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Play MC, Giandolini M, Perrin TP, Metra M, Feasson L, Rossi J, Millet GY. Soft-Tissue Vibrations and Fatigue During Prolonged Running: Does an Individualized Midsole Hardness Play a Role? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14672. [PMID: 38887854 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Footwear has the potential to reduce soft-tissue vibrations (STV) but responses are highly subject-specific. Recent evidence shows that compressive garments minimizing STV have a beneficial effect on neuromuscular (NM) fatigue. The aim was to determine whether an individualized midsole hardness can minimize STV and NM fatigue during a half marathon. Twenty experienced runners were recruited for three visits: a familiarization session including the identification of midsole minimizing and maximizing STV amplitude (MIN and MAX, respectively), and two half marathon sessions at 95% of speed at the second ventilatory threshold. STV of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle, running kinetics, foot strike pattern, rating perceived exhaustion (RPE), and midsole liking were recorded every 3 km. NM fatigue was assessed on plantar flexors (PF) before (PRE) and after (POST) the half marathon. At POST, PF central and peripheral alterations and changes in contact time, step frequency, STV median frequency, and impact force frequency as well as foot strike pattern were found in both MIN and MAX. No significant differences in damping, STV main frequency, flight time, duty factor, and loading rate were observed between conditions whatever the time period. During the half marathon, STV amplitude of GM significantly increased over time for the MAX condition (+13.3%) only. Differences between MIN and MAX were identified for RPE and midsole liking. It could be hypothesized that, while significant, the effect of midsole hardness on STV is too low to substantially affect NM fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Play
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marlène Giandolini
- Amer Sports Footwear Innovation and Sport Sciences Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Titouan P Perrin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mélanie Metra
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Léonard Feasson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérémy Rossi
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Hatamzadeh M, Sharifnezhad A, Hassannejad R, Zory R. Discriminative sEMG-based features to assess damping ability and interpret activation patterns in lower-limb muscles of ACLR athletes. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Play MC, Trama R, Millet GY, Hautier C, Giandolini M, Rossi J. Soft Tissue Vibrations in Running: A Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:131. [PMID: 36273049 PMCID: PMC9588116 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During running, the human body is subjected to impacts generating repetitive soft tissue vibrations (STV). They have been frequently discussed to be harmful for the musculoskeletal system and may alter running gait. The aims of this narrative review were to: (1) provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on STV during running, especially why and how STV occurs; (2) present the various approaches and output parameters used for quantifying STV with their strengths and limitations; (3) summarise the factors that affect STV. A wide set of parameters are employed in the literature to characterise STV. Amplitude of STV used to quantify the mechanical stress should be completed by time-frequency approaches to better characterise neuromuscular adaptations. Regarding sports gear, compression apparels seem to be effective in reducing STV. In contrast, the effects of footwear are heterogeneous and responses to footwear interventions are highly individual. The creation of functional groups has recently been suggested as a promising way to better adapt the characteristics of the shoes to the runners' anthropometrics. Finally, fatigue was found to increase vibration amplitude but should be investigated for prolonged running exercises and completed by an evaluation of neuromuscular fatigue. Future research needs to examine the individual responses, particularly in fatigued conditions, in order to better characterise neuromuscular adaptations to STV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Play
- grid.25697.3f0000 0001 2172 4233Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Robin Trama
- grid.25697.3f0000 0001 2172 4233Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- grid.25697.3f0000 0001 2172 4233Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France ,grid.440891.00000 0001 1931 4817Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hautier
- grid.25697.3f0000 0001 2172 4233Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Giandolini
- grid.471277.0Amer Sports Footwear Innovation and Sport Sciences Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Jérémy Rossi
- grid.25697.3f0000 0001 2172 4233Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France ,grid.488492.bLIBM, Campus Santé Innovations, 10 chemin de la Marandière, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
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Trama R, Blache Y, Hintzy F, Rossi J, Millet GY, Hautier C. Does Neuromuscular Fatigue Generated by Trail Running Modify Foot-Ground Impact and Soft Tissue Vibrations? Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35730761 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2093649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of a preceding mountain ultramarathon on the impact between the foot and the ground and the resulting soft tissue vibrations (STV). Two sessions of measurements were performed on 52 trail runners, before and just after mountain trail running races of various distances (from 40 to 171 km). Triaxial accelerometers were used to quantify the foot--ground impact (FGI) and STV of both gastrocnemius medialis (GAS) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during level treadmill running at 10 km·h-1. A continuous wavelet transform was used to analyze the acceleration signals in the time-frequency domain, and the maps of coefficients as well as the frequency and damping properties of STV were computed. Fatigue was assessed from isometric maximal voluntary contraction force loss of knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF) after each race. Statistical nonParametric Mapping and linear mixed models were used to compare the means between the data obtained before and after the races. FGI amplitude and GAS STV were not modified after the race, while VL STV amplitude, frequency and damping significantly decreased whatever the running distance. A significant force loss was observed for the PF (26 ± 14%) and KE (27 ± 16%), but this was not correlated to the changes observed in STV. These results might reveal a protection mechanism of the muscles, indicating that biomechanical and/or physiological adaptations may occur in mountain ultramarathons to limit STV and muscle damage of knee extensors.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04025138..
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Trama
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yoann Blache
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédérique Hintzy
- Univ. Lyon, USMB, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, EA 7424, F-73376, Le-Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jérémy Rossi
- Univ. Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ. Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
| | - Christophe Hautier
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Encarnación-Martínez A, García-Gallart A, Sanchis-Sanchis R, Jimenez-Perez I, Priego-Quesada JI, Pérez-Soriano P. Higher Hamstrings Strength and Stability Are Related to Lower Kinematics Alteration during Running after Central and Peripheral Fatigue. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051990. [PMID: 35271137 PMCID: PMC8914827 DOI: 10.3390/s22051990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue can be classified as peripheral or central depending on the extent of its effects. Muscle strength reduction, associated with the appearance of fatigue during running, produces kinetics and kinematics modifications which could lead to an increased risk of injury. This study aimed to analyze the effect of peripheral and central fatigue protocols in running kinematics and to investigate the relationship between isokinetic strength and dynamic stability in fatigue related changes. Eighteen male recreational runners participated in the study. The dynamic postural stability index (DPSI) and quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength were assessed before the fatigue test. Then, angular kinematics during treadmill running were evaluated in pre- and post-fatigue states (central and peripheral). The results showed that runners with higher hamstring isokinetic strength and better DPSI had lower modifications after central fatigue of stance time, knee flexion, vertical and leg stiffness, and ankle dorsiflexion during the absorption and propulsion phases (r > 0.400, p < 0.05). Moreover, small changes in ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact after peripheral fatigue are related to a better DPSI and higher hamstring isokinetic strength (r > 0.400, p < 0.05). In summary, high values of hamstring isokinetic concentric strength and dynamic stability are related to lower increases of range of movements during running after central and peripheral fatigue. So, fatigue may affect to a lesser extent the running technique of those runners with higher hamstring strength and stability values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (I.J.-P.); (J.I.P.-Q.); (P.P.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio García-Gallart
- The Civil Guard, Secretary of State for Security, Ministry of the Interior, 28010 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roberto Sanchis-Sanchis
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (I.J.-P.); (J.I.P.-Q.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (I.J.-P.); (J.I.P.-Q.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Jose I. Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (I.J.-P.); (J.I.P.-Q.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (I.J.-P.); (J.I.P.-Q.); (P.P.-S.)
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Benson LC, Räisänen AM, Clermont CA, Ferber R. Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051722. [PMID: 35270869 PMCID: PMC8915128 DOI: 10.3390/s22051722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be used to monitor running biomechanics in real-world settings, but IMUs are often used within a laboratory. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe how IMUs are used to record running biomechanics in both laboratory and real-world conditions. We included peer-reviewed journal articles that used IMUs to assess gait quality during running. We extracted data on running conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface, speed, and distance), device type and location, metrics, participants, and purpose and study design. A total of 231 studies were included. Most (72%) studies were conducted indoors; and in 67% of all studies, the analyzed distance was only one step or stride or <200 m. The most common device type and location combination was a triaxial accelerometer on the shank (18% of device and location combinations). The most common analyzed metric was vertical/axial magnitude, which was reported in 64% of all studies. Most studies (56%) included recreational runners. For the past 20 years, studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances. We suggest that future studies should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Benson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Tonal Strength Institute, Tonal, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences—Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - Christian A. Clermont
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Sport Product Testing, Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6B7, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Niederauer S, Bérubé MÈ, Brennan A, McLean L, Hitchcock R. Pelvic floor tissue damping during running using an intra-vaginal accelerometry approach. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 92:105554. [PMID: 34974336 PMCID: PMC8863648 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cumulative loading of the pelvic floor during exercise appears to increase the risk of developing pelvic floor disorders, the pathophysiologic role of pelvic floor loading is poorly understood. The aim of this exploratory study was to present a method for evaluating vibrational frequency damping of the female pelvic floor and to investigate the potential utility of this approach in a preliminary evaluation. METHODS Female participants were instrumented with an intravaginal accelerometer and a hip-mounted accelerometer, then ran on a treadmill at 7 km/h and 10 km/h both before and after a 30-min self-selected pace. Displacement of the pelvic floor relative to the bony pelvis was calculated using double integration of the accelerometer data. Vibrational damping coefficients were calculated using a wavelet-based approach to determine the effect of continence status, parity, running speed and time on vibrational damping. FINDINGS Seventeen women (n = 10 reported regularly leaking urine while exercising, while n = 7 reported not leaking) completed the running protocol. No differences in vibrational damping were detected between continent and incontinent women when all frequency bands were evaluated together, however significant effects of parity, time, running speed and continence status were found within specific frequency bands. Parous women demonstrated less damping in the 25-40 Hz band compared to nulliparae, damping in the 13-16 Hz band was lower after the 30-min run, and incontinent women demonstrated lower damping in the 4.5-5.5 Hz band than continent women when running at 7 km/h. INTERPRETATION Intra-vaginal vibrational damping may be useful in detecting biomechanical mechanisms associated with pelvic floor disorders experienced by females during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Niederauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Marie-Ève Bérubé
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ana Brennan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Linda McLean
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert Hitchcock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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Jalali P, Hassannejad R, Ettefagh M, Noorani MR. Optimal design of sport footwear with considering energy dissipation of lower limb soft-tissue during running. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Trama R, Hautier CA, Souron R, Lapole T, Foure A, Blache Y. Is Accelerometry an Effective Method to Assess Muscle Vibrations in Comparison to Ultrafast Ultrasonography? IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:1409-1416. [PMID: 33147139 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3035838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess whether accelerometry effectively reflects muscle vibrations measured with ultrafast ultrasonography. METHODS Vibration characteristics initiated on the vastus lateralis muscle by an impactor were compared when assessed with accelerometry and ultrasonography. Continuous wavelet transforms and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) were performed to identify discrepancies in vibration power over time and frequency between the two devices. RESULTS The SPM analysis revealed that the accelerometer underestimated the muscle vibration power above 50 Hz during the first 0.06 seconds post impact. Furthermore, the accelerometer overestimated the muscle vibration power under 20 Hz, from 0.1 seconds after the impact. Linear regression revealed that the thicker the subcutaneous fat localized under the accelerometer, the more the muscle vibration frequency and damping were underestimated by the accelerometer. CONCLUSION The skin and the fat tissues acted like a low-pass filter above 50 Hz and oscillated in a less damped manner than the muscle tissue under 20 Hz. SIGNIFICANCE To eliminate some artifacts caused by the superficial tissues and assess the muscle vibration characteristics with accelerometry, it is suggested to 1) high-pass filter the acceleration signal at a frequency of 20 Hz, under certain conditions, and 2) include participants with less fat thickness. Therefore, the subcutaneous thickness must be systematically quantified under each accelerometer location to clarify the differences between subjects and muscles.
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Chen CH, Yang WW, Chen YP, Chen VCF, Liu C, Shiang TY. High vibration frequency of soft tissue occurs during gait in power-trained athletes. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:439-445. [PMID: 33016229 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1824366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscles serve as a critical regulator of locomotion and damping, resulting in changes of soft tissue vibration. However, whether muscle fibre compositions of different individuals will cause different extents of soft tissue vibration during gait is unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the differences in lower extremity vibration frequencies among power-trained and non-power-trained athletes during walking and running. Twelve weightlifting athletes were assigned to the power-trained group and twelve recreational runners were assigned to the non-power-trained group. Accelerometers were used to detect soft tissue compartment vibration frequencies of the rectus femoris (RF) and gastrocnemius medialis (GMS) during walking and running. Results indicated that power-trained athletes, as compared to the non-power-trained, induced significantly (p < 0.05) higher vibration frequencies in their soft tissue compartments during walking and running. This suggests that power-trained athletes, who have higher ratios of fatigable fast-twitch muscle fibres, may have induced higher soft tissue compartment vibration frequencies. As a result, there is a likelihood that power-trained athletes may recruit more fatigable fast-twitch muscle fibres during muscle tuning, causing dysfunctions during prolonged exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Office of Physical Education, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology , Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wen Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Yuang Shiang
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Khassetarash A, Hassannejad R, Ettefagh MM, Oskouei AE. Vibration settling time of the gastrocnemius remains constant during an exhaustive run in rear foot strike runners. J Biomech 2019; 93:140-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jalali P, Noorani MRS, Hassannejad R, Ettefagh MM. Modeling the central nervous system functionality in controlling the calf muscle activity during running with sport shoes. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2019; 233:254-266. [PMID: 30599811 DOI: 10.1177/0954411918821390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological findings show that the activity of the calf muscle group is controlled by the central nervous system during running. The central nervous system tries to retain the peak values of the ground reaction force at constant levels as well as to minimize the vibration amplitude of soft tissues of the lower leg. Furthermore, these objectives are functions of stiffness and damping (compliance properties) of the calf muscle-tendon unit, especially gastrocnemius-Achilles. In this article, a new model for the calf muscle-tendon unit activity is presented in which the coefficients of stiffness and damping are exponential functions of the force produced at the Achilles tendon in the duration of stance phase, that is, they are time variant instead of having constant values. Then, the central nervous system functionality to control the activity of the muscle-tendon unit is formulated through definition of an optimization problem. This problem is solved by additionally considering the hardness of sport shoes. The muscle activity is indeed controlled via optimally adjusting two tuning parameters of the muscle-tendon unit model in terms of the hardness of shoes. This idea is examined separately for two running speeds. The results show the following: (1) The hardness of shoes affects the muscle activity. We find safe areas of the hardness parameters to design sport shoes. (2) When hard shoes are worn, the running speed has negligible effects on the tuning parameters, while with soft shoes the tuning parameters significantly change the muscle activity and the ground reaction force depended on running speed. (3) The ability of muscle in changing its compliance properties (specified by bound limits over the muscle-tendon unit tuning parameters) has the most influence in the safe area. (4) Rising running speed leads to a decrease in the safe area of shoes' parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Jalali
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Sayyed Noorani
- 2 Rehabilitation Robotics Research Lab, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Hassannejad
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Ehrström S, Gruet M, Giandolini M, Chapuis S, Morin JB, Vercruyssen F. Acute and Delayed Neuromuscular Alterations Induced by Downhill Running in Trained Trail Runners: Beneficial Effects of High-Pressure Compression Garments. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1627. [PMID: 30555337 PMCID: PMC6282050 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine, from a crossover experimental design, whether wearing high-pressure compression garments (CGs) during downhill treadmill running affects soft-tissue vibrations, acute and delayed responses in running economy (RE), neuromuscular function, countermovement jump, and perceived muscle soreness. Methods: Thirteen male trail runners habituated to regular eccentric training performed two separate 40-min downhill running (DHR, -8.5°) sessions while wearing either CGs (15-20 mmHg for quadriceps and calves) or control garments (CON) at a velocity associated with ∼55% of VO2max , with a set of measurements before (Pre-), after (Post-DHR), and 1 day after (Post-1D). No CGs was used within the recovery phase. Perceived muscle soreness, countermovement jump, and neuromuscular function (central and peripheral components) of knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF) were assessed. Cardiorespiratory responses (e.g., heart rate, ventilation) and RE, as well as soft-tissue vibrations (root mean square of the resultant acceleration, RMS Ar ) for vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis were evaluated during DHR and in Post-1D. Results: During DHR, mean values in RMS Ar significantly increased over time for the vastus lateralis only for the CON condition (+11.6%). RE and cardiorespiratory responses significantly increased (i.e., alteration) over time in both conditions. Post, small to very large central and peripheral alterations were found for KE and PF in both conditions. However, the deficit in voluntary activation (VA) was significantly lower for KE following CGs (-2.4%), compared to CON (-7.9%) conditions. No significant differences in perceived muscle soreness and countermovement jump were observed between conditions whatever the time period. Additionally, in Post-1D, the CGs condition showed reductions in neuromuscular peripheral alterations only for KE (from -4.4 to -7.7%) and perceived muscle soreness scores (-8.3%). No significant differences in cardiorespiratory and RE responses as well as countermovement jump were identified between conditions in Post-1D. Discussion: Wearing high-pressure CGs (notably on KE) during DHR was associated with beneficial effects on soft-tissue vibrations, acute and delayed neuromuscular function, and perceived muscle soreness. The use of CGs during DHR might contribute to the enhanced muscle recovery by exerting an exercise-induced "mechanical protective effect."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Giandolini
- Amer Sports Footwear Innovation and Sport Sciences Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Serge Chapuis
- Amer Sports Gear and Apparel Innovation and Sport Sciences Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
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Trama R, Blache Y, Hautier C. Effect of rocker shoes and running speed on lower limb mechanics and soft tissue vibrations. J Biomech 2018; 82:171-177. [PMID: 30389258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a possible effect of running speed and the sole material of footwear on lower-limb mechanics and soft tissue vibrations, while little information has been offered concerning the influence of the shape of the footwear's sole. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of running speed and rocker shoes on muscular activity, ground reaction force, and soft tissue vibrations. Twenty participants performed heel-toe running with two shoes, differentiated only by their sole shape (i.e. rocker and non-rocker), at four running speeds. Ground reaction force and electromyograms of the gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis were measured, and soft tissue accelerations of the same muscles were recorded with tri-axial accelerometers. A continuous wavelet transform was applied to the accelerometer's signals to analyse them in the time-frequency domain. The rocker of the shoes did not change the muscular activations, ground reaction force, nor power of soft tissue vibrations. In opposite, increased running speed led to an augmentation of all of the measured parameters. Interestingly, running speed augmentation led to a greater increase in high frequencies component of soft tissue vibrations (25-50 Hz, 242%) than lower ones (8-25 Hz, 111%). Consequently, we indicated a 10% increase in the relative part of the high frequencies of the total power. In conclusion, although rocker shoes have shown an effect on lower-limb kinetics in some studies, no influence on soft tissue vibration is denoted. By contrast, soft tissue vibrations may be modulated by changing running speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Trama
- Univ-lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM EA 7424, Lyon, France.
| | - Y Blache
- Univ-lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM EA 7424, Lyon, France
| | - C Hautier
- Univ-lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM EA 7424, Lyon, France
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Wang LI, Gu CY, Wang IL, Siao SW, Chen ST. The collision forces and lower-extremity inter-joint coordination during running. Sports Biomech 2017. [PMID: 28632060 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1249938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the lower extremity inter-joint coordination of different collision forces runners during running braking phase. A dynamical system approach was used to analyse the inter-joint coordination parameters. Data were collected with six infra-red cameras and two force plates. According to the impact peak of the vertical ground reaction force, twenty habitually rearfoot-strike runners were categorised into three groups: high collision forces runners (HF group, n = 8), medium collision forces runners (MF group, n = 5), and low collision forces runners (LF group, n = 7). There were no significant differences among the three groups in the ankle and knee joint angle upon landing and in the running velocity (p > 0.05). The HF group produced significantly smaller deviation phase (DP) of the hip flexion/extension-knee flexion/extension during the braking phase compared with the MF and LF groups (p < 0.05). The DP of the hip flexion/extension-knee flexion/extension during the braking phase correlated negatively with the collision force (p < 0.05). The disparities regarding the flexibility of lower extremity inter-joint coordination were found in high collision forces runners. The efforts of the inter-joint coordination and the risk of running injuries need to be clarified further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-I Wang
- a Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Gu
- b Department of Education and Human Potentials Development , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Wang
- c Department of Life Science and the Institute of Biotechnology , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wun Siao
- a Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ting Chen
- a Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien , Taiwan
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