, Agnellini AHR, Molon B. Spotlights on immunological effects of reactive nitrogen species: When inflammation says nitric oxide. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:64-76. [PMID: 25992321 PMCID: PMC4436941 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, nitric oxide (NO) has been definitively recognised as one of the key players involved in immunity and inflammation. NO generation was originally described in activated macrophages, which still represent the prototype of NO-producing cells. Notwithstanding, additional cell subsets belonging to both innate and adaptive immunity have been documented to sustain NO propagation by means of the enzymatic activity of different nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Furthermore, due to its chemical characteristics, NO could rapidly react with other free radicals to generate different reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which have been intriguingly associated with many pathological conditions. Nonetheless, the plethora of NO/RNS-mediated effects still remains extremely puzzling. The aim of this manuscript is to dig into the broad literature on the topic to provide intriguing insights on NO-mediated circuits within immune system. We analysed NO and RNS immunological clues arising from their biochemical properties, immunomodulatory activities and finally dealing with their impact on different pathological scenarios with far prompting intriguing perspectives for their pharmacological targeting.
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Jones LH, Narayanan A, Hett EC. Understanding and applying tyrosine biochemical diversity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:952-69. [PMID: 24623162 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the recent advances made in our understanding of the diversity of tyrosine biochemistry and shows how this has inspired novel applications in numerous areas of molecular design and synthesis, including chemical biology and bioconjugation. The pathophysiological implications of tyrosine biochemistry will be presented from a molecular perspective and the opportunities for therapeutic intervention explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn H Jones
- Pfizer R&D, Chemical Biology Group, BioTherapeutics Chemistry, WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Peroxynitrite modified DNA presents better epitopes for anti-DNA autoantibodies in diabetes type 1 patients. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:30-8. [PMID: 24859014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), formed by the reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2(-)), has been implicated in the etiology of numerous disease processes. Peroxynitrite interacts with DNA via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect radical-mediated mechanism. It can inflict both oxidative and nitrosative damages on DNA bases, generating abasic sites, resulting in the single strand breaks. Plasmid pUC 18 isolated from Escherichiacoli was modified with peroxynitrite, generated by quenched flow process. Modifications incurred in plasmid DNA were characterized by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, HPLC and melting temperature studies. Binding characteristics and specificity of antibodies from diabetes patients were analyzed by direct binding and inhibition ELISA. Peroxynitrite modification of pUC 18 plasmid resulted in the formation of strand breaks and base modification. The major compound formed when peroxynitrite reacted with DNA was 8-nitroguanine, a specific marker for peroxynitrite induced DNA damage in inflamed tissues. The concentration of 8-nitroguanine was found to be 3.8 μM. Sera from diabetes type 1 patients from different age groups were studied for their binding to native and peroxynitrite modified plasmid. Direct binding and competitive-inhibition ELISA results showed higher recognition of peroxynitrite modified plasmid, as compared to the native form, by auto-antibodies present in diabetes patients. The preferential recognition of modified plasmid by diabetes autoantibodies was further reiterated by gel shift assay. Experimentally induced anti-peroxynitrite-modified plasmid IgG was used as a probe to detect nitrosative lesions in the DNA isolated from diabetes patients.
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Khan MA, Dixit K, Moinuddin, Arif Z, Alam K. Studies on peroxynitrite-modified H1 histone: Implications in systemic lupus erythematosus. Biochimie 2014; 97:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arriens C, Mohan C. Systemic lupus erythematosus diagnostics in the 'omics' era. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8:671-687. [PMID: 24860621 DOI: 10.2217/ijr.13.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease affecting multiple organ systems. Currently, diagnosis relies upon meeting at least four out of eleven criteria outlined by the ACR. The scientific community actively pursues discovery of novel diagnostics in the hope of better identifying susceptible individuals in early stages of disease. Comprehensive studies have been conducted at multiple biological levels including: DNA (or genomics), mRNA (or transcriptomics), protein (or proteomics) and metabolites (or metabolomics). The 'omics' platforms allow us to re-examine systemic lupus erythematosus at a greater degree of molecular resolution. More importantly, one is hopeful that these 'omics' platforms may yield newer biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus that can help clinicians track the disease course with greater sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Arriens
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Room 2018, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Tarannum S, Arif Z, Alam K. Binding of circulating autoantibodies in breast cancer to native and peroxynitrite-modified RNA. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:40-6. [PMID: 23303630 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) is a powerful oxidant and nitrosative agent and has in vivo existence. The half life of ONOO(-) at physiological pH is less than 1 s. It can react with nucleic acids, proteins, lipoproteins, saccharides, cardiolipin, etc., and can modify their native structures. Action of ONOO(-), synthesized in the authors' laboratory by a rapid quenched flow process, on structural changes of commercially available RNA was studied by ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Compared to native RNA, the ONOO(-)-modified RNA showed hyperchromicity at 260 nm. Furthermore, the ethidium bromide (EtBr) assisted emission intensities of ONOO(-)-modified RNA samples were found to be lower than the emission intensity of native RNA-EtBr complex. Agarose gel electrophoresis of ONOO(-)-modified RNA showed a gradual decrease in band intensities compared to native RNA, an observation clearly due to the poor intercalation of EtBr with ONOO(-)-modified RNA. Native and ONOO(-)-modified RNA samples were used as an antigen to detect autoantibodies in sera of patients with clinically defined breast cancer. Both direct binding and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the prevalence of native and 0.8 mmol/L ONOO(-)-modified RNA specific autoantibodies in breast cancer patients. Moreover, the progressive retardation in the mobility of immune complexes formed with native or 0.8 mmol/L ONOO(-)-modified RNA and affinity purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) from sera of breast cancer patients supports the findings of the direct binding and inhibition ELISAs. The peroxynitrite treatment to RNA at a higher concentration appears to have damaged or destroyed the typical epitopes on RNA and thus there was a sharp decrease in autoantibodies binding to 1.4 mmol/L ONOO(-)-modified RNA. It may be interpreted that cellular nitrosative stress can modify and confer immunogenicity on RNA molecules. Higher concentrations of nitrogen reactive species can be detrimental to RNA. However, the emergence of native as well as 0.8 mmol/L ONOO(-)-modified RNA as a novel antigen/substrate for autoantibodies in breast cancer patients indicates that, in future, these molecules might find a place on the panel of antigens for early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheereen Tarannum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Alzolibani AA, Al Robaee AA, Al-Shobaili HA, Rasheed Z. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal modified histone-H2A: a possible antigenic stimulus for systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies. Cell Immunol 2013; 284:154-62. [PMID: 23973878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein modifications by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenals (HNE) are involved in various diseases. Histones are DNA protective nucleoprotein, which adopt different structures under oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to test the role of HNE-modified-histone-H2A (HNE-H2A) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our data revealed that HNE-mediated-lipid peroxidation in histone-H2A caused alteration in histidine, lysine and cystein residues. In addition, protein carbonyl contents were also high in HNE-H2A. HNE-specific quencher, L-carnosine further reiterates HNE-modifications. Specificity of autoantibodies from SLE patients (n=48) were analyzed towards HNE-H2A and their results were compared with sex- and age-matched controls (n=36). SLE autoantibodies show preferential binding to HNE-H2A in comparison with histone-H2A (p<0.0001). Furthermore, HNE-H2A was also detected in SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate the role of HNE-modified-histone in SLE. Preferential binding of HNE-H2A by affinity purified SLE-IgG pointed out the likely role of HNE-H2A in the initiation/progression of SLE.
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Ahsan H. 3-Nitrotyrosine: A biomarker of nitrogen free radical species modified proteins in systemic autoimmunogenic conditions. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1392-9. [PMID: 23777924 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The free radical-mediated damage to proteins results in the modification of amino acid residues, cross-linking of side chains and fragmentation. l-Tyrosine and protein bound tyrosine are prone to attack by various mediators and reactive nitrogen intermediates to form 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). Activated macrophages produce superoxide (O2(·-)) and NO, which are converted to peroxynitrite ONO2(-). 3-NT formation is also catalyzed by a class of peroxidases utilizing nitrite and hydrogen peroxide as substrates. Evidence supports the formation of 3-NT in vivo in diverse pathologic conditions and 3-NT is thought to be a relatively specific marker of oxidative damage mediated by peroxynitrite. Free/protein-bound tyrosines are attacked by various RNS, including peroxynitrite, to form free/protein-bound 3-NT, which may provide insight into the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune conditions. The formation of nitrotyrosine represents a specific peroxynitrite-mediated protein modification; thus, detection of nitrotyrosine in proteins is considered as a biomarker for endogenous peroxynitrite activity. The peroxynitrite-driven oxidation and nitration of biomolecules may lead to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus. The subsequent release of altered proteins may enable them to act as antigen-inducing antibodies against self-proteins. Hence, tyrosine nitrated proteins can act as neoantigens and lead to the generation of autoantibodies against self proteins in various autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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18
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Role of peroxynitrite-modified biomolecules in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ahmad S, Habib S, Ali A. Preferential recognition of epitopes on AGE-IgG by the autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:23-7. [PMID: 23073292 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of proteins with glucose lead to their non-enzymatic glycation ultimately resulting in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vivo. AGEs alter unique three dimensional structures of various plasma proteins such as IgG. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, is well established. In view of this, commercially available human IgG was glycated in vitro with physiological concentration of glucose (5mM) and the possible involvement of glycated IgG (AGE-IgG) in RA was evaluated. The RA patients were divided into two groups on the basis of disease onset with respect to age: group I (early onset: 20-32 years) and group II (late onset: 36-54 years). AGE-IgG and oxidative stress levels were detected in RA patients and normal healthy individuals by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay and carbonyl content estimation respectively. Binding characteristics and specificity of RA antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We observed preferential binding of RA antibodies to AGE-IgG in comparison to native IgG. Band shift assay further substantiated the enhanced recognition of AGE-IgG by RA antibodies. The results suggest that glycation of IgG results in the generation of neo-epitopes, making it a potential immunogen. Our findings project AGE-IgG as one of the factors for induction of circulating RA autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Khan MA, Dixit K, Uddin M, Malik A, Alam K. Role of peroxynitrite-modified H2A histone in the induction and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41:426-33. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2012.698300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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