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Harel D, Lubetzky AV. Portable technology for postural control measurement: Comparing head position with center of pressure data. Technol Health Care 2024:THC231338. [PMID: 38875054 DOI: 10.3233/thc-231338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standing is a basic human function that healthy adults take for granted, yet it is a complex perceptual-motor process that requires sensation of position and motion from the sensory systems. OBJECTIVE We assessed agreement between center of pressure data from a laboratory force-platform and head position data from an HTC Vive head-mounted display (HMD) for the evaluation of standing postural control. We investigated the impact of different statistical choices when assessing the relationship between two measurements. Specifically: 1) How does correlation and agreement statistics relate before and after logarithmic transformation? 2) Is there systemic or proportional bias between the force-platform and HMD measurements? METHODS We tested 37 adults (26 controls, 11 with unilateral vestibular hypofunction) standing on foam, observing a static or dynamic visual scene projected from the HMD. We quantified anterior-posterior and medio-lateral sway via Directional Path, Root Mean Square Velocity, Variance, and Power Spectral Density (PSD) from a force-platform and the HMD. RESULTS Intra-class correlations (ICCs) were moderate-to-good for the non-transformed data and good-to-excellent after logarithmic transformation for all outcomes except for PSD above 1 Hz. Correlations were higher than ICCs. Bland-Altman plots indicated proportional bias but not after logarithmic transformation. CONCLUSIONS Both devices correlated linearly, and measure people's postural responses but cannot be used interchangeably, mostly because they appear to diverge with larger sway as evident on Bland-Altman plots of non-transformed data. Agreement between devices was excellent for low frequency movement but poor for high frequency small corrective movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Harel
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Kelly JL, Cosetti M, Lubetzky AV. Can head sway patterns differentiate between patients with Meniere's disease vs. peripheral vestibular hypofunction? Front Neurol 2024; 15:1347335. [PMID: 38487324 PMCID: PMC10937734 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1347335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Meniere's disease (MD) is defined by episodic vertigo, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and fluctuating aural symptoms. Due to the variable clinical presentation, objective tests of MD may have significant diagnostic utility. Head kinematics derived from a head-mounted display (HMD) have demonstrated to be sensitive to vestibular dysfunction. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate whether head sway can differentiate between patients with MD, vestibular hypofunction (VH) and healthy controls. Materials/methods 80 adults (30 healthy controls, 32 with VH, and 18 with MD) were recruited from a tertiary vestibular clinic. All underwent a postural control assessment using the HTC Vive Pro Eye HMD that recorded head sway in the anterior-posterior (AP), medio-lateral (ML), pitch, yaw and roll direction. Participants were tested with 2 levels of visual load: a static versus oscillating star display. Each scene lasted 60 s and was repeated twice. Sway in each direction was quantified using root mean square velocity (VRMS) for the first 20 s and full 60 s of each scene. Results Static visual: participants with VH showed significantly larger head VRMS than controls in the AP (60 s and 20 s) and pitch (20 s) directions. Dynamic visual: participants with VH showed significantly larger head VRMS than controls all directions for both the 60 and 20 s analysis. Participants with MD did not differ significantly from the control or the VH group. Conclusion While limited in numbers, Patients with MD had a high variability in head sway in all directions, and their average head sway was between controls and those with VH. A larger sample as well as patients with worse symptoms at time of testing could elucidate whether head sway via HMD could become a viable test in this population. A similar finding between 20- and 60-s scene and the full portability of the system with an in-clinic testing setup could help these future endeavors. Head sway derived from HMD is sensitive to VH and can be clinically useful as an outcome measure to evaluate sensory integration for postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Kelly
- Ear Institute, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maura Cosetti
- Ear Institute, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anat V. Lubetzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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Coker E, Harel D, Roginska A, Lubetzky AV. Weighting of visual and auditory inputs in dancers with and without previous ankle injury. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 92:103155. [PMID: 37898009 PMCID: PMC10842198 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Elite dance requires highly controlled balance performance in dynamic visual and auditory environments characterized by the use of stage lighting and music. Perturbing visual input is known to influence balance in dancers, but the effects of sounds have not been clearly established. Ankle inversion injuries are common in dancers and may also play a role in dancers' ability to respond to sensory perturbations. The aims of this study were to identify changes in static balance in response to visual or auditory perturbation in elite collegiate dancers with and without a history of ankle injury, and to describe coupling of measurements obtained from the waist and head during balance. Thirty-seven dancers: 22 controls and 15 with a history of ankle sprain, performed single-leg balance under static and dynamic visual and auditory conditions. Dancers demonstrated increased waist sway when viewing a dynamic visual scene and when presented with moving sounds and increased head sway with dynamic visuals. These results did not vary by history of ankle sprain. While dancers appear to dampen the impact of waist sway on head motion during single leg stance, even highly trained dancers may experience challenges controlling balance under perturbing visual and auditory conditions like those present during stage performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Coker
- Department of Dance, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Daphna Harel
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science and Humanities, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Roginska
- Department of Music and Performing Arts Professions, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Anat V Lubetzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, United States of America.
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Morris B, Cosetti M, Kelly J, Yang J, Harel D, Medlin A, Lubetzky AV. Differing postural control patterns in individuals with bilateral and unilateral hearing loss. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103866. [PMID: 36989756 PMCID: PMC10330028 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hearing loss (HL) is associated with imbalance and increased fall risk. The mechanism underlying this relationship and differences across types of hearing loss remains unclear. Head mounted displays (HMD) can shed light on postural control mechanisms via an analysis of head sway. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate head sway in response to sensory perturbations in individuals with bilateral (BHL) or unilateral hearing loss (UHL) and compare them to controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 36 controls, 23 individuals with UHL and 14 with BHL. An HMD (HTC Vive) measured head sway while participants stood on the floor, hips-width apart. Stimuli included two levels of visuals and sound. Root Mean Square Velocity (RMSV) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) were used to quantify head sway. RESULTS Adjusting for age, individuals with BHL had significantly higher anterior-posterior and medio-lateral RMSV than controls and individuals with UHL. Individuals with UHL demonstrated significantly lower response to visual perturbations in RMSV AP and in all 3 frequency segments of PSD compared to controls. Individuals with UHL showed significantly lower movements at high frequencies compared to controls. Sounds or severity of HL did not impact head sway. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with BHL demonstrated increased sway with visual perturbations and should be clinically assessed for balance performance and fall risk. Individuals with UHL exhibited reduced responses to visual stimuli compared with controls, which may reflect conscious movement processing. Additional studies are needed to further understand the mechanistic relationship between hearing loss and imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani Morris
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Maura Cosetti
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America; Vestibular Rehabilitations, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Junhui Yang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Daphna Harel
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science and Humanities, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrew Medlin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Anat V Lubetzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
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Lubetzky AV, Kelly JL, Harel D, Roginska A, Hujsak BD, Wang Z, Perlin K, Cosetti M. Insight into postural control in unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular hypofunction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276251. [PMID: 36251683 PMCID: PMC9576045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to identify postural strategies in response to sensory perturbations (visual, auditory, somatosensory) in adults with and without sensory loss. We tested people with unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction (N = 12, mean age 62 range 23-78), or with Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss (USNHL, N = 9, 48, 22-82), or healthy controls (N = 21, 52, 28-80). Postural sway and head kinematics parameters (Directional Path in the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions (sway & head); pitch, yaw and roll (head) were analyzed in response to 2 levels of auditory (none, rhythmic sounds via headphones), visual (static, dynamic) and somatosensory cues (floor, foam) within a simulated, virtual 3-wall display of stars. We found no differences with the rhythmic auditory cues. The effect of foam was magnified in the vestibular group compared with controls for anterior-posterior and medio-lateral postural sway, and all head direction except for medio-lateral. The vestibular group had significantly larger anterior-posterior and medio-lateral postural sway and head movement on the static scene compared with controls. Differences in pitch, yaw and roll emerged between vestibular and controls only with sensory perturbations. The USNHL group did not increase their postural sway and head movement with the increased visual load as much as controls did, particularly when standing on the foam. They did not increase their medio-lateral sway with the foam as much as controls did. These findings suggest that individuals with USNHL employ a compensatory strategy of conscious control of balance, the functional implications of which need to be tested in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat V. Lubetzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer L. Kelly
- Vestibular Rehabilitation, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Daphna Harel
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science and Humanities, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Roginska
- Department of Music and Performing Arts Professions, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Bryan D. Hujsak
- Vestibular Rehabilitation, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Zhu Wang
- Computer Science Department, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ken Perlin
- Computer Science Department, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Maura Cosetti
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
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Lubetzky AV, Coker E, Arie L, Aharoni MMH, Krasovsky T. Postural Control under Cognitive Load: Evidence of Increased Automaticity Revealed by Center-of-Pressure and Head Kinematics. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:466-479. [PMID: 34902292 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.2013768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
How postural responses change with sensory perturbations while also performing a cognitive task is still debatable. This study investigated this question via comprehensive assessment of postural sway, head kinematics and their coupling. Twenty-three healthy young adults stood in tandem with eyes open or wearing the HTC Vive Head-Mounted Display (HMD) with a static or dynamic (i.e., movement in the anterior-posterior direction at 5 mm or 32 mm at 0.2 Hz) 3-wall stars display. On half of the trials, participants performed a cognitive serial subtraction task. Medio-lateral center-of-pressure (COP) path significantly increased with the cognitive task, particularly with dynamic visuals whereas medio-lateral variance decreased with the cognitive task. Head path and velocity significantly increased with the cognitive task in both directions while variance decreased. Head-COP cross-correlations ranged between 0.78 and 0.66. These findings, accompanied by frequency analysis, suggest that postural control switched to primarily relying on somatosensory input under challenging cognitive load conditions. Several differences between head and COP suggest that head kinematics contribute an important additional facet of postural control and the relationship between head and COP may depend on task and stance position. The potential of HMDs for clinical assessments of balance needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat V Lubetzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Coker
- Department of Dance, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liraz Arie
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moshe M H Aharoni
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Krasovsky
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Moon S, Huang CK, Sadeghi M, Akinwuntan AE, Devos H. Proof-of-Concept of the Virtual Reality Comprehensive Balance Assessment and Training for Sensory Organization of Dynamic Postural Control. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:678006. [PMID: 34395396 PMCID: PMC8358300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.678006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate quantification of the impact of visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems on postural control may inform tailor-made balance intervention strategies. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to determine the safety, sense of presence, system usability, and face validity of a newly developed Virtual Reality Comprehensive Balance Assessment and Training (VR-ComBAT) in healthy young individuals. The VR-ComBAT included six balance condition: (1) stable surface with fixed virtual reality (VR) surroundings; (2) stable surface with blacked out VR surroundings; (3) stable surface with VR visual conflict; (4) unstable surface with fixed VR surroundings; (5) unstable surface with blacked out VR surroundings; and (6) unstable surface with VR visual conflict. Safety was evaluated using the number of adverse events, including scores on the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Sense of presence was evaluated using the igroup Presence Questionnaire (iPQ). System usability was assessed using the Systems Usability Scale (SUS). Friedman analyses with post hoc Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were employed to demonstrate face validity by quantifying center of pressure (COP) changes in mean distance, mean velocity, and mean frequency in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) direction across the six conditions. Twenty-three participants (27.4 ± 8.0 years old; 13 women) reported no adverse events. Participants scores on average 44.9 ± 9.6 on the iPQ and 79.7 ± 9.9 on the SUS. Post hoc analyses showed significant changes in COP-based measures when compared to baseline. The mean frequency change of COP showed direction-dependence in which increased frequency change in AP was observed while decreased change in ML was noted. The VR-ComBAT provides a safe, feasible, and cost-effective VR environment that demonstrates consistent sensory re-weighting between visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems. Future studies should investigate whether VR-ComBAT can be used to inform precision rehabilitation of balance and fall prevention in older adults without and with neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Moon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Chun-Kai Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Maryam Sadeghi
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Abiodun E Akinwuntan
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Office of the Dean, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hannes Devos
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Lubetzky AV, Kelly JL, Hujsak BD, Liu J, Harel D, Cosetti M. Postural and Head Control Given Different Environmental Contexts. Front Neurol 2021; 12:597404. [PMID: 34149585 PMCID: PMC8209382 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.597404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality allows for testing of multisensory integration for balance using portable Head Mounted Displays (HMDs). HMDs provide head kinematics data while showing a moving scene when participants are not. Are HMDs useful to investigate postural control? We used an HMD to investigate postural sway and head kinematics changes in response to auditory and visual perturbations and whether this response varies by context. We tested 25 healthy adults, and a small sample of people with diverse monaural hearing (n = 7), or unilateral vestibular dysfunction (n = 7). Participants stood naturally on a stable force-plate and looked at 2 environments via the Oculus Rift (abstract "stars;" busy "street") with 3 visual and auditory levels (static, "low," "high"). We quantified medio-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) postural sway path from the center-of-pressure data and ML, AP, pitch, yaw and roll head path from the headset. We found no difference between the different combinations of "low" and "high" visuals and sounds. We then combined all perturbations data into "dynamic" and compared it to the static level. The increase in path between "static" and "dynamic" was significantly larger in the city environment for: Postural sway ML, Head ML, AP, pitch and roll. The majority of the vestibular group moved more than controls, particularly around the head, when the scenes, especially the city, were dynamic. Several patients with monaural hearing performed similar to controls whereas others, particularly older participants, performed worse. In conclusion, responses to sensory perturbations are magnified around the head. Significant differences in performance between environments support the importance of context in sensory integration. Future studies should further investigate the sensitivity of head kinematics to diagnose vestibular disorders and the implications of aging with hearing loss to postural control. Balance assessment and rehabilitation should be conducted in different environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat V Lubetzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer L Kelly
- Vestibular Rehabilitation, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bryan D Hujsak
- Vestibular Rehabilitation, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daphna Harel
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maura Cosetti
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Lubetzky AV, Aharoni MMH, Arie L, Krasovsky T. People with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness demonstrate altered postural strategies in complex visual and cognitive environments. J Vestib Res 2021; 31:505-517. [PMID: 33749625 DOI: 10.3233/ves-201552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with PPPD report imbalance, increase in symptoms and impaired function within complex visual environments, but understanding of the mechanism for these behaviors is still lacking. OBJECTIVE To investigate postural control in PPPD we compared changes in center of pressure (COP) and head kinematics of people with PPPD (N = 22) and healthy controls (N = 20) in response to different combinations of visual and cognitive perturbations during a challenging balance task. METHODS Participants stood in a tandem position. Static or moving stars (0.2 Hz, 5 mm or 32 mm amplitude, anterior-posterior direction) were displayed through a head-mounted display (HTC Vive). On half the trials, participants performed a serial-3 subtraction task. We measured medio-lateral and anterior-posterior path and acceleration of COP and head. RESULTS Controls significantly increased all COP and head parameters with the cognitive task whereas PPPD increased only COP ML path and acceleration. Only controls significantly increased head anterior-posterior & medio-lateral acceleration with moving visual load. Cognitive task performance was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS We observed altered postural strategies in people with PPPD, in the form of reduced movement with challenge, particularly around the head segment. The potential of this simple and portable head-mounted display setup for differential diagnosis of vestibular disorders should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat V Lubetzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Liraz Arie
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tal Krasovsky
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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