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Javidan M, Amiri AM, Koohi N, Joudaki N, Bashirrohelleh MA, Pirsadeghi A, Biregani AF, Rashno M, Dehcheshmeh MG, Sharifat M, Khodadadi A, Mafakher L. Restoring immune balance with Tregitopes: A new approach to treating immunological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116983. [PMID: 38908205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The induction of immunological tolerance is a promising strategy for managing autoimmune diseases, allergies, and transplant rejection. Tregitopes, a class of peptides, have emerged as potential agents for this purpose. They activate regulatory T cells, which are pivotal in reducing inflammation and promoting tolerance, by binding to MHC II molecules and facilitating their processing and presentation to Treg cells, thereby encouraging their proliferation. Moreover, Tregitopes influence the phenotype of antigen-presenting cells by attenuating the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II while enhancing ILT3, resulting in the inhibition of NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Various techniques, including in vitro and in silico methods, are applied to identify Tregitope candidates. Currently, Tregitopes play a vital role in balancing immune activation and tolerance in clinical applications such as Pompe disease, diabetes-related antigens, and the prevention of spontaneous abortions in autoimmune diseases. Similarly, Tregitopes can induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Their anti-inflammatory effects are significant in conditions such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Additionally, Tregitopes have been leveraged to enhance vaccine design and efficacy. Recent advancements in understanding the potential benefits and drawbacks of IVIG and the discovery of the function and mechanism of Tregitopes have introduced Tregitopes as a popular option for immune system modulation. It is expected that they will bring about a significant revolution in the management and treatment of autoimmune and immunological diseases. This article is a comprehensive review of Tregitopes, concluding with the potential of these epitopes as a therapeutic avenue for immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Javidan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohamad Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Narges Koohi
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazanin Joudaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Bashirrohelleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Pirsadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Farhadi Biregani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Moosa Sharifat
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cancer, Petroleum, and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ladan Mafakher
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research center, Health research institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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2
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Jandus C, Jandus P. Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulins on Human Innate Immune Cells: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38852585 DOI: 10.1159/000539069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used for almost 40 years in the treatment of autoimmune and systemic inflammatory diseases. Numerous cells are involved in the innate immune response, including monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Many studies have investigated the mechanisms by which IVIg down-modulates inflammatory and autoimmune processes of innate immune cells. However, questions remain regarding the precise mechanism of action in autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. The aim of this work was to review the immunomodulatory effect of IVIg on only human innate immune cells. A narrative review approach was chosen to summarize key evidence on the immunomodulatory effects of commercially available and unmodified IVIg on human innate immune cells. SUMMARY Numerous different immunomodulatory effects of IVIg have been reported, with some very different effects depending on the immune cell type and disease. Several limitations of the different studies were identified. Of the 77 studies identified and reviewed, 29 (37.7%) dealt with autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Otherwise, the immunomodulatory effects of IVIg were studied only in healthy donors using an in vitro experimental approach. Some of the documented effects showed disease-specific effects, such as in Kawasaki disease. Various methodological limitations have also been identified that may reduce the validity of some studies. KEY MESSAGE As further insights have been gained into the various inflammatory cascades activated in immunological diseases, interesting insights have also been gained into the mechanism of action of IVIg. We are still far from discovering all the immunomodulatory mechanisms of IVIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Jandus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-Haematology (CRTOH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Jandus
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Szukiewicz D. Reproductive Immunology and Pregnancy 2.0. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5132. [PMID: 38791171 PMCID: PMC11121238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue comprises original articles in the field of clinical studies whose major topics concern the genetic and immunological aspects of miscarriage and pre-eclampsia, the isolation of decidua macrophages and Hofbauer cells in the placenta for diagnostic purposes, and epigenetic mechanisms that trigger labor [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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De Groot AS, Roberts BJ, Mattei A, Lelias S, Boyle C, Martin WD. Immunogenicity risk assessment of synthetic peptide drugs and their impurities. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103714. [PMID: 37467878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs play an important part in medicine owing to their many therapeutic applications. Of the 80 peptide drugs approved for use in humans, at least five are now off-patent and are consequently being developed as generic alternatives to the originator products. To accelerate access to generic products, the FDA has proposed new regulatory pathways that do not require direct comparisons of generics to originators in clinical trials. The 'Abbreviated New Drug Application' (ANDA) pathway recommends that sponsors provide information on any new impurities in the generic drug, compared with the originator product, because the impurities can have potential to elicit unwanted immune responses owing to the introduction of T-cell epitopes. This review describes how peptide drug impurities can elicit unexpected immunogenicity and describes a framework for performing immunogenicity risk assessment of all types of bioactive peptide products. Although this report primarily focuses on generic peptides and their impurities, the approach might also be of interest for developers of novel peptide drugs who are preparing their products for an initial regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA; University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA USA.
| | | | - Aimee Mattei
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sandra Lelias
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
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5
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Sadeghi M, Asadirad A, Koushki K, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Dehnavi S. Recent advances in improving intranasal allergen-specific immunotherapy; focus on delivery systems and adjuvants. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Farhadi Biregani A, Khodadadi A, Doosti A, Asadirad A, Ghasemi Dehcheshmeh M, Ghadiri AA. Allergen specific immunotherapy with plasmid DNA encoding OVA-immunodominant T cell epitope fused to Tregitope in a murine model of allergy. Cell Immunol 2022; 376:104534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Zhu J, Gouru A, Wu F, Berzofsky JA, Xie Y, Wang T. BepiTBR: T-B reciprocity enhances B cell epitope prediction. iScience 2022; 25:103764. [PMID: 35128358 PMCID: PMC8803616 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict B cell epitopes is critical for biomedical research and many clinical applications. Investigators have observed the phenomenon of T-B reciprocity, in which candidate B cell epitopes with nearby CD4+ T cell epitopes have higher chances of being immunogenic. To our knowledge, existing B cell epitope prediction algorithms have not considered this interesting observation. We developed a linear B cell epitope prediction model, BepiTBR, based on T-B reciprocity. We showed that explicitly including the enrichment of putative CD4+ T cell epitopes (predicted HLA class II epitopes) in the model leads to significant enhancement in the prediction of linear B cell epitopes. Curiously, the positive impact on B cell epitope generation is specific to the enrichment of DQ allele binders. Overall, our work provides interesting mechanistic insights into the generation of B cell epitopes and points to a new avenue to improve B cell epitope prediction for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Zhu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anagha Gouru
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Fangjiang Wu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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8
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Rapti K, Grimm D. Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) and Host Immunity - A Race Between the Hare and the Hedgehog. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753467. [PMID: 34777364 PMCID: PMC8586419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have emerged as the lead vector in clinical trials and form the basis for several approved gene therapies for human diseases, mainly owing to their ability to sustain robust and long-term in vivo transgene expression, their amenability to genetic engineering of cargo and capsid, as well as their moderate toxicity and immunogenicity. Still, recent reports of fatalities in a clinical trial for a neuromuscular disease, although linked to an exceptionally high vector dose, have raised new caution about the safety of recombinant AAVs. Moreover, concerns linger about the presence of pre-existing anti-AAV antibodies in the human population, which precludes a significant percentage of patients from receiving, and benefitting from, AAV gene therapies. These concerns are exacerbated by observations of cellular immune responses and other adverse events, including detrimental off-target transgene expression in dorsal root ganglia. Here, we provide an update on our knowledge of the immunological and molecular race between AAV (the “hedgehog”) and its human host (the “hare”), together with a compendium of state-of-the-art technologies which provide an advantage to AAV and which, thus, promise safer and more broadly applicable AAV gene therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra Rapti
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, BQ0030, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, BQ0030, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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CD91 Derived Treg Epitope Modulates Regulatory T Lymphocyte Response, Regulates Expression of Costimulatory Molecules on Antigen-Presenting Cells, and Rescues Pregnancy in Mouse Pregnancy Loss Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147296. [PMID: 34298914 PMCID: PMC8304956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of immune tolerance to fetal antigens may result in reproductive failure. The downregulated number and activity of T regulatory lymphocytes, which are critical for the establishment of immune tolerance to fetal antigens, during pregnancy may lead to miscarriage. The adoptive transfer of Tregs prevents fetal loss in abortion-prone mice. Recently, we demonstrated that the administration of tregitopes, which are short peptides found in human and mouse immunoglobulins (IgGs), decreased the incidence of abortions in female CBA/J mice mated with DBA/2J mice. Here, two non-IgG source peptides (SGS and LKD) that can potentially bind to the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) with high affinity and induce Treg expansion were designed in silico. The immune dysregulation-induced pregnancy failure mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of SGS and LKD on immune response and pregnancy outcome. The fetal death rate in the SGS-treated group was lower than that in the phosphate-buffered saline-treated group. SGS and LKD upregulated the splenic pool of Tregs and modulated the T-helper cell (Th1)/Th2-related cytokine response at the preimplantation stage. Additionally, SGS and LKD downregulated the expression of CD80 and MHC class II molecules in splenic CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells. Thus, SGS treatment can result in beneficial pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, SGS peptide-mediated immunomodulation can be a potential therapeutic strategy for immune dysregulation-induced pregnancy failure.
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10
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Multi-step screening of neoantigens' HLA- and TCR-interfaces improves prediction of survival. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9983. [PMID: 33976291 PMCID: PMC8113358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of risk stratification through prognostic biomarkers may enhance the personalization of cancer patient monitoring and treatment. We used Ancer, an immunoinformatic CD8, CD4, and regulatory T cell neoepitope screening system, to perform an advanced neoantigen analysis of genomic data derived from the urothelial cancer cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Ancer demonstrated improved prognostic stratification and five-year survival prediction compared to standard analyses using tumor mutational burden or neoepitope identification using NetMHCpan and NetMHCIIpan. The superiority of Ancer, shown in both univariate and multivariate survival analyses, is attributed to the removal of neoepitopes that do not contribute to tumor immunogenicity based on their homology with self-epitopes. This analysis suggests that the presence of a higher number of unique, non-self CD8- and CD4-neoepitopes contributes to cancer survival, and that prospectively defining these neoepitopes using Ancer is a novel prognostic or predictive biomarker.
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11
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Dembele M, Tao S, Massoud AH, Miah SMS, Lelias S, De Groot AS, Mazer BD. Tregitopes Improve Asthma by Promoting Highly Suppressive and Antigen-Specific Tregs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634509. [PMID: 33953711 PMCID: PMC8089381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tregitopes (T regulatory epitopes) are IgG-derived peptides with high affinity to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII), that are known to promote tolerance by activating T regulatory cell (Treg) activity. Here we characterized the effect of IgG Tregitopes in a well-established murine model of allergic asthma, demonstrating in vivo antigen-specific tolerance via adoptive transfer of Tregitope-and-allergen-activated Tregs. Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory condition affecting the airways and impacting over 300 million individuals worldwide. Treatment is suppressive, and no current therapy addresses immune regulation in severely affected asthmatics. Although high dose intra-venous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is not commonly used in the asthma clinic setting, it has been shown to improve severe asthma in children and in adults. In our laboratory, we previously demonstrated that IVIg abrogates airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of asthma and induces suppressive antigen-specific T-regulatory cells. We hypothesized that IgG-derived Tregitopes would modulate allergic airway disease by inducing highly suppressive antigen-specific Tregs capable of diminishing T effector cell responses and establishing antigen-specific tolerance. Using ovalbumin (OVA-) and ragweed-driven murine models of allergic airway disease, we characterized the immunoregulatory properties of Tregitopes and performed Treg adoptive transfer to OVA- and ragweed-allergic mice to test for allergen specificity. Treatment with Tregitopes attenuated allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation. We demonstrated that Tregitopes induce highly suppressive allergen-specific Tregs. The tolerogenic action of IgG Tregitopes in our model is very similar to that of IVIg, so we foresee that IgG Tregitopes could potentially replace steroid-based treatment and can offer a synthetic alternative to IVIg in a range of inflammatory and allergic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antigens, Plant
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Bronchoconstriction/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/pharmacology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/physiopathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Ovalbumin
- Plant Extracts
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieme Dembele
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Dermatology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shao Tao
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Dermatology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amir H. Massoud
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Dermatology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bruce D. Mazer
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Dermatology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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De Groot AS, Rosenberg AS, Miah SMS, Skowron G, Roberts BJ, Lélias S, Terry FE, Martin WD. Identification of a potent regulatory T cell epitope in factor V that modulates CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell responses. Clin Immunol 2021; 224:108661. [PMID: 33412295 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of T cell epitopes that are recognized by Tregs may elucidate the relative contributions of thymic Tregs and induced Tregs to control of autoimmune diseases and allergy. One such T regulatory cell epitope or 'Tregitope', derived from blood Factor V, is described here. Tregs responding to Tregitope FV621 are potent suppressors of CD4+ T effector responses to Tetanus Toxoid in an in vitro bystander suppression assay, strongly inhibit proliferation of effector CD8+ T cells, down-modulate CD86 and HLA DR on antigen-presenting cells, and enhance expression of granzyme B in Tregs. Tregitope FV621 also suppresses anti-OVA immune responses in vivo. The immunomodulatory effect of Tregitope FV621 is enhanced when conjugated to albumin, suggesting that the short half-life of Tregitope peptides can be prolonged. The in silico tools used to prospectively identify the FV Tregitope described here, when combined with in vitro /in vivo validating assays, may facilitate future Tregitope discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, USA.
| | - Amy S Rosenberg
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, White Oak, MD, USA
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Lozano ML, Godeau B, Grainger J, Matzdorff A, Rodeghiero F, Hippenmeyer J, Kuter DJ. Romiplostim in adults with newly diagnosed or persistent immune thrombocytopenia. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:1319-1332. [PMID: 33249935 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1850253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Three distinct phases are recognized in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): newly diagnosed (≤3 months after diagnosis), persistent (>3-12 months after diagnosis), and chronic (>12 months). Several international guidelines/expert recommendations have been released in the past 2 years regarding the treatment of newly diagnosed/persistent ITP. Areas covered: Across the guidelines/expert recommendations, thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), including romiplostim (the focus of this review), are recommended in newly diagnosed or persistent ITP for patients who fail to respond to corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin (or where these are contraindicated). To identify data relating to romiplostim in adults with newly diagnosed or persistent ITP, we conducted a search of PubMed (with no time limit applied) and abstracts from 2019 EHA/ASH meetings using the term 'romiplostim.' Expert opinion: The findings from nine clinical trials, six real-world studies and ten case reports provide insight into the early use of romiplostim, which could help to reduce exposure to the adverse effects associated with prolonged corticosteroid use, as well as reduce the risk of severe bleeding. Additionally, given the durable responses observed in patients with newly diagnosed/persistent ITP, as well as the potential for treatment-free responses following discontinuation, romiplostim might help to avoid the need for subsequent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Lozano
- Hospital JM Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca , Murcia, Spain.,Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Bertrand Godeau
- Centre de Référence des Cytopénies Auto-Immunes de l'Adulte, Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Université Paris-Est Créteil , Créteil, France
| | - John Grainger
- Department of Haematology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital , Manchester, UK
| | - Axel Matzdorff
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Asklepios Clinic Uckermark , Schwedt, Germany
| | - Francesco Rodeghiero
- Hematology Project Foundation and Department of Hematology, S. Bortolo Hospital , Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - David J Kuter
- Division of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Jawa V, Terry F, Gokemeijer J, Mitra-Kaushik S, Roberts BJ, Tourdot S, De Groot AS. T-Cell Dependent Immunogenicity of Protein Therapeutics Pre-clinical Assessment and Mitigation-Updated Consensus and Review 2020. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1301. [PMID: 32695107 PMCID: PMC7338774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to protein and peptide drugs can alter or reduce their efficacy and may be associated with adverse effects. While anti-drug antibodies (ADA) are a standard clinical measure of protein therapeutic immunogenicity, T cell epitopes in the primary sequences of these drugs are the key drivers or modulators of ADA response, depending on the type of T cell response that is stimulated (e.g., T helper or Regulatory T cells, respectively). In a previous publication on T cell-dependent immunogenicity of biotherapeutics, we addressed mitigation efforts such as identifying and reducing the presence of T cell epitopes or T cell response to protein therapeutics prior to further development of the protein therapeutic for clinical use. Over the past 5 years, greater insight into the role of regulatory T cell epitopes and the conservation of T cell epitopes with self (beyond germline) has improved the preclinical assessment of immunogenic potential. In addition, impurities contained in therapeutic drug formulations such as host cell proteins have also attracted attention and become the focus of novel risk assessment methods. Target effects have come into focus, given the emergence of protein and peptide drugs that target immune receptors in immuno-oncology applications. Lastly, new modalities are entering the clinic, leading to the need to revise certain aspects of the preclinical immunogenicity assessment pathway. In addition to drugs that have multiple antibody-derived domains or non-antibody scaffolds, therapeutic drugs may now be introduced via viral vectors, cell-based constructs, or nucleic acid based therapeutics that may, in addition to delivering drug, also prime the immune system, driving immune response to the delivery vehicle as well as the encoded therapeutic, adding to the complexity of assessing immunogenicity risk. While it is challenging to keep pace with emerging methods for the preclinical assessment of protein therapeutics and new biologic therapeutic modalities, this collective compendium provides a guide to current best practices and new concepts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jawa
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, PPDM, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | | | - Jochem Gokemeijer
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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15
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Kedzierska AE, Lorek D, Slawek A, Chelmonska-Soyta A. Tregitopes regulate the tolerogenic immune response and decrease the foetal death rate in abortion-prone mouse matings. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10531. [PMID: 32601347 PMCID: PMC7324366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance in immune tolerance may cause the variety of reproductive failures. An intravenous immunoglobulin infusion (IVIg) therapy is used to improve the live birth rate in women suffering from recurrent pregnancy loss, recurrent spontaneous abortions and recurrent implantation failures. However, the results of IVIg studies are still inconclusive as IVIg infusion in women suffering from pregnancy loss is sometimes ineffective. One of the mechanisms of action of this treatment is inhibition of B cells differentiation and expansion of Tregs and secretion of interleukin 10. It was proposed that immunomodulatory effects of IVIg may be attributed to tregitopes - self-IgG-derived epitopes present in the structure of immunoglobulins. Similarly to IVIg, tregitopes cause the expansion of Tregs and secretion of antigen-specific effector cytokine response. Here, we studied whether the administration of mouse tregitope 167 and/or 289 can prevent abortions in mouse abortion-prone mouse matings. We revealed that tregitopes reduce the foetal death rate. This may be driven by observed higher pool of peripheral Tregs, increased production of IL-10 by Tregs and Bregs and/or maintaining the tolerogenic phenotype of antigen-presenting cells. We believe that our findings may indicate a potential alternative to IVIg for therapeutic intervention in case of pregnancy failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ewa Kedzierska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stablowicka 147 Str., Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Daria Lorek
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Slawek
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Chelmonska-Soyta
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.,Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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De Groot AS, Moise L, Terry F, Gutierrez AH, Hindocha P, Richard G, Hoft DF, Ross TM, Noe AR, Takahashi Y, Kotraiah V, Silk SE, Nielsen CM, Minassian AM, Ashfield R, Ardito M, Draper SJ, Martin WD. Better Epitope Discovery, Precision Immune Engineering, and Accelerated Vaccine Design Using Immunoinformatics Tools. Front Immunol 2020; 11:442. [PMID: 32318055 PMCID: PMC7154102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational vaccinology includes epitope mapping, antigen selection, and immunogen design using computational tools. Tools that facilitate the in silico prediction of immune response to biothreats, emerging infectious diseases, and cancers can accelerate the design of novel and next generation vaccines and their delivery to the clinic. Over the past 20 years, vaccinologists, bioinformatics experts, and advanced programmers based in Providence, Rhode Island, USA have advanced the development of an integrated toolkit for vaccine design called iVAX, that is secure and user-accessible by internet. This integrated set of immunoinformatic tools comprises algorithms for scoring and triaging candidate antigens, selecting immunogenic and conserved T cell epitopes, re-engineering or eliminating regulatory T cell epitopes, and re-designing antigens to induce immunogenicity and protection against disease for humans and livestock. Commercial and academic applications of iVAX have included identifying immunogenic T cell epitopes in the development of a T-cell based human multi-epitope Q fever vaccine, designing novel influenza vaccines, identifying cross-conserved T cell epitopes for a malaria vaccine, and analyzing immune responses in clinical vaccine studies. Animal vaccine applications to date have included viral infections of pigs such as swine influenza A, PCV2, and African Swine Fever. “Rapid-Fire” applications for biodefense have included a demonstration project for Lassa Fever and Q fever. As recent infectious disease outbreaks underscore the significance of vaccine-driven preparedness, the integrated set of tools available on the iVAX toolkit stand ready to help vaccine developers deliver genome-derived, epitope-driven vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Andres H Gutierrez
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel Fredric Hoft
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy R Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Current In Vitro Assays for Prediction of T Cell Mediated Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics and Manufacturing Impurities. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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LILRB4 ITIMs mediate the T cell suppression and infiltration of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:272-282. [PMID: 31700117 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that leukocyte Ig-like receptor 4 (LILRB4) expressed by monocytic acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells mediates T-cell inhibition and leukemia cell infiltration via its intracellular domain. The cytoplasmic domain of LILRB4 contains three immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs); the tyrosines at positions 360, 412, and 442 are phosphorylation sites. Here, we analyzed how the ITIMs of LILRB4 in AML cells mediate its function. Our in vitro and in vivo data show that Y412 and Y442, but not Y360, of LILRB4 are required for T-cell inhibition, and all three ITIMs are needed for leukemia cell infiltration. We constructed chimeric proteins containing the extracellular domain of LILRB4 and the intracellular domain of LILRB1 and vice versa. The intracellular domain of LILRB4, but not that of LILRB1, mediates T-cell suppression and AML cell migration. Our studies thus defined the unique signaling roles of LILRB4 ITIMs in AML cells.
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19
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De Groot AS, Skowron G, White JR, Boyle C, Richard G, Serreze D, Martin WD. Therapeutic administration of Tregitope-Human Albumin Fusion with Insulin Peptides to promote Antigen-Specific Adaptive Tolerance Induction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16103. [PMID: 31695065 PMCID: PMC6834854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-islet cells. Among the therapies being evaluated for T1D is the restoration of regulatory T cell (Treg) activity, specifically directed toward down-modulation of beta-islet antigen-specific T effector cells. This is also known as antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction for T1D (T1D ASATI). Tregitopes (T regulatory cell epitopes) are natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G (IgG) that were identified in 2008 and have been evaluated in several autoimmune disease models. In the T1D ASATI studies presented here, Tregitope peptides were administered to non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice at the onset of diabetes within two clinically-relevant delivery systems (liposomes and in human serum albumin [HSA]-fusion products) in combination with preproinsulin (PPI) target antigen peptides. The combination of Tregitope-albumin fusions and PPI peptides reduced the incidence of severe diabetes and reversed mild diabetes, over 49 days of treatment and observation. Combining HSA-Tregitope fusions with PPI peptides is a promising ASATI approach for therapy of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. De Groot
- grid.421087.8EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley St., Providence, RI 02909 USA
| | - Gail Skowron
- grid.421087.8EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley St., Providence, RI 02909 USA
| | | | - Christine Boyle
- grid.421087.8EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley St., Providence, RI 02909 USA
| | - Guilhem Richard
- grid.421087.8EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley St., Providence, RI 02909 USA
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20
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Saha C, Kothapalli P, Patil V, ManjunathaReddy GB, Kaveri SV, Bayry J. Intravenous immunoglobulin suppresses the polarization of both classically and alternatively activated macrophages. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:233-239. [PMID: 30945973 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1602434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is one of the widely used immunotherapeutic molecules in the therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Previous reports demonstrate that one of the anti-inflammatory actions of IVIG implicates suppression of macrophage activation and release of their inflammatory mediators. However, macrophages are highly plastic and depending on the microenvironmental signals, macrophages can be polarized into pro-inflammatory classic (M1) or anti-inflammatory alternative (M2) type. This plasticity of macrophages raised additional questions on the role of IVIG towards macrophage polarization. In the present report, we show that IVIG affects the polarization of both classically and alternatively activated macrophages and this process is F(ab')2-independent. Our data thus indicate the lack of reciprocal regulation of inflammatory and non-inflammatory macrophages by IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitrali Saha
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 6022, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Prathap Kothapalli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Gundallahalli Bayyappa ManjunathaReddy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Srini V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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21
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Besneux M, Greenshields-Watson A, Scurr MJ, MacLachlan BJ, Christian A, Davies MM, Hargest R, Phillips S, Godkin A, Gallimore A. The nature of the human T cell response to the cancer antigen 5T4 is determined by the balance of regulatory and inflammatory T cells of the same antigen-specificity: implications for vaccine design. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:247-256. [PMID: 30406375 PMCID: PMC6394487 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The oncofoetal antigen 5T4 is a promising T cell target in the context of colorectal cancer, as demonstrated by a recent clinical study where 5T4-specific T cell responses, induced by vaccination or cyclophosphamide, were associated with a significantly prolonged survival of patients with metastatic disease. Whilst Th1-type (IFN-γ+) responses specific to 5T4, and other oncofoetal antigens, are often readily detectable in early stage CRC patients and healthy donors, their activity is suppressed as the cancer progresses by CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) which contribute to the immunosuppressive environment conducive to tumour growth. This study mapped the fine specificity of Th1 and Treg cell responses to the 5T4 protein. Surprisingly, both immunogenic peptides and those recognised by Tregs clustered in the same HLA-DR transcending epitope-rich hotspots within the 5T4 protein. Similarly, regions of low Th1-cell immunogenicity also did not contain peptides capable of stimulating Tregs, further supporting the notion that Treg and Th1 cells recognise the same peptides. Understanding the rules which govern the balance of Th1 and Treg cells responding to a given peptide specificity is, therefore, of fundamental importance to designing strategies for manipulating the balance in favour of Th1 cells, and thus the most effective anti-cancer T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Besneux
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Health Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Martin J Scurr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Health Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Health Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Adam Christian
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael M Davies
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel Hargest
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- CCMRC, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Phillips
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Health Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Health Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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22
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Brückner C, Lehmann C, Dudziak D, Nimmerjahn F. Sweet SIGNs: IgG glycosylation leads the way in IVIG-mediated resolution of inflammation. Int Immunol 2019; 29:499-509. [PMID: 29300958 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of many chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is that there is an impaired resolution of inflammation and return to the steady state. The infusion of high doses of pooled serum IgG preparations from thousands of donors [intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy] has been shown to induce resolution of inflammation in a variety of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, suggesting that IgG molecules can instruct the immune system to stop inflammatory processes and initiate the return to the steady state. The aim of this review is to discuss how insights into the mechanism of IVIG activity may help to understand the molecular and cellular pathways underlying resolution of inflammation. We will put a special emphasis on pathways dependent on the IgG FC domain and IgG sialylation, as several recent studies have provided new insights into how this glycosylation-dependent pathway modulates innate and adaptive immune responses through different sets of C-type or I-type lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Brückner
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Prangtaworn P, Chaisri U, Seesuay W, Mahasongkram K, Onlamoon N, Reamtong O, Tungtrongchitr A, Indrawattana N, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. Tregitope-linked Refined Allergen Vaccines for Immunotherapy in Cockroach Allergy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15480. [PMID: 30341299 PMCID: PMC6195530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) facilitates long-term resolution of allergic morbidity resulting in reduced drug use and increased refractoriness to new sensitization. AIT effectiveness has been demonstrated in seasonal and perennial allergies, and insect stings. However, data and studies in AIT relative to cockroach (CR) allergy are relatively scarce. In this study, mice allergic to American CR (Periplaneta americana) were treated with a liposome (L)-entrapped vaccine made of mouse Tregitope289-Per a 9 of the CR, Tregitope167-Per a 9, or Per a 9 alone - or placebo. Allergic mice that received an individual vaccine intranasally had reduced Th2 response, reduced lung inflammation, and reduced respiratory tissue remodeling. However, only L-Tregitope289-Per a 9 and L-Tregitope167-Per a 9 induced expression of immunosuppressive cytokine genes (IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35 for L-Tregitope289-Per a 9, and IL-10 and TGF-β for L-Tregitope167-Per a 9) and increment of idoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), indicating that these vaccines caused allergic disease suppression and reversal of respiratory tissue remodeling via generation of regulatory lymphocytes. Liposome entrapped-recombinant Per a 9 (L-Per a 9) did not cause upregulation of immunosuppressive cytokine genes and IDO1 increment; rather, L-Per a 9 induced high expression of IFN-γ in lungs of treated mice, which resulted in mitigation of allergic manifestations. This study provides compelling evidence that both liposome-entrapped vaccines made of single refined major allergen alone and single refined major allergen linked with Tregitopes are effective for reducing allergen-mediated respiratory tissue inflammation and remodeling, but through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannathee Prangtaworn
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urai Chaisri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattawat Onlamoon
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Tropical Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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24
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Unraveling the Molecular Determinants of Manual Therapy: An Approach to Integrative Therapeutics for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092673. [PMID: 30205597 PMCID: PMC6164741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of protocols without parameter standardization and appropriate controls has led manual therapy (MT) and other physiotherapy-based approaches to controversial outcomes. Thus, there is an urgency to carefully define standard protocols that elevate physiotherapy treatments to rigorous scientific demands. One way in which this can be achieved is by studying gene expression and physiological changes that associate to particular, parameter-controlled, treatments in animal models, and translating this knowledge to properly designed, objective, quantitatively-monitored clinical trials (CTs). Here, we propose a molecular physiotherapy approach (MPTA) requiring multidisciplinary teams, to uncover the scientific reasons behind the numerous reports that historically attribute health benefits to MT-treatments. The review focuses on the identification of MT-induced physiological and molecular responses that could be used for the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). The systemic effects associated to mechanical-load responses are considered of particular relevance, as they suggest that defined, low-pain anatomic areas can be selected for MT treatment and yet yield overall benefits, an aspect that might result in it being essential to treat FM. Additionally, MT can provide muscle conditioning to sedentary patients without demanding strenuous physical effort, which is particularly detrimental for CFS/ME patients, placing MT as a real option for integrative medicine programs to improve FM and CFS/ME.
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25
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Baker KF, Isaacs JD. Novel therapies for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: What can we learn from their use in rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:175-187. [PMID: 28765121 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The past three decades have witnessed remarkable advances in our ability to target specific elements of the immune and inflammatory response, fuelled by advances in both biotechnology and disease knowledge. As well as providing superior treatments for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such therapies also offer unrivalled opportunities to study the underlying immunopathological basis of these conditions.In this review, we explore recent approaches to the treatment of IMIDs and the insights to pathobiology that they provide. We review novel biologic agents targeting the T-helper 17 axis, including therapies directed towards interleukin (IL)-17 (secukinumab, ixekizumab, bimekizumab), IL-17R (brodalumab), IL-12/23p40 (ustekinumab, briakinumab) and IL-23p19 (guselkumab, tildrakizumab, brazikumab, risankizumab, mirikizumab). We also present an overview of biologics active against type I and II interferons, including sifalumumab, rontalizumab, anifrolumab and fontolizumab. Emerging strategies to interfere with cellular adhesion processes involved in lymphocyte recruitment are discussed, including both integrin blockade (natalizumab, vedolizumab, etrolizumab) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor inhibition (fingolimod, ozanimod). We summarise the development and recent application of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in the treatment of IMIDs, including first-generation pan-JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib, ruxolitinib, peficitinib) and second-generation selective JAK inhibitors (decernotinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib). New biologics targeting B-cells (including ocrelizumab, veltuzumab, tabalumab and atacicept) and the development of novel strategies for regulatory T-cell modulation (including low-dose IL-2 therapy and Tregitopes) are also discussed. Finally, we explore recent biotechnological advances such as the development of bispecific antibodies (ABT-122, COVA322), and their application to the treatment of IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Baker
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John D Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
Overlooked for decades, the humoral alloimmune response is increasingly recognized as a leading cause of graft loss after transplantation. However, improvement in the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection has not yet translated into better outcomes for transplanted patients. After an update on B cell physiology and antibody generation, the 2015 Beaune Seminar in Transplant Research challenged the conventional view of antibody-mediated rejection pathophysiology and discussed the latest promising therapeutic approaches.
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Trojandt S, Bellinghausen I, Reske-Kunz AB, Bros M. Tumor-derived immuno-modulators induce overlapping pro-tolerogenic gene expression signatures in human dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1223-1231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Broomfield A, Jones SA, Hughes SM, Bigger BW. The impact of the immune system on the safety and efficiency of enzyme replacement therapy in lysosomal storage disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:499-512. [PMID: 26883220 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the light of clinical experience in infantile onset Pompe patients, the immunological impact on the tolerability and long-term efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for lysosomal storage disorders has come under renewed scrutiny. This article details the currently proposed immunological mechanisms involved in the development of anti-drug antibodies and the current therapies used in their treatment. Given the current understanding of the adaptive immune response, it focuses particularly on T cell dependent mechanisms and the paradigm of using lymphocytic negative selection as a predictor of antibody formation. This concept originally postulated in the 1970s, stipulated that the genotypically determined lack of production or production of a variant protein determines an individual's lymphocytic repertoire. This in turn is the key factor in determining the potential severity of an individual's immunological response to ERT. It also highlights the need for immunological assay standardization particularly those looking at describing the degree of functional impact, robust biochemical or clinical endpoints and detailed patient subgroup identification if the true evaluations of impact are to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Broomfield
- Willink Biochemical genetics unit, Manchester center for genomic medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
| | - S A Jones
- Willink Biochemical genetics unit, Manchester center for genomic medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - S M Hughes
- Department of Immunology, Royal Manchester children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - B W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies Laboratory, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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30
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De Groot AS, Moise L, Liu R, Gutierrez AH, Tassone R, Bailey-Kellogg C, Martin W. Immune camouflage: relevance to vaccines and human immunology. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3570-5. [PMID: 25483703 PMCID: PMC4514035 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High strain sequence variability, interference with innate immune mechanisms, and epitope deletion are all examples of strategies that pathogens have evolved to subvert host defenses. To this list we would add another strategy: immune camouflage. Pathogens whose epitope sequences are cross-conserved with multiple human proteins at the TCR-facing residues may be exploiting “ignorance and tolerance," which are mechanisms by which mature T cells avoid immune responses to self-antigens. By adopting amino acid configurations that may be recognized by autologous regulatory T cells, pathogens may be actively suppressing protective immunity. Using the new JanusMatrix TCR-homology-mapping tool, we have identified several such ‘camouflaged’ tolerizing epitopes that are present in the viral genomes of pathogens such as emerging H7N9 influenza. Thus in addition to the overall low number of T helper epitopes that is present in H7 hemaglutinin (as described previously, see http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24939), the presence of such tolerizing epitopes in H7N9 could explain why, in recent vaccine trials, whole H7N9-HA was poorly immunogenic and associated with low seroconversion rates (see http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.28135). In this commentary, we provide an overview of the immunoinformatics process leading to the discovery of tolerizing epitopes in pathogen genomic sequences, provide a brief summary of laboratory data that validates the discovery, and point the way forward. Removal of viral, bacterial and parasite tolerizing epitopes may permit researchers to develop more effective vaccines and immunotherapeutics in the future.
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Key Words
- Biologic
- Deimmunization
- EpiMatrix
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IAVs, influenza A viruses
- JanusMatrix
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Td response, T cell-driven response
- Tolerance
- Treg
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- Tregitope
- Tregitope, Treg epitope
- Vaccine
- nTreg, natural regulatory T cells
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Kontos S, Grimm AJ, Hubbell JA. Engineering antigen-specific immunological tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Liu R, Moise L, Tassone R, Gutierrez AH, Terry FE, Sangare K, Ardito MT, Martin WD, De Groot AS. H7N9 T-cell epitopes that mimic human sequences are less immunogenic and may induce Treg-mediated tolerance. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2241-52. [PMID: 26090577 PMCID: PMC4635734 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1052197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin H7N9 influenza is a novel influenza A virus (IAV) that emerged in humans in China in 2013. Using immunoinformatics tools, we identified several H7N9 T cell epitopes with T cell receptor (TCR)-facing residues identical to those of multiple epitopes from human proteins. We hypothesized that host tolerance to these peptides may impair T helper response and contribute to the low titer, weak hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody responses and diminished seroconversion rates that have been observed in human H7N9 infections and vaccine trials. We found that the magnitude of human T effector responses to individual H7N9 peptides was inversely correlated with the peptide's resemblance to self. Furthermore, a promiscuous T cell epitope from the hemagglutinin (HA) protein suppressed responses to other H7N9 peptides when co-administered in vitro. Along with other highly ‘human-like’ peptides from H7N9, this peptide was also shown to expand FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, H7N9 may be camouflaged from effective human immune response by T cell epitope sequences that avert or regulate effector T cell responses through host tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- a Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island ; Providence , RI USA
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Kornberg A. Intravenous immunoglobulins in liver transplant patients: Perspectives of clinical immune modulation. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1494-1508. [PMID: 26085909 PMCID: PMC4462688 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shortage of appropriate donor grafts is the foremost current problem in organ transplantation. As a logical consequence, waiting times have extended and pretransplant mortality rates were significantly increasing. The implementation of a priority-based liver allocation system using the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score helped to reduce waiting list mortality in liver transplantation (LT). However, due to an escalating organ scarcity, pre-LT MELD scores have significantly increased and liver recipients became more complex in recent years. This has finally led to posttransplant decreasing survival rates, attributed mainly to elevated rates of infectious and immunologic complications. To meet this challenging development, an increasing number of extended criteria donor grafts are currently accepted, which may, however, aggravate the patients’ infectious and immunologic risk profiles. The administration of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) is an established treatment in patients with immune deficiencies and other antibody-mediated diseases. In addition, IVIg was shown to be useful in treatment of several disorders caused by deterioration of the cellular immune system. It proved to be effective in preventing hyperacute rejection in highly sensitized kidney and heart transplants. In the liver transplant setting, the administration of specific Ig against hepatitis B virus is current standard in post-LT antiviral prophylaxis. The mechanisms of action of IVIg are complex and not fully understood. However, there is increasing experimental and clinical evidence that IVIg has an immuno-balancing impact by a combination of immuno-supporting and immuno-suppressive properties. It may be suggested that, especially in the context of a worsening organ shortage with all resulting clinical implications, liver transplant patients should benefit from immuno-regulatory capabilities of IVIg. In this review, perspectives of immune modulation by IVIg and impact on outcome in liver transplant patients are described.
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