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Alizadeh S, Edwards PF, Lockyer EJ, Holmes MWR, Power KE, Behm DG, Button DC. Neuromechanical Differences between Pronated and Supinated Forearm Positions during Upper-Body Wingate Tests. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:396-409. [PMID: 38841629 PMCID: PMC11149067 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Arm-cycling is a versatile exercise modality with applications in both athletic enhancement and rehabilitation, yet the influence of forearm orientation remains understudied. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of forearm position on upper-body arm-cycling Wingate tests. Fourteen adult males (27.3 ± 5.8 years) underwent bilateral assessments of handgrip strength in standing and seated positions, followed by pronated and supinated forward arm-cycling Wingate tests. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from five upper-extremity muscles, including anterior deltoid, triceps brachii lateral head, biceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, and brachioradialis. Simultaneously, bilateral normal and propulsion forces were measured at the pedal-crank interface. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), power output, and fatigue index were recorded post-test. The results showed that a pronated forearm position provided significantly (p < 0.05) higher normal and propulsion forces and triceps brachii muscle activation patterns during arm-cycling. No significant difference in RPE was observed between forearm positions (p = 0.17). A positive correlation was found between seated handgrip strength and peak power output during the Wingate test while pronated (dominant: p = 0.01, r = 0.55; non-dominant: p = 0.03, r = 0.49) and supinated (dominant: p = 0.03, r = 0.51; don-dominant: p = 0.04, r = 0.47). Fatigue changed the force and EMG profile during the Wingate test. In conclusion, this study enhances our understanding of forearm position's impact on upper-body Wingate tests. These findings have implications for optimizing training and performance strategies in individuals using arm-cycling for athletic enhancement and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip F Edwards
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Kevin E Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Vahedi Z, Kazemi Z, Sharifnezhad A, Mazloumi A. Perceived Discomfort, Neck Kinematics, and Muscular Activity During Smartphone Usage: A Comparative Study. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:437-450. [PMID: 35477293 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221087760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to evaluate the effects of posture, task, and handgrip style on discomfort, neck kinematics, and concomitant muscular activity when using a smartphone (SP). BACKGROUND Along with the popularity of smartphones, musculoskeletal disorders have become prevalent among smartphone users. However, comprehensive aspects of discomfort, kinematics, and electromyographic responses across various conditions remain to be investigated. METHOD Twenty-four young smartphone users performed typing, video watching, and reading tasks while holding the smartphone both with one hand and with two hands while either sitting or standing. Neck kinematics and muscular activities were simultaneously recorded. RESULTS Working with SPs led to higher discomfort in the neck (p = 0.01), lower back (p = 0.01), and shoulder (p = 0.04) while sitting as compared to standing. Sitting was associated with greater neck flexion and more minor lateral bending for all tasks and grip styles (p < 0.05). Electromyographic analysis indicated significant differences between sitting and standing, with alterations being dependent on the test condition. Moreover, neck kinematics and muscular activities significantly differed based on the task nature, handgrip, and interactions. CONCLUSION This study highlights the risk of using smartphones in increased neck angle flexion and muscular activities fatigue. Thus, posture and handgrip should be considered while using SPs. As each test condition affects a specific dependent variable, a holistic approach is required to evaluate the responses of SP users' musculoskeletal systems. APPLICATION Results can be applied to develop guidelines for musculoskeletal disorders/discomfort prevention among SP users, especially with the rise of smartphone use during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Vahedi
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab Kazemi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
| | - Ali Sharifnezhad
- Centre of Sports Biomechanics, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mazloumi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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Cai L, Yan S, Ouyang C, Zhang T, Zhu J, Chen L, Ma X, Liu H. Muscle synergies in joystick manipulation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1282295. [PMID: 37900948 PMCID: PMC10611508 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1282295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracting muscle synergies from surface electromyographic signals (sEMGs) during exercises has been widely applied to evaluate motor control strategies. This study explores the relationship between upper-limb muscle synergies and the performance of joystick manipulation tasks. Seventy-seven subjects, divided into three classes according to their maneuvering experience, were recruited to perform the left and right reciprocation of the joystick. Based on the motion encoder data, their manipulation performance was evaluated by the mean error, standard deviation, and extreme range of position of the joystick. Meanwhile, sEMG and acceleration signals from the upper limbs corresponding to the entire trial were collected. Muscle synergies were extracted from each subject's sEMG data by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), based on which the synergy coordination index (SCI), which indicates the size of the synergy space and the variability of the center of activity (CoA), evaluated the temporal activation variability. The synergy pattern space and CoA of all participants were calculated within each class to analyze the correlation between the variability of muscle synergies and the manipulation performance metrics. The correlation level of each class was further compared. The experimental results evidenced a positive correlation between manipulation performance and maneuvering experience. Similar muscle synergy patterns were reflected between the three classes and the structure of the muscle synergies showed stability. In the class of rich maneuvering experience, the correlation between manipulation performance metrics and muscle synergy is more significant than in the classes of trainees and newbies, suggesting that long-term training and practicing can improve manipulation performance, stability of synergy compositions, and temporal activation variability but not alter the structure of muscle synergies determined by a specific task. Our approaches and findings could be applied to 1) reduce manipulation errors, 2) assist maneuvering training and evaluation to enhance transportation safety, and 3) design technical support for sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Cai
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Yan
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuanyun Ouyang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Ijiri T, Urabe Y, Maeda N, Sasadai J, Suzuki T. Shoulder muscle activation during scapular protraction exercise with arm rotation. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2022; 35:75-83. [PMID: 34092591 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the serratus anterior is to maintain scapular stability. To strengthen this muscle, scapular protraction exercises are typically performed. Although the angle of arm rotation leads to changes in shoulder muscle activation, the arm rotation position is not normally determined. OBJECTIVE To investigate if scapular muscle activations were changed by combining arm external rotation during scapular protraction exercises. METHODS Thirty-four healthy men were enrolled in this study. Participants were instructed to perform scapular protraction exercises at 90∘ and 120∘ of shoulder flexion while in the standing and supine positions. Two different arm rotation angles were used: the thumb-up position (neutral position) and the maximum arm external rotation (ER) position. The percentages of maximum voluntary contractions (%MVCs) were measured, and %MVCs in the neutral and arm ER positions were compared. RESULTS Muscle activities of the middle serratus anterior (MSA) and lower serratus anterior (LSA) in the arm ER position were significantly higher than those in the neutral position during all tasks. The highest MSA and LSA positions were observed with the arm ER position of 120∘ while standing. CONCLUSIONS Scapular protraction exercises with arm ER resulted in a higher serratus anterior activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Ijiri
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kiba Hospital, Medical Corporation, Juzankai, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Urabe
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junpei Sasadai
- Sports Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sport Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Kansai University of Health Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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Remy KE, Mazer M, Striker DA, Ellebedy AH, Walton AH, Unsinger J, Blood TM, Mudd PA, Yi DJ, Mannion DA, Osborne DF, Martin RS, Anand NJ, Bosanquet JP, Blood J, Drewry AM, Caldwell CC, Turnbull IR, Brakenridge SC, Moldwawer LL, Hotchkiss RS. Severe immunosuppression and not a cytokine storm characterizes COVID-19 infections. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140329. [PMID: 32687484 PMCID: PMC7526441 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19–associated morbidity and mortality have been attributed to a pathologic host response. Two divergent hypotheses have been proposed: hyperinflammatory cytokine storm; and failure of host protective immunity that results in unrestrained viral dissemination and organ injury. A key explanation for the inability to address this controversy has been the lack of diagnostic tools to evaluate immune function in COVID-19 infections. ELISpot, a highly sensitive, functional immunoassay, was employed in 27 patients with COVID-19, 51 patients with sepsis, 18 critically ill nonseptic (CINS) patients, and 27 healthy control volunteers to evaluate adaptive and innate immune status by quantitating T cell IFN-ɣ and monocyte TFN-α production. Circulating T cell subsets were profoundly reduced in COVID-19 patients. Additionally, stimulated blood mononuclear cells produced less than 40%–50% of the IFN-ɣ and TNF-α observed in septic and CINS patients, consistent with markedly impaired immune effector cell function. Approximately 25% of COVID-19 patients had increased IL-6 levels that were not associated with elevations in other canonical proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that COVID-19 suppresses host functional adaptive and innate immunity. Importantly, IL-7 administered ex vivo restored T cell IFN-ɣ production in COVID-19 patients. Thus, ELISpot may functionally characterize host immunity in COVID-19 and inform prospective therapies. ELISpot, a highly sensitive, functional immunoassay, suggests that COVID-19 is immunosuppressive and lacks substantial cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Remy
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monty Mazer
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Striker
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | | | - Andrew H Walton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacqueline Unsinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Teresa M Blood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip A Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Mannion
- Department of Pediatrics.,Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dale F Osborne
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | - Nitin J Anand
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | - James P Bosanquet
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jane Blood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anne M Drewry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles C Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Isaiah R Turnbull
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Scott C Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldwawer
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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