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Taleshi N, Brownjohn JMW, Lamb SE, Zivanovic S, Williams GKR. Vector coding reveals the underlying balance control strategies used by humans during translational perturbation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21030. [PMID: 36470936 PMCID: PMC9722668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural control research has focused on standing balance experiments on platforms moving with relatively large amplitudes (0.1-0.2 m). This study investigated balance strategies while standing on a platform moving 4 mm in anterior-posterior direction with frequency scaled linearly from 0.4 to 6 Hz. Platform motion and kinematic and kinetic information for nine healthy participants were recorded using motion capture and force plate systems. Coordination between hip, knee and ankle joint torque, and centre of mass (COM) and centre of pressure (COP) motion was quantified by vector coding. Significant main effect of platform frequency for knee-ankle and COP-COM phase relationship was observed (p = 0.023, p = 0.016). At frequencies below 2.11 and 2.34 Hz, ankle strategy was recruited. With ankle strategy, in-phase COP-COM motion with COP dominancy occurred at frequencies below 2.19 and 2.23 Hz during scaling up and down, respectively. As platform frequency passed these values, COM dominated over COP which was followed by anti-phase knee-ankle torque, called a knee strategy, and anti-phase motion between the COP and COM that allowed COP to regain dominance over COM. Collectively, we reveal knee strategy as a new and relevant strategy in real-life settings, and transition between ankle and knee strategies that underpinned transition between COP-COM relative motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Taleshi
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Public Health and Sports Sciences Department, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
| | - James M. W. Brownjohn
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Vibration Engineering Section, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
| | - Sarah E. Lamb
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Public Health and Sports Sciences Department, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
| | - Stana Zivanovic
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Vibration Engineering Section, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
| | - Genevieve K. R. Williams
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Public Health and Sports Sciences Department, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
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Newell KM, Liu YT. Collective Variables and Task Constraints in Movement Coordination, Control and Skill. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:770-796. [PMID: 33103621 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1835799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we review studies that have identified collective variables (order parameters) in movement coordination, control and skill with emphasis on whole-body multiple joint degree of freedom (DF) tasks. Collective variables of a dynamical system have been proposed formally and informally from a diverse set of perceptual-motor tasks, from which we emphasize: bimanual coordination, locomotion (pedalo, walking, running, bicycle riding), roller ball task, static (quiet standing) and dynamic (moving on a ski-simulator) balance, grasping, and juggling. Several types of candidate collective variables have been identified, including: relative phase, frequency ratio, number of hands active in grasping, synchrony, learning rate and relative timing. There is a strong influence of the task goal in determining the collective variable that can be body or environment relative. The emergence of the task relevant collective variable is typically in the early stage of skill learning where subjects through practice adapt movement organization to realize a never previously produced movement coordination pattern. Throughout, the paper elaborates on open theoretical, experimental and analysis issues for collective variables in the context of task constraints and Bernstein's (1967) view of skill acquisition as learning to master redundant DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yeou-Teh Liu
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Palmer HA, Newell KM, Mulloy F, Gordon D, Smith L, Williams GKR. Movement form of the overarm throw for children at 6, 10 and 14 years of age. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1254-1262. [PMID: 33028155 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1834622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated overarm throwing technique at different developmental ages in children from the perspective of three distinct, though potentially complementary, approaches to motor skill acquisition. Children at 6, 10, and 14 years of age (N = 18), completed dominant overarm throws during which whole-body kinematic data were collected. Firstly, application of Newell's ([1985]. Coordination, control and skill. In Advances in Psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 295-317). North-Holland.) stages of learning identified three distinct age-related coupling modes between forward motion of the centre-of-mass (CoM) and the wrist, which demonstrated a greater range of couplings for older children. Secondly, in line with Bernstein's ([1967]. The coordination and regulation of movement. London: Pergamon Press.) hypothesis of freezing before freeing degrees of freedom, a significantly smaller range of motion (ROM) at the ankle and knee joints, but greater ROM at the hip and upper limb joints was found for the 6 year old group compared to the 10 and 14 year old groups. Thirdly, based on the components model (Roberton & Halverson [1984]. Developing children-their changing movement: A guide for teachers. Lea & Febiger.), the overarm throws demonstrated by 6 year olds were characterised as primitive to intermediate, where 10 and 14 year old's throws were characterised by the penultimate action level for each component. Characteristics of CoM-wrist coupling more clearly identify children's age-related technique and highlight the importance of posture-ball release dynamics. The posture-ball dynamics were supported by changes in ROM and the components model, revealing the complementary nature of the three approaches to the analysis of age-related differences in overarm throwing action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Palmer
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franky Mulloy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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King AC, Patton J, Dutt-Mazumder A, Newell KM. Center-of-pressure dynamics of upright standing as a function of sloped surfaces and vision. Neurosci Lett 2020; 737:135334. [PMID: 32861813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Upright postural control system exhibits dynamic behavior to produce flexible adaptations to a variety of internal and external perturbations. Understanding the range of postural adaptability in healthy individuals can index the overall state of the system and needs to be defined over various environmental and task constraints. The purpose of the current investigation was to understand the role of vision and support surface angle on the multiple time scales of control that maintain upright posture. Thirteen young, healthy adults performed quiet standing tasks on flat, inclined and declined support surfaces with either eyes open or closed. The variability of the anterior-posterior center of pressure (COP) trajectory was analyzed using linear (COPlength) and non-linear (multiscale entropy - MSE) approaches to index postural dynamics. Sway magnitude - COPlength - was greater in both sloped conditions compared to the flat support surface standing and with the removal of vision. Increased irregularity was revealed during the sloped conditions compared to flat surface standing with additional increases of COP complexity when vision was removed. Overall, a similar range of postural adaptability was revealed for both the singular and combined sensory manipulations suggesting limits to the degree of change of COP dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C King
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States.
| | - Jacey Patton
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States
| | - Aviroop Dutt-Mazumder
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, United States
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Sozzi S, Nardone A, Schieppati M. Adaptation of balancing behaviour during continuous perturbations of stance. Supra-postural visual tasks and platform translation frequency modulate adaptation rate. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236702. [PMID: 32735602 PMCID: PMC7394407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When humans are administered continuous and predictable perturbations of stance, an adaptation period precedes the steady state of balancing behaviour. Little information is available on the modulation of adaptation by vision and perturbation frequency. Moreover, performance of supra-postural tasks may modulate adaptation in as yet unidentified ways. Our purpose was to identify differences in adaptation associated to distinct visual tasks and perturbation frequencies. Twenty non-disabled adult volunteers stood on a platform translating 10 cm in antero-posterior (AP) direction at low (LF, 0.18 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.56 Hz) with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). Additional conditions were reading a text fixed to platform (EO-TP) and reading a text stationary on ground (EO-TG). Peak-to-peak (PP) displacement amplitude and AP position of head and pelvis markers were computed for each of 27 continuous perturbation cycles. The time constant and extent of head and pelvis adaptation and the cross-correlation coefficients between head and pelvis were compared across visual conditions and frequencies. Head and pelvis mean positions in space varied little across conditions and perturbation cycles but the mean head PP displacements changed over time. On average, at LF, the PP displacement of the head and pelvis increased progressively. Adaptation was rapid or ineffective with EO, but slower with EO-TG, EO-TP, EC. At HF, the head PP displacement amplitude decreased progressively with fast adaptation rates, while the pelvis adaptation was not apparent. The results show that visual tasks can modulate the adaptation rate, highlight the effect of the perturbation frequency on adaptation and provide evidence of priority assigned to pelvis stabilization over visual tasks at HF. The effects of perturbation frequency and optic flow and their interaction with other sensory inputs and cognitive tasks on the adaptation strategies should be investigated in impaired individuals and considered in the design of rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sozzi
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, IRCCS, Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, IRCCS Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Lee IC, Pacheco MM, Newell KM. The precision demands of viewing distance modulate postural coordination and control. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:425-439. [PMID: 31174017 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There are contrasting views on the role of vision in modifying postural organization (information-driven and postural facilitation) and limited direct tests of the underlying postural mechanisms. Here, we examined whether the distinction between the two views is appropriate given that both are interrelated parts of task constraints modulating postural coordination and control. The study investigated whether changes in the organization of the postural system are a function of the visual precision demands of a task and, in addition, whether such organization could be described as reflecting an intermittent controller. Sixteen participants were instructed to maintain quiet postural stance while fixating a point at different viewing distances (25, 50, 135, 220, 305 cm) or standing with eyes closed. The 25-cm condition showed the lowest standard deviation of the center of pressure (COP) and the highest correlation dimension (CD) in the anterior posterior direction. Analyses revealed that, contrary to the intermittent controller hypothesis, adaptations in the continuous COP and center of mass (COM) coupling characterized the observed changes in CD. The findings show that the natural act of looking to the same feature in the environment as a function of visual viewing distance can lead to quantitative and qualitative changes in the dynamics of posture. This is consistent with the view that postural facilitation and information availability are integrated in the perceptual-motor dynamics.
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Dutt-Mazumder A, Rand TJ, Mukherjee M, Newell KM. Scaling oscillatory platform frequency reveals recurrence of intermittent postural attractor states. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11580. [PMID: 30068921 PMCID: PMC6070516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of postural control has been dominated by experiments on the maintenance of quiet upright standing balance on flat stationary support surfaces that reveal only limited modes of potential configurations of balance stability/instability. Here we examine the self-organization properties of postural coordination as revealed in a dynamic balance task with a moving platform. We scaled a control parameter (platform frequency) to investigate the evolving nature of the coupled oscillator dynamics between center of mass (CoM) and platform. Recurrent map measures were used to reveal whether episodic postural control strategies exist that can be scaled by systematically changing the magnitude of platform motion. The findings showed that at higher platform frequencies (1.2 Hz), the CoM-Platform coupling was less deterministic than lower platform frequencies and evolved to intermittent postural control strategies that oscillated between periodic-chaotic transitions to maintain upright postural balance. Collectively, the recurrence map measures indicated that quasi-static postural attractor states were progressively emerging to the changing task constraints of platform frequency in the maintenance of postural stability. It appears that several dynamic modes of intermittent coupling in postural control can interchangeably co-exist and are expressed as a function of the control parameter of platform frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviroop Dutt-Mazumder
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
| | - Troy J Rand
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA
| | - Mukul Mukherjee
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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Dutt-Mazumder A, Newell KM. Task experience influences coordinative structures and performance variables in learning a slalom ski-simulator task. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1604-1614. [PMID: 29377312 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The experiment investigated the progressions of the qualitative and quantitative changes in the movement dynamics of learning the ski-simulator as a function of prior-related task experience. The focus was the differential timescales of change in the candidate collective variable, neuromuscular synergies, joint motions, and task outcome as a function of learning over 7 days of practice. Half of the novice participants revealed in day 1 a transition of in-phase to anti-phase coupling of center of mass (CoM)-platform motion whereas the remaining novices and experienced group all produced on the first trial an anti-phase CoM-platform coupling. The experienced group also had initially greater amplitude and velocity of platform motion-a performance advantage over the novice group that was reduced but not eliminated with 7 days of practice. The novice participants who had an in-phase CoM-platform coupling on the initial trials of day 1 also showed the most restricted platform motion in those trials. Prior-related practice experience differentially influenced the learning of the task as evidenced by both the qualitative organization and the quantitative motion properties of the individual degrees of freedom (dof) to meet the task demands. The findings provide further evidence to the proposition that CoM-platform coupling is a candidate collective variable in the ski-simulator task that provides organization and boundary conditions to the motions of the individual joint dof and their couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dutt-Mazumder
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Ettema G, Kveli E, Øksnes M, Sandbakk Ø. The role of speed and incline in the spontaneous choice of technique in classical roller-skiing. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:100-107. [PMID: 28810170 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cross-country skiers change technique depending on terrain (incline) and effort (work rate; speed at a particular incline or resistance). The literature is not unequivocal about the influence of incline or speed on the choice of technique, i.e., which of these act as a 'control parameter'. Identifying task related control parameters for spontaneous technique shifts assists elucidating which mechanisms are active for triggering technique transitions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether speed or incline acted as such control parameter for technique shifts during classic style roller skiing. In this study, we kept the exercise intensity constant while changing two potential control parameters (speed and incline). Thus, any effect of work rate was excluded. Eight male competitive cross-country skiers performed roller skiing on a treadmill while incline was altered from 3 to 11% and back to 3% each minute by 1% and speed changed accordingly to obtain a constant work rate. This protocol was performed at three submaximal work rates (170, 200, and 230W) to obtain various combinations of speed and incline. The athletes were free to choose their technique (double poling, double poling with kick and diagonal stride), which was identified using continuous phase analysis on the motion of the skis. Physiological response (heart rate, oxygen uptake) was recorded continuously. The incline seemed to affect choice of technique shift more than speed: the ANOVA for repeated measures on all work rates showed no significant effect of incline (p>0.2) and an effect for speed (p<0.001). No effect of protocol order (increasing versus decreasing incline) was found for transitions. The physiological response was lowest for conditions of steep incline-low speed and was affected by protocol order. Cycle rate was affected by incline only in the double poling technique. Possible mechanisms related to the triggering of technique transitions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Ettema
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Espen Kveli
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Øksnes
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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