Association between osteoporosis and polymorphisms of the IL-10 and TGF-beta genes in Turkish postmenopausal women

Exploring cytokines dynamics: Uncovering therapeutic concepts for metabolic disorders in postmenopausal women- diabetes, metabolic bone diseases, and non-alcohol fatty liver disease

Menopause is an age-related change that persists for around one-third of a woman's life. Menopause increases the risk of metabolic illnesses such as diabetes, osteoporosis (OP), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Immune mediators (pro-inflammatory cytokines), such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), exacerbate the challenges of a woman undergoing menopause by causing inflammation and contributing to the development of these metabolic diseases in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, studies have shown that anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra), IL-2, and IL-10 have a double-edged effect on diabetes and OP. Likewise, several interferon (IFN) members are double-edged swords in the OP. Therefore, addressing these immune mediators precisely may be an approach to improving the health of postmenopausal women. Hence, considering the significant changes in these cytokines, the present review focuses on the latest findings concerning the molecular mechanisms by which pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins) impact postmenopausal women with diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Furthermore, we comprehensively discuss the therapeutic approaches that identify cytokines as therapeutic targets, such as hormonal therapy, physical activities, natural inhibitors (drugs), and others. Finally, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the role of cytokines in postmenopausal women's diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Deeply investigating the mechanisms and therapeutic interventions involved will address the characteristics of immune mediators (cytokines) and improve the management of these illnesses, thereby enhancing the general quality of life and health of the corresponding populations of women.

Association between Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and IL-6、TNF-α: A Systematic Review and A Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) greatly increases the risk of bone fracture in postmenopausal women, seriously affects the quality of life of patients, and is an important global public health problem. Persistent chronic systemic inflammation may be involved in the change process of PMOP, and many cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and Interleukin-6, play an important role in the inflammatory response. Therefore, This study takes commonly representative inflammatory factors as indicators to better determine their role in PMOP patients by means of databases from multiple studies for use in Meta-analysis.

Method: Systematic review of studies on the relationship between PMOP and markers of inflammation: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Each effect size was expressed with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and I2 quantified the heterogeneity. The final results were aggregated and evaluated using random or fixed effects models.

Results: Twenty-one original studies were identified. There were twenty studies involving IL-6 and eleven involving TNF-α. Overall, The levels of IL-6 [MD=23.93, 95% CI (19.65, 28.21)] and TNF-α [MD=2.9, 95% CI (2.37, 3.44)] were increased in PMOP patients compared with postmenopausal women without osteoporosis; The levels of IL-6 [MD=42.4, 95% CI (38.62, 46.19)] and TNF-α [MD=0.40, 95% CI (0.36, 0.44)] were significantly higher than those of premenopausal healthy women.

Conclusions: The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in PMOP patients compared with controls, suggesting that persistent chronic inflammatory reaction exists in PMOP patients, which may be an important cause of aggravated osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Therefore, the level of IL-6 and TNF-α indexes may be of great significance for the early prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis assessment of PMOP.

Risk Genetic Variants (IL-10) for Osteoporosis in Han Population from Northwest China

Background

Osteoporosis (OP) is a common metabolic bone disease characterized by loss of bone mass. IL-10 is considered to be a powerful immune and inflammatory suppressor. This study aimed to assess association between genetic loci in IL-10 and susceptibility to OP.

Methods

Association analysis between IL-10 genetic loci and OP risk through SNPStats online software. FPRP analysis (false-positive report probability) verified whether the positive results were noteworthy findings. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analysis were completed by Haploview 4.2 and SNPStats. Multi-factor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to assess interaction of SNP-SNP in susceptibility to OP.

Results

Allele "G" of IL-10-rs1554286 (OR = 1.21, p = 0.013), allele "C" of IL-10-rs1518111 (OR = 1.22, p = 0.011), allele "C" of IL-10-rs3024490 (OR = 1.20, p = 0.018), and allele "G" of IL-10-rs1800871 (OR = 1.21, p = 0.015) were risk factors for OP. In females, smoking, drinking, or aging ≤60 years old participants, the above genetic loci are also significantly associated with the increased risk of OP. FPRP analysis showed that all positive results are noteworthy findings. There are significant differences in serum levels of uric acid, mean hemoglobin concentration, or mean hemoglobin among different genotypes of IL-10 gene loci. MDR showed that four loci model composed rs1554286, rs1518111, rs3021094, and rs1800871 is the best model for predicting OP risk.

Conclusion

IL-10-rs1554286, -rs1518111, -rs3021094, and -rs1800871 are risk factors for susceptibility to OP.

Altered type I collagen networking in osteoporotic human femoral head revealed by histomorphometric and Fourier transform infrared imaging correlated analyses

Bone homeostasis is the equilibrium between organic and inorganic components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells. Alteration of this balance has consequences on bone mass and architecture, resulting in conditions such as osteoporosis (OP). Given ECM protein mutual regulation and their effects on bone structure and mineralization, further insight into their expression is crucial to understanding bone biology under normal and pathological conditions. This study focused on Type I Collagen, which is mainly responsible for structural properties and mineralization of bone, and selected proteins implicated in matrix composition, mineral deposition, and cell-matrix interaction such as Decorin, Osteocalcin, Osteopontin, Bone Sialoprotein 2, Osteonectin and Transforming Growth Factor beta. We developed a novel multidisciplinary approach in order to assess bone matrix in healthy and OP conditions more comprehensively by exploiting the Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIRI) technique combined with histomorphometry, Sirius Red staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western Blotting. This innovatory procedure allowed for the analysis of superimposed tissue sections and revealed that the alterations in OP bone tissue architecture were associated with warped Type I Collagen structure and deposition but not with changes in the total protein amount. The detected changes in the expression and/or cooperative or antagonist role of Decorin, Osteocalcin, Osteopontin, and Bone Sialoprotein-2 indicate the deep impact of these NCPs on collagen features of OP bone. Overall, our strategy may represent a starting point for designing targeted clinical strategies aimed at bone mass preservation and sustain the FTIRI translational capability as upcoming support for traditional diagnostic methods.

Interleukin-10 family members: Biology and role in the bone and joint diseases

Interleukin (IL)-10 family cytokines include IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. These cytokines play crucial regulatory roles in various biological reactions and diseases. In recent years, several studies have shown that the IL-10 family plays a vital role in bone and joint diseases, including bone metabolic diseases, fractures, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and bone tumors. Herein, the recent progress on the regulatory role of IL-10 family of cytokines in the occurrence and development of bone and joint diseases has been summarized. This review will provide novel directions for immunotherapy of bone and joint diseases.

Association of TGF-β1 and IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms with Osteoporosis in a Study of Taiwanese Osteoporotic Patients

Osteoporosis is a rising health threat in the increasingly aging world population. It is a common skeletal disease strongly linked to genetic predisposition. We aim to identify the effects of the anti-inflammatory TGF-β1- and IL-10-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) combination on the risk for osteoporosis. We investigated and analyzed the relationships between three TGF-β1 SNPs (-509C/T, +869 T/C and +29T/C), one IL-10 SNP (+1927A/C) and the level of bone mineral density (BMD), as well as the risk of osteoporosis in Taiwanese osteoporotic patients. A total of 217 subjects were recruited, including 88 osteoporotic patients and 129 healthy controls, for SNPs, BMD and clinical characteristics statistical analyses. Females with TGF-β1 SNP (-509 C/C) and IL-10 SNP (+1927 C/C) genotypes showed a great benefit for femoral neck T-scores. However, the combination of TGF-β1 SNP (-509 T/T) and IL-10 SNP (+1927 A/A) genotypes in all subjects showed a significant decrease in total hip BMD T-scores. The TGF-β1 SNP (-509 C/T) genotype in all subjects and TGF-β1 SNP (-509 T/T) and IL-10 SNP (+1927 A/C) genotypes in males showed positive effects on body height. The combination of the many SNPs in the anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 and IL-10 genes may be cooperatively involved in the development of osteoporosis. Our data suggested that the specific SNP combination of TGF-β1 (-509) and IL-10 (+1927) may act as a predictive factor for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Taiwanese women.

Evaluation of relationship between SPON1 gene and genetic susceptibility of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Purpose: Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is one of systemic bone degenerative diseases characterised by decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Previous studies suggest that the SPON1 gene may be associated with BMD and play an important role in the occurrence and development of PMOP. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential association between PMOP and the SPON1 gene.Methods: A total of 8062 postmenopausal women comprising 2684 primary PMOP patients, and 5378 healthy controls were recruited. Forty tag SNPs were selected for genotyping to evaluate the association of the SPON1 gene with PMOP and BMD. Genetic association and bioinformatics analyses were performed for PMOP.Results: SNP rs2697825 was identified to be significantly associated with the risk of PMOP at both allelic (T-statistics = -3.84, p = .0001) and genotypic levels (χ²=15.86, p = .0004). The G allele of SNP rs2697825 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of PMOP with an OR [95%] of 0.84 [0.77-0.92]. The G allele of SNP rs2697825 was associated with increased BMD at both the lumbar spine and femoral neck.Conclusions: Our results provide further evidence to support the important role for the SPON1 gene in the aetiology of PMOP, adding to the current understanding of the susceptibility to osteoporosis.

Analysis and Validation of Hub Genes in Blood Monocytes of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Patients

Osteoporosis is a common systemic bone disease caused by the imbalance between osteogenic activity and osteoclastic activity. Aged women are at higher risk of osteoporosis, partly because of estrogen deficiency. However, the underlying mechanism of how estrogen deficiency affects osteoclast activity has not yet been well elucidated. In this study, GSE2208 and GSE56815 datasets were downloaded from GEO database with 25 PreH BMD women and 25 PostL BMD women in total. The RRA algorithm determined 38 downregulated DEGs and 30 upregulated DEGs. Through GO analysis, we found that downregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in myeloid cell differentiation, cytokine-related functions while upregulated DEGs enriched in immune-related biological processes; pathways like Notch signaling and MAPK activation were found in KEGG/Rectome pathway database; a PPI network which contains 66 nodes and 91 edges was constructed and three Modules were obtained by Mcode; Correlation analysis helped us to find highly correlated genes in each module. Moreover, three hub genes FOS, PTPN6, and CTSD were captured by Cytohubba. Finally, the hub genes were further confirmed in blood monocytes of ovariectomy (OVX) rats by real-time PCR assay. In conclusion, the integrative bioinformatics analysis and real-time PCR analysis were utilized to offer fresh light into the role of monocytes in premenopausal osteoporosis and identified FOS, PTPN6, and CTSD as potential biomarkers for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease

This review aims to briefly discuss a short list of a broad variety of inflammatory cytokines. Numerous studies have implicated that inflammatory cytokines exert important effects with regard to various inflammatory diseases, yet the reports on their specific roles are not always consistent. They can be used as biomarkers to indicate or monitor disease or its progress, and also may serve as clinically applicable parameters for therapies. Yet, their precise role is not always clearly defined. Thus, in this review, we focus on the existing literature dealing with the biology of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-8. We will briefly focus on the correlations and role of these inflammatory mediators in the genesis of inflammatory impacts (e.g., shock, trauma, immune dysregulation, osteoporosis, and/or critical illness).

Collagen and non-collagenous proteins molecular crosstalk in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis

Collagenous and non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) in the extracellular matrix, as well as the coupling mechanisms between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, work together to ensure normal bone metabolism. Each protein plays one or more critical roles in bone metabolism, sometimes even contradictory, thus affecting the final mechanical, physical and chemical properties of bone tissue. Anomalies in the amount and structure of one or more of these proteins can cause abnormalities in bone formation and resorption, which consequently leads to malformations and defects, such as osteoporosis (OP). The connections between key proteins involved in matrix formation and resorption are far from being elucidated. In this review, we resume knowledge on the crosstalk between collagen type I and selected NCPs (Transforming Growth Factor-β, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, Decorin, Osteonectin, Osteopontin, Bone Sialoprotein and Osteocalcin) of bone matrix, focusing on their possible involvement and role in OP. The different elements of this network can be pharmacologically targeted or used for the design/development of innovative regenerative strategies to modulate a feedback loop in bone remodelling.

ST2 regulates bone loss in a site-dependent and estrogen-dependent manner

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and its receptor, ST2, are implicated in bone remodeling. The lack of estrogen after menopause results in an accelerated bone loss. Here we investigated the role of ST2 in the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency. ST2-deficient mice (ST2^-/- ) and their littermates (wildtype [WT]) were ovariectomized (OVX), while ovary-intact mice were used as controls. Bone sites were analyzed by microcomputed tomography, histomorphometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Deletion of IL-33 or ST2 resulted in a similar bone loss in the femur and maxilla. Ovariectomy in WT mice caused bone loss in the same areas. The lack of ST2 in OVX mice did not alter bone remodeling in the femur but prevented bone loss in the maxilla. Consistently, ovariectomy increased the IL-33 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the maxilla but not in the femur. Under mechanical stimulation, ovariectomy and ST2 deletion independently increased bone remodeling induced by orthodontic tooth movement, which was also associated with a greater number of osteoclasts and a reduced number of osteoblasts in the maxillary bone. ST2^-/- OVX mice, however, displayed twice as many osteoblasts as that of WT OVX mice. Ovariectomy and ST2 deletion differently altered the cytokine mRNA levels in the maxilla. Remarkably, interleukin-10 expression was decreased in both WT OVX and ST2^-/- mice, and this reduction was completely restored in ST2^-/- OVX mice. The results demonstrate that estrogen and IL33/ST2 independently protect against bone loss. However, the ovariectomy-induced bone loss is IL-33/ST2-dependent in the maxilla but not in the femur, indicating a bimodal and site-specific role of ST2 in bone remodeling.

The associations between dietary patterns and bone health, according to the TGF-β1 T869→C polymorphism, in postmenopausal Iranian women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have shown that dietary variants and genetic variants play a decisive role in the risk of developing osteoporosis. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine associations between dietary pattern and bone health, according to the TGF-β1 T869→C polymorphism, in postmenopausal Iranian women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 264 postmenopausal women aged from 46 to 78 years were examined. Body composition was measured by a body composition analyzer and physical activity by the short-form physical activity questionnaire. Bone mineral density was measured by the DEXA method. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis on 27 foods groups, employing a valid, reliable 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The dietary patterns were analyzed by the factor analysis method. Blood samples were taken for measuring blood parameters. DNA samples from participants were genotyped using the RFLP-PCR method.

RESULTS

Three dietary patterns were identified, namely: mediterranean diet, traditional diet, and unhealthy diet-one of which was associated with bone health. Postmenopausal women following a Mediterranean diet had lower weight and central obesity (0.05 > P). Higher adherence to a Mediterranean pattern was positively associated with Z-score L2_L4 lumbar spine (0.05 > P). TGF-β1 T869→C genotypes, after adjustment, were not directly correlated with bone mineral density and body composition (0.05 < P). Moreover, these findings demonstrated that in participants adhering to a Traditional dietary pattern, the C allele carrier group (TC and CC genotypes) had a lower L2_L4 Z-score (P = 0.05).

CONCLUSION

It seems that the mediterranean diet can be a beneficial dietary pattern in the prevention of osteoporosis and obesity in postmenopausal women. Furthermore (probably in the C allele carrier group), lower vitamin D intake, coupled with adherence to a traditional dietary pattern, reduces the deposition of TGF-beta and increases the risk of lumbar spine osteoporosis.

Interaction between LRP5 and periostin gene polymorphisms on serum periostin levels and cortical bone microstructure

We investigated the interaction between periostin SNPs and the SNPs of the genes assumed to modulate serum periostin levels and bone microstructure in a cohort of postmenopausal women. We identified an interaction between LRP5 SNP rs648438 and periostin SNP rs9547970 on serum periostin levels and on radial cortical porosity.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between periostin gene polymorphisms (SNPs) and other genes potentially responsible for modulating serum periostin levels and bone microstructure in a cohort of postmenopausal women.

METHODS

In 648 postmenopausal women from the Geneva Retirees Cohort, we analyzed 6 periostin SNPs and another 149 SNPs in 14 genes, namely BMP2, CTNNB1, ESR1, ESR2, LRP5, LRP6, PTH, SPTBN1, SOST, TGFb1, TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11, TNFRSF11B and WNT16. Volumetric BMD and bone microstructure were measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the distal radius and tibia.

RESULTS

Serum periostin levels were associated with radial cortical porosity, including after adjustment for age, BMI, and years since menopause (p = 0.036). Sixteen SNPs in the ESR1, LRP5, TNFRSF11A, SOST, SPTBN1, TNFRSF11B and TNFSF11 genes were associated with serum periostin levels (p range 0.03-0.001) whereas 26 SNPs in 9 genes were associated with cortical porosity at the radius and/or at the tibia. WNT 16 was the gene with the highest number of SNPs associated with both trabecular and cortical microstructure. The periostin SNP rs9547970 was also associated with cortical porosity (p = 0.04). In particular, SNPs in LRP5, ESR1 and near the TNFRSF11A gene were associated with both cortical porosity and serum periostin levels. Eventually, we identified an interaction between LRP5 SNP rs648438 and periostin SNP rs9547970 on serum periostin levels (interaction p = 0.01) and on radial cortical porosity (interaction p = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that periostin expression is genetically modulated, particularly by polymorphisms in the Wnt pathway, and is thereby implicated in the genetic variation of bone microstructure.

Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis

TGF-β 1-3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The biological functions of TGF-β in adults can only be delivered after ligand activation, mostly in response to environmental perturbations. Although involved in multiple biological and pathological processes of the human body, the exact roles of TGF-β in maintaining stem cells and tissue homeostasis have not been well-documented until recent advances, which delineate their functions in a given context. Our recent findings, along with data reported by others, have clearly shown that temporal and spatial activation of TGF-β is involved in the recruitment of stem/progenitor cell participation in tissue regeneration/remodeling process, whereas sustained abnormalities in TGF-β ligand activation, regardless of genetic or environmental origin, will inevitably disrupt the normal physiology and lead to pathobiology of major diseases. Modulation of TGF-β signaling with different approaches has proven effective pre-clinically in the treatment of multiple pathologies such as sclerosis/fibrosis, tumor metastasis, osteoarthritis, and immune disorders. Thus, further elucidation of the mechanisms by which TGF-β is activated in different tissues/organs and how targeted cells respond in a context-dependent way can likely be translated with clinical benefits in the management of a broad range of diseases with the involvement of TGF-β.

Association between pulmonary fibrosis and osteoporosis in the elderly people: A case-control study

In this case-control study, we evaluated the association between osteoporosis and pulmonary fibrosis in the elderly. Participants were divided into a test group and a control group depending on bone mineral density and grid pattern changes of pulmonary fibrosis. We measured general conditions, related risk factors, serum biochemical index, grid pattern changes of double lungs, pulmonary function, arterial oxygen pressure (PO2), and bone mineral density of participates, and investigated the data through statistical analysis on SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Significant differences were observed between groups in all collected indices except PO4. The ratio of pulmonary function disorder was higher in the test group versus the control group (12.0% vs 4.3%). Logistic regression shows that pulmonary fibrosis is a risk factor of osteoporosis, independent of age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, alkaline phosphatase, glycosylated hemoglobin, Ca, PO4, tumor necrosis factor-α, vitamin D total, ventilation disorder, diffusive dysfunction, and hypoxemia. Senile osteoporosis is closely associated with pulmonary fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, smoking, sexuality, age, and body mass index. Pulmonary fibrosis modestly affects the incidence of osteoporosis and thus is a more promising predictor of osteoporosis.

Association of osteoporosis with genetic variants of circadian genes in Chinese geriatrics

This study was designed to investigate the association of circadian gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of osteoporosis. We found that the rs3781638 GG genotype was positively associated with osteoporosis prevalence in females, whereas the rs2292910 AC genotype was negatively associated with osteoporosis prevalence in a geriatric cohort.

INTRODUCTION

Studies have shown that disruption of endogenous circadian rhythms may increase the risk of developing type II diabetes and obesity, which are reportedly associated with osteoporosis (OP). Thus, abnormalities of circadian genes may indirectly induce OP. Here, we investigated the association of OP with 14 SNPs located in seven circadian genes.

METHODS

The research subjects, geriatric residents of Shanghai Minhang, China, diagnosed with OP (N = 171) or osteopenia (N = 226) or without specific diseases (N = 200), were genotyped for 14 genetic variants of circadian genes by competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of polymorphisms among the subject groups and the association between the SNPs and osteoporosis were investigated.

RESULTS

Among the 14 genotyped SNPs, we found an association between the CRY2 gene rs2292910 SNP and osteoporosis (r = -0.082, p = 0.045) in the geriatric cohort. We found a decreased risk between cryptochrome 2 rs2292910 and OP (A/C odds ratio = 0.647, p = 0.044) but an increased risk between MTNR1B rs3781638 and OP (G/G odds ratio = 2.058, p = 0.044).

CONCLUSION

For the first time, we show that Cry 2 rs2292910 and MTNR1B rs3781638 are associated with osteoporosis in a Chinese geriatric cohort. Therefore, targeting the abnormalities of the CRY2 and MTNR1B genes may be a potential strategy to treat and/or to prevent osteoporosis.

TNF-α and IL10 gene polymorphisms in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Proinflammatory cytokines are among the significant factors involved in bone turnover. They are the stimulants of bone resorption, acting directly on osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors. In this study, we examined the TNF-α (-308G>A) (rs1800629) and IL10 (-1082G>A) (rs1800896), (-592C>A) (rs1800872) polymorphisms in postmenopausal women with BMD T-scores less than and greater than or equal to -2.5 SD.

STUDY DESIGN

This study included 224 postmenopausal women with BMD T-scores lower than -2.5 SD (mean: -3.02±0.53) and 238 postmenopausal women with BMD T-scores -2.5 SD and greater (mean: -1.33±0.51).

RESULTS

There was a decrease in the frequency of IL10 1082 G allele carriers (GG and GA genotypes) in women with T-scores below -2.5 SD (GG+GA vs AA: OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.44-0.97, p=0.037). With regard to the TNF-α -308 G>A polymorphism, in the women with T-scores below -2.5 SD, the increased frequency of GG homozygotes and G allele carriers was detected (AA+GA vs GG: OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.35-0.82, p=0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study suggest an association between TNF-α -308G>A and IL10 -1082G>A polymorphisms and postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene polymorphisms (TGF-β1 T869C and TGF-β1 T29C) and susceptibility to postmenopausal osteoporosis: a meta-analysis

The aim of the present study was to integrate all the eligible studies and investigate whether the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene polymorphisms (TGF-β1 T869C and TGF-β1 T29C) are correlated with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) risk. PMOP is a common skeletal disease and several genetic factors play an important role in the development and progression of PMOP. Significant associations between TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms (TGF-β1 T869C and TGF-β1 T29C) and PMOP risk have been reported; however, some of these results are controversial. A systematic online search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify case-control studies investigating the relationship between TGF-β1 T869C and TGF-β1 T29C polymorphisms and the susceptibility of PMOP. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses were performed according to the ethnicity of the study populations. Eight studies involving 1851 cases and 2247 controls met the inclusion criteria after assessment by 2 reviewers. Overall, there were significant associations between TGF-β1 T869C and TGF-β1 T29C polymorphisms and PMOP (TGF-β1 T869C—C vs T: OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.02-1.36, P = 0.030; CC vs TT: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.01-1.88, P = 0.042; CC vs

CT/TT

OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.09-1.76, P = 0.008; TGF-β1 T29C—CT vs TT: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.02-1.53, P = 0.032; CT/CC vs TT: OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.02-1.84, P = 0.035). In the subgroup analysis of ethnicity, significant association was observed between TGF-β1 T869C polymorphism and PMOP risk in Asian population (C vs T: OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01-1.38, P = 0.043; CC vs TT: OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.01-1.97, P = 0.047; CT/CC vs TT: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.03-1.66, P = 0.026; CC vs

CT/TT

OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.03-1.75, P = 0.028); however, there was no significant association between TGF-β1 T869C polymorphism and PMOP risk in Caucasian population. With regard to TGF-β1 T29C polymorphism, significant association was also observed in Asian population (CT vs TT: OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.07-1.75, P = 0.013; CT/CC vs TT: OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.16-2.05, P = 0.003), while there was no significant association in Caucasian population. The TGF-β1 T869C and TGF-β1 T29C polymorphisms may be involved in susceptibility to PMOP, particular in Asian patients.

A single nucleotide polymorphism in the TGF-β1 gene (rs1982073 C>T) may contribute to increased risks of bone fracture, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis

Genetic factors have been shown to be of great importance for the pathogenesis of bone diseases, such as fracture, osteoporosis (OP), and osteoarthritis (OA). However, published studies on the correlations of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene polymorphisms with bone diseases have been hampered by small sample sizes or inconclusive findings. We hence aimed at examining the relationships between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the TGF-β1 gene (rs1982073 C>T) with bone fracture, OP, and OA risks in this meta-analysis. A systematic electronic search of literature was conducted to identify all published studies in English or Chinese on the association between the TGF-β1 gene and fracture, OP, or OA risks. Data were abstracted independently by two reviewers. To investigate the strength of this relationship, crude odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals were used. An updated meta-analysis based on nine independent case-control studies were chosen (patients with fracture, OP, or OA = 1569; healthy controls = 1638). Results identified a higher frequency of rs1982073 C>T in patients with fracture, OP, or OA than in healthy controls. Ethnicity and genotyping method-stratified analysis under both models implied that the rs1982073 C>T polymorphism was positively correlated with the risk of fracture, OP, and OA among Asians under detection via the non-PCR-RFLP method. Disease-stratified results yielded that rs1982073 C>T may increase the risk of fracture, OP, and OA under the allele model, but was only significantly related to OP under the dominant model. According to the sample size-stratified analysis, subjects with the rs1982073 C>T polymorphism in the allele model were more likely to develop the three bone diseases in both the small and large sample size groups, and only in the large sample size under the dominant model. Our findings show that TGF-β1 rs1982073 C>T has a modest effect in increasing susceptibility to bone fracture, OP, and OA.