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van Loon K, van Breest Smallenburg ME, Huijbers EJM, Griffioen AW, van Beijnum JR. Extracellular vimentin as a versatile immune suppressive protein in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188985. [PMID: 37717859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The interest in finding new targets in the tumor microenvironment for anti-cancer therapy has increased rapidly over the years. More specifically, the tumor-associated blood vessels are a promising target. We recently found that the intermediate filament protein vimentin is externalized by endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature. Extracellular vimentin was shown to sustain angiogenesis by mimicking VEGF and supporting cell migration, as well as endothelial cell anergy, the unresponsiveness of the endothelium to proinflammatory cytokines. The latter hampers immune cell infiltration and subsequently provides escape from tumor immunity. Other studies showed that extracellular vimentin plays a role in sustained systemic and local inflammation. Here we will review the reported roles of extracellular vimentin with a particular emphasis on its involvement in the interactions between immune cells and the endothelium in the tumor microenvironment. To this end, we discuss the different ways by which extracellular vimentin modulates the immune system. Moreover, we review how this protein can alter immune cell-vessel wall adhesion by altering the expression of adhesion proteins, attenuating immune cell infiltration into the tumor parenchyma. Finally, we discuss how vimentin-targeting therapy can reverse endothelial cell anergy and promote immune infiltration, supporting anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn van Loon
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilda E van Breest Smallenburg
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CimCure BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CimCure BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CimCure BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
The role of anti-HLA antibodies in solid organ rejection is well established and these antibodies are routinely monitored both in patients in the waiting list and in the post-transplant setting. More recently, the presence of other antibodies directed towards non-HLA antigens, or the so-called minor histocompatibility antigens, has drawn the attention of the transplant community; however, their possible involvement in the graft outcome remains uncertain. These antibodies have been described to possibly have a role in rejection and allograft failure. This review focuses on the most studied non-HLA antibodies and their association with different clinical outcomes considered in solid organ transplantation with the aim of clarifying their clinical implication and potential relevance for routine testing.
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Rampersad C, Shaw J, Gibson IW, Wiebe C, Rush DN, Nickerson PW, Ho J. Early Antibody-Mediated Kidney Transplant Rejection Associated With Anti-Vimentin Antibodies: A Case Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 75:138-143. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yu MB, Guerra J, Firek A, Langridge WHR. Extracellular vimentin modulates human dendritic cell activation. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:37-46. [PMID: 30399492 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein traditionally considered to be an intracellular protein with a structural role. However, recent evidence suggests that vimentin can also be found outside the cell in disease conditions such as cancer, traumatic tissue injury, and inflammation. Extracellular vimentin was previously found to stimulate innate immunity by increasing monocyte and macrophage ability to kill bacteria. However, vimentin has also been previously found to decrease neutrophil infiltration into inflamed tissue. How extracellular vimentin affects the initiation of adaptive immune responses is unknown. Initiation of adaptive immunity involves priming of naïve T cells by antigen-presenting cells, the most effective of which are dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we demonstrate how extracellular vimentin modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced activation of human DCs. Using cytometric bead arrays, we show that extracellular vimentin decreases LPS-activated DC secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12 while increasing secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Using flow cytometry, we show that extracellular vimentin does not significantly affect LPS-induced DC surface expression of MHC I (HLA-ABC) or MHC II (HLA-DR) presentation molecules, costimulatory factors (CD80, CD86), or the DC maturation marker (CD83). Further, LPS-stimulated DCs co-cultured with allogeneic naïve CD4 + T cells (Th0) induced less secretion of the pro-inflammatory Th1 effector cytokine IFN-γ in the presence of vimentin than in the presence of LPS alone. This result suggests that vimentin reduces Th1 differentiation. Taken together, our data suggest that extracellular vimentin may inhibit pro-inflammatory adaptive immune responses, by blocking DC secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, extracellular vimentin may play an important role in cancer or trauma-complications by inducing suppression of the adaptive immune response. In a positive sense, the presence of extracellular vimentin may prevent tissue-damage from contributing to the development of autoimmunity. Consequently, extracellular vimentin may become a novel drug target for treatment of a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Yu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA; Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Joshua Guerra
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Firek
- Section of Endocrinology, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - William H R Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA; Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Garg N, Samaniego MD, Clark D, Djamali A. Defining the phenotype of antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation: Advances in diagnosis of antibody injury. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2017; 31:257-267. [PMID: 28882367 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic criteria for antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) are constantly evolving in light of the evidence. Inclusion of C4d-negative ABMR has been one of the major advances in the Banff Classification in recent years. Currently Banff 2015 classification requires evidence of donor specific antibodies (DSA), interaction between DSA and the endothelium, and acute tissue injury (in the form of microvasculature injury (MVI); acute thrombotic microangiopathy; or acute tubular injury in the absence of other apparent cause). In this article we review not only the ABMR phenotypes acknowledged in the most recent Banff classification, but also the phenotypes related to novel pathogenic antibodies (non-HLA DSA, antibody isoforms and subclasses, complement-binding functionality) and molecular diagnostic tools (gene transcripts, metabolites, small proteins, cytokines, and donor-derived cell-free DNA). These novel tools are also being considered for the prognosis and monitoring of treatment response. We propose that improved classification of ABMR based on underlying pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes will be an important step in identifying patient-centered therapies to extend graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Garg
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Milagros D Samaniego
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Dana Clark
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Arjang Djamali
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States
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Lopez-Soler RI, Borgia JA, Kanangat S, Fhied CL, Conti DJ, Constantino D, Ata A, Chan R, Wang Z. Anti-vimentin Antibodies Present at the Time of Transplantation May Predict Early Development of Interstitial Fibrosis/Tubular Atrophy. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:2023-33. [PMID: 27569939 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-vimentin (a cytoskeletal protein) autoantibodies in renal transplant recipients have been correlated with interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IFTA). In this study, we examine the association between pretransplantation anti-vimentin antibodies and the subsequent development of IFTA. METHODS Sera obtained before renal transplantation from 97 transplant recipients were analyzed for the presence of anti-vimentin antibodies via Luminex assays to determine the concentration of anti-vimentin antibodies. Results were correlated with findings of IFTA on biopsy as well as graft function and patient and graft survival. RESULTS In our patient population, 56 of 97 patients were diagnosed by biopsy with IFTA 2.9 (±2.1) years after renal transplantation. Patients with IFTA on biopsy had higher mean concentration of anti-vimentin antibodies when compared to patients without IFTA (32.2 μg/mL [3.97-269.12 μg/mL] vs 14.57 μg/mL [4.71-87.81 μg/mL]). The risk of developing IFTA with a concentration of anti-vimentin antibody >15 μg/mL before transplantation was 1.96 (95% CI = 1.38-2.79, P = .011). Patients with elevated anti-vimentin antibody concentrations (>15 μg/mL) at the time of transplantation also had a higher risk of developing IFTA (81.4% vs 41.2%; P < .05). In addition, graft function was worse at 1, 3, and 5 years posttransplantation in patients with elevated concentrations of pretransplantation anti-vimentin antibody. Although there were more graft losses in the IFTA groups (49.12% vs 25.64%, P = .021) and the IFTA patients loss their grafts earlier (4.3 years vs 3.6 years), there was no statistical difference in graft loss rates. CONCLUSIONS Pretransplantation anti-vimentin antibody concentrations >15 μg/mL may be a risk factor for IFTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Lopez-Soler
- Division of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York.
| | - J A Borgia
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - S Kanangat
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - C L Fhied
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - D J Conti
- Division of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - D Constantino
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - A Ata
- Division of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - R Chan
- Division of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - Z Wang
- Center For Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Cardinal H, Dieudé M, Hébert MJ. The Emerging Importance of Non-HLA Autoantibodies in Kidney Transplant Complications. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:400-406. [PMID: 27798244 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that are specific to organ donor HLA have been involved in the majority of cases of antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplant recipients. However, recent data show that production of non-HLA autoantibodies can occur before transplant in the form of natural autoantibodies. In contrast to HLAs, which are constitutively expressed on the cell surface of the allograft endothelium, autoantigens are usually cryptic. Tissue damage associated with ischemia-reperfusion, vascular injury, and/or rejection creates permissive conditions for the expression of cryptic autoantigens, allowing these autoantibodies to bind antigenic targets and further enhance vascular inflammation and renal dysfunction. Antiperlecan/LG3 antibodies and antiangiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies have been found before transplant in patients with de novo transplants and portend negative long-term outcome in patients with renal transplants. Here, we review mounting evidence suggesting an important role for autoantibodies to cryptic antigens as novel accelerators of kidney dysfunction and acute or chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloise Cardinal
- Research Centre, Infection, Inflammation, Immunity and Tissue Injury Axis, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Mélanie Dieudé
- Research Centre, Infection, Inflammation, Immunity and Tissue Injury Axis, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Research Centre, Infection, Inflammation, Immunity and Tissue Injury Axis, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; .,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and.,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sánchez-Zapardiel E, Mancebo E, Díaz-Ordoñez M, de Jorge-Huerta L, Ruiz-Martínez L, Serrano A, Castro-Panete MJ, Utrero-Rico A, de Andrés A, Morales JM, Domínguez-Rodríguez S, Paz-Artal E. Isolated De Novo Antiendothelial Cell Antibodies and Kidney Transplant Rejection. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:933-943. [PMID: 27599627 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies analyzing the role of antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) in large series of kidney transplant recipients are scarce, and HLA, MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I-related chain A (MICA), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor have not been formally excluded as targets. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of a cohort of kidney transplant recipients. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 324 kidney transplant recipients who were negative for anti-HLA, anti-MICA, and anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies were tested for AECAs in pre- and posttransplantation serum samples. PREDICTORS AECA-positive (preformed [pre+/post+] vs de novo [pre-/post+]) versus AECA-negative (pre-/post-) before or after transplantation. OUTCOMES Patient mortality, transplant loss, and acute rejection events. RESULTS 66 (20%) patients were AECA positive (39 [12%] preformed, 27 [8%] de novo) and 258 (80%) were AECA negative. During a follow-up of 10 years, 7 (18%) AECA pre+/post+ patients had rejections compared with 14 (52%) AECA pre-/post+ and 57 (22%) AECA pre-/post- recipients (OR, 3.80; P=0.001). AECA pre-/post+ status emerged as an independent risk factor for transplant rejection compared to the AECA pre-/post- group (OR, 5.17; P<0.001). However, AECA pre+/post+ and AECA pre-/post+ patients did not show higher risk for either patient death (ORs of 1.49 [P=0.7] and 1.06 [P=0.9], respectively) or transplant loss (ORs of 1.22 and 0.86, respectively; P for both = 0.8) compared to the AECA pre-/post- population. LIMITATIONS Retrospective study. Posttransplantation sera were collected before or after rejection, entailing a nearly cross-sectional relationship between the exposure and outcome. Lack of identification of precise antigens for AECAs. CONCLUSIONS De novo AECAs may be associated with rejection. These antibodies might serve as biomarkers of endothelium damage in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther Mancebo
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute I+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Serrano
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute I+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Section of Immunology, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Castro-Panete
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute I+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Utrero-Rico
- Research Institute I+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado de Andrés
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Morales
- Research Institute I+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute I+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Section of Immunology, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
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Kinloch AJ, Chang A, Ko K, Dunand CJH, Henderson S, Maienschein-Cleine M, Kaverina N, Rovin B, Ferrer MS, Wolfgeher D, Liarski V, Haddon DJ, Utz PJ, Wilson PC, Clark MR. Vimentin is a dominant target of in situ humoral immunity in human lupus tubulointerstitial nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:3359-70. [PMID: 25306868 PMCID: PMC4264660 DOI: 10.1002/art.38888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In lupus nephritis (LN), severe tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) predicts progression to renal failure. Severe TII is associated with tertiary lymphoid neogenesis and in situ antigen-driven clonal B cell selection. The autoantigen(s) driving in situ B cell selection in TII are not known. This study was undertaken to identify the dominant driving autoantigen(s). METHODS Single CD38+ or Ki-67+ B cells were laser captured from 7 biopsy specimens that were diagnostic for LN. Eighteen clonally expanded immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain variable region pairs were cloned and expressed as monoclonal antibodies. Seven more antibodies were cloned from flow-sorted CD38+ cells from an eighth biopsy specimen. Antigen characterization was performed using a combination of confocal microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, screening protoarrays, immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry. Serum IgG titers to the dominant antigen in 48 LN and 35 non-nephritic lupus samples were determined using purified antigen-coated arrays. Autoantigen expression on normal and LN kidney was localized by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Eleven of 25 antibodies reacted with cytoplasmic structures, 4 reacted with nuclei, and none reacted with double-stranded DNA. Vimentin was the only autoantigen identified by both mass spectrometry and protoarray. Ten of the 11 anticytoplasmic TII antibodies directly bound vimentin. Vimentin was highly expressed by tubulointerstitial inflammatory cells, and the TII antibodies tested preferentially bound inflamed tubulointerstitium. Finally, high titers of serum antivimentin antibodies were associated with severe TII (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Vimentin, an antigenic feature of inflammation, is a dominant autoantigen targeted in situ in LN TII. This adaptive autoimmune response likely feeds forward to worsen TII and renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcus R Clark
- Corresponding author: Marcus R Clark, M.D., Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus & Immunology Research, University of Chicago, JFK R310, 924 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, Tel.773-702-0202, Fax.773-702-8702,
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Stastny P. Introduction: What we know about antibodies produced by transplant recipients against donor antigens not encoded by HLA genes. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1421-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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