T helper-2 cytokine/regulatory T-cell gene polymorphisms and their relation with risk of psoriasis in a South Indian Tamil cohort

Influence of FOXP3 rs2280883 and rs3761548 Variants on IL-10 and TGF-β1 Serum Levels and Plaque Psoriasis Risk in the Mexican Population

Plaque psoriasis (PP) is a chronic immune-mediated skin disorder with a genetic basis, characterized by abnormal T-cell responses. This study investigated the role of FOXP3 gene variants rs2280883 and rs3761548 in T-cell regulation through their effects on IL-10 and TGF-β1 cytokine levels and their association with PP risk. A case-control study was conducted, including 101 individuals with PP and 106 healthy controls from the Mexican population. Genotyping of FOXP3 variants was performed using PCR-RFLP, and cytokine levels were measured with ELISA kits. Significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of the rs2280883 variant were observed between PP patients and controls, suggesting an association with an increased risk of PP. IL-10 levels were found to be elevated in PP patients, regardless of FOXP3 gene variants, indicating that cytokine dysregulation in PP may involve alternative pathways independent of FOXP3-mediated regulatory T-cell (Treg) function. No significant differences were detected in TGF-β1 levels or rs3761548 genotype frequencies across the study groups. In conclusion, the rs2280883 variant in the FOXP3 gene is significantly associated with a higher risk of developing PP in the Mexican population, while dysregulated IL-10 levels suggest a complex cytokine interaction beyond Treg activity.

Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy

Innate and adaptive immune responses exert their role in CIDP pathogenesis through cytokine production. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may alter cytokine gene expression, with a potential influence on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, cytokine gene SNPs have not been assessed in CIDP patients yet. We assessed functional SNPs in the genes encoding IL-10 (rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872 and rs3024505), IL-6 (rs1800795), TNF (rs1800629 and rs361525), IL-12B (rs3212227), IFN-γ (rs2430561), GM-CSF (rs25882) and IL-17F (rs11465553) in a cohort of 88 CIDP patients and 486 healthy controls (HCs) via qPCR. We found an association of SNP in the IL10 promotor and CIDP occurrence. Major homozygotes (AA) were more frequent in the HCs compared to CIDP patients (p = 0.049), but the GA genotype prevailed among the patients (p = 0.032). A lower frequency of the C allele was observed for rs1800871 and rs1800872 in CIDP patients compared to the HCs (p = 0.048). A higher proportion of A carriers at position -1082 (rs1800896) (presumed to be a low IL-10 producer) was noted in patients with milder disability (low INCAT). All mild-INCAT patients were C carriers for rs1800871 and rs1800872 in IL10 (p = 0.038). Furthermore, the IL6 rs1800795 GG genotype was more frequent in patients (p = 0.049) and the CG heterozygote in the HCs (p = 0.013). Among the CIDP patients, being a G carrier for this SNP was associated with a higher frequency of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to being a non-carrier (p = 0.032). Our data indicate a possible association of the IL10 and IL6 SNPs with CIDP, but also with disease severity and T2D occurrence. Given the paucity of CIDP patients, multicentric studies are necessary to draw definite conclusions on these associations.

Assessment of the Potential Role of Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of Genes Related to the Functioning of Regulatory T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Recent studies have indicated a key role of the impaired suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in psoriasis (PsO) pathogenesis. However, the genetic background of Treg dysfunctions remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of PsO development with selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes in which protein products play a significant role in the regulation of differentiation and function of Tregs. There were three study groups in our research and each consisted of different unrelated patients and controls: 192 PsO patients and 5605 healthy volunteers in the microarray genotyping group, 150 PsO patients and 173 controls in the ARMS-PCR method group, and 6 PsO patients and 6 healthy volunteers in the expression analysis group. The DNA microarrays analysis (283 SNPs of 57 genes) and ARMS-PCR method (8 SNPs in 7 genes) were used to determine the frequency of occurrence of SNPs in selected genes. The mRNA expression of selected genes was determined in skin samples. There were statistically significant differences in the allele frequencies of four SNPs in three genes (TNF, IL12RB2, and IL12B) between early-onset PsO patients and controls. The lowest p-value was observed for rs3093662 (TNF), and the G allele carriers had a 2.73 times higher risk of developing early-onset PsO. Moreover, the study revealed significant differences in the frequency of SNPs and their influence on PsO development between early- and late-onset PsO. Based on the ARMS-PCR method, the association between some polymorphisms of four genes (IL4, IL10, TGFB1, and STAT3) and the risk of developing PsO was noticed. Psoriatic lesions were characterized with a lower mRNA expression of FOXP3, CTLA4, and IL2, and a higher expression of TNF and IL1A in comparison with unaffected skin. In conclusion, the genetic background associated with properly functioning Tregs seems to play a significant role in PsO pathogenesis and could have diagnostic value.

Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity

The skin is an immune-competent organ and this function may be impaired by exposure to chemicals, which may ultimately result in immune-mediated dermal disorders. Interindividual variability to chemical-induced skin immune reactions is associated with intrinsic individual characteristics and their genomes. In the last 30-40 years, several genes influencing susceptibility to skin immune reactions were identified. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding common genetic variations affecting skin immunotoxicity. The polymorphisms selected for this review are related to xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYPA1 and CYPB1 genes), antioxidant defense (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes), aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway (AHR and ARNT genes), skin barrier function transepidermal water loss (FLG, CASP14, and SPINK5 genes), inflammation (TNF, IL10, IL6, IL18, IL31, and TSLP genes), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neuroendocrine system peptides (CALCA, TRPV1, ACE genes). These genes present variants associated with skin immune responses and diseases, as well as variants associated with protecting skin immune homeostasis following chemical exposure. The molecular and association studies focusing on these genetic variants may elucidate their functional consequences and contribution in the susceptibility to skin immunotoxicity. Providing information on how genetic variations affect the skin immune system may reduce uncertainties in estimating chemical hazards/risks for human health in the future.

Circulating CD14+HLA-DR-/low Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells as Potential Biomarkers for the Identification of Psoriasis TCM Blood-Heat Syndrome and Blood-Stasis Syndrome

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease. Identification of the biomarkers responsible for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes of psoriasis can help researchers recognize the different aspects of psoriasis and find novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of psoriasis. The current study investigated the levels of circulating Mo-MDSCs and Mo-MDSC-associated immune factors in the peripheral blood of psoriasis patients with different TCM syndromes. We found that the frequency of Mo-MDSCs (CD14⁺HLA-DR^−/low cells) among CD14⁺ cells from plaque psoriasis patients with blood-stasis (BS) syndrome was significantly increased when compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001) and blood-heat (BH) syndrome group (p < 0.001), respectively. However, serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS, Arg-1, and NO concentration showed no statistically significant difference between healthy controls and psoriasis patients as well as no significant difference between the BH and BS syndrome groups. Compared with healthy controls, the mRNA expression of Arg-1, TNF-α, ROR-γ, and PD-L1 was increased, while the mRNA expression of PD-1 and IL-10 was decreased in PBMCs from psoriasis patients. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TNF-α and FOXP3 in PBMCs showed a pronounced statistical difference between the psoriatic BH syndrome group and the BS syndrome group. Therefore, we provide evidence that the percentage of CD14⁺HLA-DR^−/low MDSC/ CD14⁺ cells and TNF-α and Foxp3 mRNA expression levels in PBMCs are potential biomarkers for distinguishing TCM BH syndrome and BS syndrome.

Evaluation of Forkhead Box P3 gene polymorphisms in chronic HBV infection

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes liver failure, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The FOXP3 gene polymorphisms, the rs2232365 A/G and the rs3761548 A/C, were identified to be associated with regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression. The response to HBV infection may be affected by FOXP3 polymorphisms. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between FOXP3 gene polymorphisms and chronic HBV infection risk.

METHODS

FOXP3 gene polymorphisms were explored in 237 chronic HBV patients and in 237 individuals with HBV spontaneous clearance using a real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The patients with rs2232365 AG and rs3761548 AC genotype had a 1.20- and a 1.58-fold greater HBV risk than non-carriers patients, although they were not significant. Moreover, the AA genotypes of both polymorphisms in the males and females had an increased the persistent HBV risk, although this also was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the present study is the first report to demonstrate that these polymorphisms have no effect on the risk of chronic HBV infection. This results suggest that FOXP3 gene polymorphisms and FOXP3 expression should be evaluated together with frequency of regulatory T cells in HBV infection.

Pathogenetic Therapy of Psoriasis by Muramyl Peptide

Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease with a dysregulation in immune system. The aim of this study was to survey the clinical efficacy and safety of muramyl peptide—the ligand of the receptors of innate immunity (drug Licopid, AO Peptek, Moscow, Russia) in patients with psoriasis. The effect of muramyl peptide on 86 patients with different severity of plaque psoriasis was tested. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), cytokine status and production of nitric oxide in blood serum, and the subsequent course of psoriasis have been evaluated. Evaluation of significance of observed differences was presented by the Student's t-test. As a result of the treatment, clinical cure or improvement was detected in 98.2% of patients (p < 0.05), while 24.4% had a complete cure. Subsequent observations during 4 years showed that patients who received muramyl peptide statistically significantly increased relapse-free period. Moreover, subsequent relapses of the disease after treatment with muramyl peptide were in much more milder form in the cases of mild psoriasis. The conducted studies showed that monotherapy with muramyl peptide stopped the clinical manifestations of psoriasis, normalized the processes of cytokine-dependent [interleukin (IL)−4, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] regulation of the immune response and nonspecific resistance, expressed in a decreasing amount of serum antigens sCD54 [soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)] to reference values (p ≤ 0.01). Taken together, our research demonstrated the effectiveness of therapy with muramyl peptide and moreover, that elevated levels of sCD54 and MIF (p ≤ 0.01) in the serum of patients with psoriasis considered as potential biomarkers of the severityof psoriasis and control over their dynamics have prognostic significance in determining the effectiveness of the therapy.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Media Ameliorate Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Case Study

Psoriasis, an autoimmune disease, affects a vast number of peoples around the world. In this report, we discuss our findings about a scalp psoriasis suffering patient with a Psoriasis Scalp Severity Index (PSSI) score of 28, who was treated with Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned media (MSC-CM). Remarkably, complete regression was recorded within a treatment period of one month only (PSSI score of 0). A number of bioactive factors like cytokines and growth factors secreted by MSCs in the conditioned medium are very likely to be the principle molecules which play a vital role in skin regeneration. Treatment using MSC-CM appears to be an effective tool for tackling the psoriatic problem and, thus, may offer a new avenue of therapy which could be considered as an alternative approach to overcome the limitations of the cell-based therapy.

The frequency of distribution of the genotypes of the IL4 polymorphism (rs 2243250) in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Psoriasis (PS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are multifactorial diseases determined by the result of complex combined interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The study of genetic polymorphism of PS and PsA will allow identification of common diagnostic criteria for the progression of pathology. The aim was to analyze the frequency of distribution of genotypes of the promoter region of the C-590T (rs2243250) gene IL4 in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic. The study included patients with psoriasis (n = 49) and psoriatic arthritis (n = 48), which, taking into account the carriage of certain genotypes, are divided into groups: 1, PS, carriers of the C/С genotype (n = 31); 2, PS, carriers of the C/T and T/T genotype (n = 18); 3, PsA, carriers of the C/С genotype (n = 30); and 4, PsA, carriers of the C/T and T/T genotype (n = 18). DNA extraction from whole venous blood was performed using a standard kit with a sorbent. Genotyping allelic variants was carried out by the method of restriction analysis of amplification products (RFLP-analysis) of specific regions of the genome. In PS carriers of the C/С IL4 (rs2243250), the value of the PASI index is statistically significantly lower relative to the carriers of the C/T and T/T genotypes. A possible association of the carriage of the C/T and T/T genotypes in PsA with nail psoriasis was noted in comparison with the C/C genotype. When studying intergroup differences, it was determined that the carriage of the C/C genotype in PsA can influence the clinical course of the psoriatic process with frequent exacerbations and involvement of more than 30 % of the hairy part in the pathological process. The carriage of the C/T and T/T genotypes in PsA may be associated with the Koebner phenomenon and the metabolic disorders in comparison with PS. Differences in the carriage of the C/C genotypes relative to C/T and T/T IL4 (rs2243250) in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis were determined. Given the extremely low number of patient groups, the results should be considered as preliminary and require further testing on much larger samples.

Lack of association of the IL-1RN and IL-10 polymorphisms with risk of psoriasis: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The present study carried out a meta-analysis to investigate whether the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) VNTR polymorphism and three IL-10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1800896, rs3021097, and rs1800872 are associated with psoriasis risk.

METHODS

Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Medline, and PubMed databases were searched for potential studies published until 2 November 2017. Forest plots were generated.

RESULTS

Thirteen case-control studies were included in the review. The results of meta-analyses revealed no association of the IL-1RN*2 allele with psoriasis in the overall populations (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.89-1.50, p = 0.279), Asians (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.73-2.23, p = 0.403), and Caucasians (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.88-1.23, p = 0.669). Under the allelic model, there was no statistically significant association of psoriasis with the IL-10 SNPs rs1800896 (G allele vs. A allele: OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.90-1.18, p = 0.639), rs3021097 (C allele vs. T allele: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.88-1.56, p = 0.288), and rs1800872 (C allele vs. A allele: OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.81-1.25, p = 0.951). No publication bias was found by Egger's test and Begg's funnel plots.

CONCLUSION

Current published studies fail to support an association of the IL-1RN VNTR polymorphism and IL-10 SNPs rs1800896, rs3021097, and rs1800872 with psoriasis risk.

Investigation of Immunovascular Polymorphisms and Intersections in Psoriasis

Background:

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease. The etiology of the disease is unknown. It is a polygenic and multifactorial disease, which interacts with genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors (polymorphism/mutation) can alter the immune system and normal physiologically functioning keratinocytes to pathological or predisposition levels.

Aims:

We aimed to investigate psoriasis at a different and novel window by searching for vascular and immunological variations and intersections in psoriasis. We investigated the main vascular and hypoxic controlling factors, which are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), as well as immunological and serotonergic factors, such as TNF-α, IL-10, and 5HT2A, which could connect each other to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Subjects and Methods:

Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five genes were genotyped by mini-array format in 300 subjects: VEGF (rs2010963, rs833061, and rs1570360), HIF-1α (rs11549465), TNF-α (rs361525, rs1799964, and rs1800629), IL-10 (rs1800896), and 5HT2A (rs6311).

Results:

An association was found between rs1800629 (TNF-α) and Type I psoriasis, and rs833061 (VEGF) and Type II psoriasis. Haplotype analysis suggests that the coexistence of the polymorphisms rs1799964 (TNF-α), rs2010963 (VEGF), rs833061 (VEGF), and rs6311 (5HT2A) may be a protective factor for psoriasis.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that the vascular component of the studied vasculo-immunologic variation is more relevant in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

The role of epigenetics, bacterial and host factors in progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is still a persistent global health problem, particularly in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a mortality rate of about 1.8 million worldwide due to TB complications in 2015. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was introduced in 1921 and is still widely used to prevent TB development. This vaccine offers up to 80% protection against various forms of TB; however its efficacy against lung infection varies among different geographical settings. Devastatingly, the development of various forms of drug-resistant TB strains has significantly impaired the discovery of effective and safe anti-bacterial agents. Consequently, this necessitated discovery of new drug targets and novel anti-TB therapeutics to counter infection caused by various Mtb strains. Importantly, various factors that contribute to TB development have been identified and include bacterial resuscitation factors, host factors, environmental factors and genetics. Furthermore, Mtb-induced epigenetic changes also play a crucial role in evading the host immune response and leads to bacterial persistence and dissemination. Recently, the application of GeneXpert MTB/RIF^® to rapidly diagnose and identify drug-resistant strains and discovery of different molecular markers that distinguish between latent and active TB infection has motivated and energised TB research. Therefore, this review article will briefly discuss the current TB state, highlight various mechanisms employed by Mtb to evade the host immune response as well as to discuss some modern molecular techniques that may potentially target and inhibit Mtb replication.

Association of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Gene Polymorphisms with Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Case-Control Study in Turkish Population

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and autoimmune skin disease in which dysregulation of immune cells, particularly T cells, is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) expressed only on activated T cells is an immunoregulatory molecule and plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. We aimed to determine whether CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms are associated with development and/or clinical features of psoriasis vulgaris (Pv). Genotyping of SNPs (−318C>T, +49A>G, and CT60A>G) in CTLA-4 gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 103 Pv patients and 102 controls. No statistically significant associations were detected in any of the investigated genetic models for the −318C>T polymorphism. The genotype distributions of +49A>G and CT60A>G were associated with Pv development. In haplotype analysis, while frequency of CAA haplotype was significantly higher in the control group, frequencies of CGG and CAG haplotype were significantly higher among the patients. However, all of CTLA-4 polymorphisms and haplotypes do not have an effect on severity and onset age of Pv. In conclusion, the +49A>G and CT60A>G polymorphisms may be risk factors for Pv development. Furthermore, CGG and CAG haplotypes may contribute to Pv development, while CAA haplotype may be protective against Pv.

Pharmacogenetic markers to predict the clinical response to methotrexate in south Indian Tamil patients with psoriasis

INTRODUCTION

Despite the advent of several new systemic therapies, methotrexate remains the gold standard for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. However, there exists a significant heterogeneity in individual response to methotrexate. There are no consistently reliable markers to predict methotrexate treatment response till date.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to demonstrate the association of certain genetic variants in the HLA (HLA-A2, HLA-B17, and HLA-Cw6) and the non-HLA genes including T-helper (Th)-1, Th-2, Th-17 cytokine genes (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12B, and IL-23R), and T-regulatory gene (FOXP3) with the methotrexate treatment response in South Indian Tamil patients with psoriasis.

METHODS

Of the 360 patients recruited, 189 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis were treated with methotrexate. Of the 189 patients, 132 patients responded to methotrexate and the remaining 57 patients were non-responders. We analyzed the association of aforesaid polymorphisms with the methotrexate treatment outcome using binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

We observed that there were significant differences between genotype frequencies of HLA-Cw6 and FOXP3 (rs3761548) among the responders compared to non-responders, with conservative estimation. We observed that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-23 were markedly reduced with the use of methotrexate, in comparison to the baseline levels, while the plasma IL-4 levels were increased posttreatment.

CONCLUSION

Our results serve as preliminary evidence for the clinical use of genetic markers as predictors of response to methotrexate in psoriasis. This might aid in the future in the development of a point-of-care testing (POCT) gene chip, to predict optimal treatment response in patients with psoriasis, based on their individual genotypic profile.