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Xie G, Si Q, Zhang G, Fan Y, Li Q, Leng P, Qiao F, Liang S, Yu R, Wang Y. The role of imprinting genes' loss of imprints in cancers and their clinical implications. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1365474. [PMID: 38812777 PMCID: PMC11133587 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1365474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting plays an important role in the growth and development of mammals. When the original imprint status of these genes is lost, known as loss of imprinting (LOI), it may affect growth, neurocognitive development, metabolism, and even tumor susceptibility. The LOI of imprint genes has gradually been found not only as an early event in tumorigenesis, but also to be involved in progression. More than 120 imprinted genes had been identified in humans. In this review, we summarized the most studied LOI of two gene clusters and 13 single genes in cancers. We focused on the roles they played, that is, as growth suppressors and anti-apoptosis agents, sustaining proliferative signaling or inducing angiogenesis; the molecular pathways they regulated; and especially their clinical significance. It is notable that 12 combined forms of multi-genes' LOI, 3 of which have already been used as diagnostic models, achieved good sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. In addition, the methods used for LOI detection in existing research are classified into detection of biallelic expression (BAE), differentially methylated regions (DMRs), methylation, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These all indicated that the detection of imprinting genes' LOI has potential clinical significance in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Leng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengling Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Simin Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingshuang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
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Scalia P, Williams SJ, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y. Human IGF2 Gene Epigenetic and Transcriptional Regulation: At the Core of Developmental Growth and Tumorigenic Behavior. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1655. [PMID: 37371750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the human IGF2 gene displays multiple layers of control, which secures a genetically and epigenetically predetermined gene expression pattern throughout embryonal growth and postnatal life. These predominantly nuclear regulatory mechanisms converge on the function of the IGF2-H19 gene cluster on Chromosome 11 and ultimately affect IGF2 gene expression. Deregulation of such control checkpoints leads to the enhancement of IGF2 gene transcription and/or transcript stabilization, ultimately leading to IGF-II peptide overproduction. This type of anomaly is responsible for the effects observed in terms of both abnormal fetal growth and increased cell proliferation, typically observed in pediatric overgrowth syndromes and cancer. We performed a review of relevant experimental work on the mechanisms affecting the human IGF2 gene at the epigenetic, transcriptional and transcript regulatory levels. The result of our work, indeed, provides a wider and diversified scenario for IGF2 gene activation than previously envisioned by shedding new light on its extended regulation. Overall, we focused on the functional integration between the epigenetic and genetic machinery driving its overexpression in overgrowth syndromes and malignancy, independently of the underlying presence of loss of imprinting (LOI). The molecular landscape provided at last strengthens the role of IGF2 in cancer initiation, progression and malignant phenotype maintenance. Finally, this review suggests potential actionable targets for IGF2 gene- and regulatory protein target-degradation therapies.
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Key Words
- (IGF2/H19) IG-DMR, intergenic differentially methylated region
- BWS, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
- CCD, centrally conserved domain
- CNV, copy number variation
- CTCF, CCCTC binding factor
- DMD, differentially methylated domain
- DMR, differentially methylated region
- GOM, gain of methylation
- ICR1, imprinting control region 1
- IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor-2 peptide
- IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2 gene
- LOI, loss of imprinting
- LOM, loss of methylation
- MOI, maintenance of imprinting
- SRS, Silver Russel Syndrome
- TF: transcription factor
- UPD, uniparental disomy
- WT1, Wilms Tumor protein 1
- mRNA transcript
- p0–p4: IGF2 promoters 0–4
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Scalia
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA, and 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Cancer Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, CST, Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen J Williams
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA, and 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Cancer Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, CST, Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yoko Fujita-Yamaguchi
- Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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3
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Chen Y, Hesla AC, Lin Y, Ghaderi M, Liu M, Yang C, Zhang Y, Tsagkozis P, Larsson O, Haglund F. Transcriptome profiling of Ewing sarcomas - treatment resistance pathways and IGF-dependency. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1101-1117. [PMID: 32115849 PMCID: PMC7191197 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ESs) are aggressive sarcomas driven by EWS fusion genes. We sought to investigate whether whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) could be used to detect patterns associated with chemotherapy response or tumor progression after first-line treatment. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of 13 ES cases was performed. Among the differentially expressed pathways, we identified IGF2 expression as a potential driver of chemotherapy response and progression. We investigated the effect of IGF2 on proliferation, radioresistance, apoptosis, and the transcriptome pattern in four ES cell lines and the effect of IGF2 expression in a validation series of 14 patients. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (adj. P < 0.005) and pathways associated with chemotherapy response (285 genes), short overall survival (662 genes), and progression after treatment (447 genes). Imprinting independent promoter P3-mediated IGF2 expression was identified in a subset of cases with aggressive clinical course. In ES cell lines, IGF2 induced proliferation, but promoted radioresistance only in CADO cells. High IGF2 expression was also significantly associated with shorter overall survival in patients with ES. Transcriptome analysis of the clinical samples and the cell lines revealed an IGF-dependent signature, potentially related to a stem cell-like phenotype. Transcriptome analysis is a potentially powerful complementary tool to predict the clinical behavior of ES and may be utilized for clinical trial stratification strategies and personalized oncology. Certain gene signatures, for example, IGF-related pathways, are coupled to biological functions that could be of clinical importance. Finally, our results indicate that IGF inhibition may be successful as a first-line therapy in conjunction with conventional radiochemotherapy for a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asle C Hesla
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehran Ghaderi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingzhi Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis Tsagkozis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felix Haglund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Correlation between polymorphisms in IGF2/H19 gene locus and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in Chinese population. Genomics 2020; 112:2510-2515. [PMID: 32045670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the association between SNPs in human IGF2/H19 gene locus and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk, we performed a case-control study in 422 individuals (219 EOC patients and 203 cancer-free controls). Four SNPs (rs2525885, rs2839698, rs3741206, rs3741219) were found to be related with EOC risk. Specifically, the minor allele C of rs2525885 and allele A of rs2839698 was associated with elevated EOC genetic susceptibility under both dominant and recessive models (TC + CC vs TT: adjusted OR: 1.61, P = .031; CC vs TT + TC: adjusted OR: 4.87, P = .014; GA + AA vs GG: adjusted OR: 1.63, P = .023; AA vs GG + GA: adjusted OR: 2.43, P = .007). For rs3741206, the genotype TC + CC was associated with a significant decrease in EOC risk with the TT genotype as reference in a dominant genetic model (adjusted OR: 0.44, P = .003), while for rs3741219, genotype AA was associated with a 59% decrease in EOC risk only in the recessive model (adjusted OR: 0.41, P = .038). In the stratified analysis, an increased risk associated with the variant genotypes was observed in only subjects aged >47 years for rs2525885 (adjusted OR = 2.04, P = .024), rs2839698 (adjusted OR = 2.50, P = .047) and rs3741206 (adjusted OR = 0.37, P = .009), respectively. What's more, the TC + CC genotype of rs2525885 was significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage (III vs II, adjusted OR = 2.73, P = .040).
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5
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de Azevedo JWV, de Medeiros Fernandes TAA, Fernandes JV, de Azevedo JCV, Lanza DCF, Bezerra CM, Andrade VS, de Araújo JMG, Fernandes JV. Biology and pathogenesis of human osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1099-1116. [PMID: 31966039 PMCID: PMC6955653 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone tumor of mesenchymal origin, most frequently occurring during the rapid growth phase of long bones, and usually located in the epiphyseal growth plates of the femur or the tibia. Its most common feature is genome disorganization, aneuploidy with chromosomal alterations, deregulation of tumor suppressor genes and of the cell cycle, and an absence of DNA repair. This suggests the involvement of surveillance failures, DNA repair or apoptosis control during osteogenesis, allowing the survival of cells which have undergone alterations during differentiation. Epigenetic events, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome remodeling and expression of non-coding RNAs have been identified as possible risk factors for the tumor. It has been reported that p53 target genes or those genes that have their activity modulated by p53, in addition to other tumor suppressor genes, are silenced in OS-derived cell lines by hypermethylation of their promoters. In osteogenesis, osteoblasts are formed from pluripotent mesenchymal cells, with potential for self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation into various cell types. This involves complex signaling pathways and multiple factors. Any disturbance in this process can cause deregulation of the differentiation and proliferation of these cells, leading to the malignant phenotype. Therefore, the origin of OS seems to be multifactorial, involving the deregulation of differentiation of mesenchymal cells and tumor suppressor genes, activation of oncogenes, epigenetic events and the production of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christiane Medeiros Bezerra
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Vânia Sousa Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - José Veríssimo Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
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6
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Vasconcelos S, Ramalho C, Marques CJ, Doria S. Altered expression of epigenetic regulators and imprinted genes in human placenta and fetal tissues from second trimester spontaneous pregnancy losses. Epigenetics 2019; 14:1234-1244. [PMID: 31221015 PMCID: PMC6791697 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1634988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms such as genomic imprinting have a fundamental role in embryo and fetal development. Hence, we here studied expression levels of epigenetic modifiers and imprinted genes in cases of ididopathic spontaneous abortion (SA). Thirty-five placental samples and 35 matched fetal tissues from second trimester SA were analysed; including 16 controls (placental and fetal infections as the known cause of spontaneous abortion) and 19 idiopathic SA cases. Transcript levels of epigenetic regulators and imprinted genes were measured by qRT-PCR and methylation at imprinted genes was studied by bisulfite genomic sequencing and MS-MLPA. Global DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) levels were measured by an ELISA-based assay. We observed an upregulation of TET2 and TET3 in placental samples from idiopathic SA cases; however, no significant difference in global 5-hmC levels was observed. On the contrary, in fetal tissues, TET3 was markedly downregulated in idiopathic SA, showing an opposite trend to that observed in placental tissue. IGF2 and CDKN1C were upregulated and MEST downregulated in placentas from idiopathic SA cases; concordantly, IGF2 was also upregulated in fetal tissues from idiopathic SA cases. Although not reaching statistical significance, an increase in methylation levels of MEST, KvDMR1 and H19 DMRs was observed in idiopathic SA cases, concordantly with the observed changes in expression. Our study reveals, for the first time, deregulation of epigenetic modifiers and imprinted genes in both placental and fetal tissues from idiopathic SA cases in the second trimester of pregnancy, indicating a critical role during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vasconcelos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Ramalho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital São João, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
| | - C. Joana Marques
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Doria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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7
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Garrett SM, Hsu E, Thomas JM, Pilewski JM, Feghali-Bostwick C. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II- mediated fibrosis in pathogenic lung conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225422. [PMID: 31765403 PMCID: PMC6876936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-II) levels are increased in fibrosing lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and scleroderma/systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SSc). Our goal was to investigate the contribution of IGF receptors to IGF-II-mediated fibrosis in these diseases and identify other potential mechanisms key to the fibrotic process. Cognate receptor gene and protein expression were analyzed with qRT-PCR and immunoblot in primary fibroblasts derived from lung tissues of normal donors (NL) and patients with IPF or SSc. Compared to NL, steady-state receptor gene expression was decreased in SSc but not in IPF. IGF-II stimulation differentially decreased receptor mRNA and protein levels in NL, IPF, and SSc fibroblasts. Neutralizing antibody, siRNA, and receptor inhibition targeting endogenous IGF-II and its primary receptors, type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R), IGF2R, and insulin receptor (IR) resulted in loss of the IGF-II response. IGF-II tipped the TIMP:MMP balance, promoting a fibrotic environment both intracellularly and extracellularly. Differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by IGF-II was blocked with a TGFβ1 receptor inhibitor. IGF-II also increased TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 expression, with subsequent activation of canonical SMAD2/3 signaling. Therefore, IGF-II promoted fibrosis through IGF1R, IR, and IGF1R/IR, differentiated fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, decreased protease production and extracellular matrix degradation, and stimulated expression of two TGFβ isoforms, suggesting that IGF-II exerts pro-fibrotic effects via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Garrett
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eileen Hsu
- Mid Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Mclean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Thomas
- Eisenhower Medical Center, Rancho Mirage, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Küffer S, Gutting T, Belharazem D, Sauer C, Michel MS, Marx A, Trojan L, Ströbel P. Insulin-like growth factor 2 expression in prostate cancer is regulated by promoter-specific methylation. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:256-266. [PMID: 29239100 PMCID: PMC5792735 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis and dysbalance of components of the IGF system as potential therapeutic targets have been described in different tumor types. IGF2 is a major embryonic growth factor and an important activator of IGF signaling. It is regulated by imprinting in a development- and tissue-dependent manner and has been implicated in a broad range of malignancies including prostate cancer (PCa). Loss of imprinting (LOI) usually results in bi-allelic gene expression and increased levels of IGF2. However, the regulatory mechanisms and the pathophysiological impact of altered IGF2 expression in PCa remain elusive. Here, we show that in contrast to many other tumors, IGF2 mRNA and protein levels were decreased in 80% of PCa in comparison with non-neoplastic adjacent prostate and were independent of LOI status. Instead, IGF2 expression in both tumors and adjacent prostate depended on preferential usage of the IGF2 promoters P3 and P4. Decreased IGF2 expression in tumors was strongly related to hypermethylation of these two promoters. Methylation of the A region in promoter P4 correlated specifically with IGF2 expression in the 20% of PCa where IGF2 was higher in tumors than in adjacent prostate. We conclude that IGF2 is downregulated in most PCa and may be particularly relevant during early stages of tumor development or during chemotherapy and androgen deprivation. PCa differs from other tumors in that IGF2 expression is mainly regulated through methylation of promoter-specific and not by imprinting. Targeting of promoter-specific regions may have relevance for the adjuvant treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Küffer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Gutting
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Sauer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maurice S Michel
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lutz Trojan
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Varshney J, Scott MC, Largaespada DA, Subramanian S. Understanding the Osteosarcoma Pathobiology: A Comparative Oncology Approach. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3010003. [PMID: 29056713 PMCID: PMC5644613 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive primary bone tumor in humans and is among the most common cancer afflicting dogs. Despite surgical advancements and intensification of chemo- and targeted therapies, the survival outcome for osteosarcoma patients is, as of yet, suboptimal. The presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis or its recurrence after initial therapy is a major factor for the poor outcomes. It is thought that most human and canine patients have at least microscopic metastatic lesions at diagnosis. Osteosarcoma in dogs occurs naturally with greater frequency and shares many biological and clinical similarities with osteosarcoma in humans. From a genetic perspective, osteosarcoma in both humans and dogs is characterized by complex karyotypes with highly variable structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations. Similar molecular abnormalities have been observed in human and canine osteosarcoma. For instance, loss of TP53 and RB regulated pathways are common. While there are several oncogenes that are commonly amplified in both humans and dogs, such as MYC and RAS, no commonly activated proto-oncogene has been identified that could form the basis for targeted therapies. It remains possible that recurrent aberrant gene expression changes due to gene amplification or epigenetic alterations could be uncovered and these could be used for developing new, targeted therapies. However, the remarkably high genomic complexity of osteosarcoma has precluded their definitive identification. Several advantageous murine models of osteosarcoma have been generated. These include spontaneous and genetically engineered mouse models, including a model based on forward genetics and transposon mutagenesis allowing new genes and genetic pathways to be implicated in osteosarcoma development. The proposition of this review is that careful comparative genomic studies between human, canine and mouse models of osteosarcoma may help identify commonly affected and targetable pathways for alternative therapies for osteosarcoma patients. Translational research may be found through a path that begins in mouse models, and then moves through canine patients, and then human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Varshney
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Moos Tower, 11-212420 Delaware Street, S.E.; MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Milcah C Scott
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - David A Largaespada
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Moos Tower, 11-212420 Delaware Street, S.E.; MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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10
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Brouwer-Visser J, Huang GS. IGF2 signaling and regulation in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:371-7. [PMID: 25704323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of IGF2 occurs in both childhood and adult malignancies. Its overexpression is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and worse prognosis. IGF2 promoter usage is developmentally regulated; however, malignant tissues are characterized by re-activation of the fetal IGF2 promoters, especially P3. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of IGF2 signaling and regulation in normal and malignant tissues and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Brouwer-Visser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women's Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women's Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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11
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Lee HS, Barraza-Villarreal A, Biessy C, Duarte-Salles T, Sly PD, Ramakrishnan U, Rivera J, Herceg Z, Romieu I. Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acid during pregnancy modulates DNA methylation at IGF2/H19 imprinted genes and growth of infants. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:851-7. [PMID: 25293351 PMCID: PMC4254937 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00061.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes is regarded as a highly plausible explanation for linking dietary exposures in early life with the onset of diseases during childhood and adulthood. We sought to test whether prenatal dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy may modulate epigenetic states at birth. This study was based on a randomized intervention trial conducted in Mexican pregnant women supplemented daily with 400 mg of DHA or a placebo from gestation week 18-22 to parturition. We applied quantitative profiling of DNA methylation states at IGF2 promoter 3 (IGF2 P3), IGF2 differentially methylated region (DMR), and H19 DMR in cord blood mononuclear cells of the DHA-supplemented group (n = 131) and the control group (n = 130). In stratified analyses, DNA methylation levels in IGF2 P3 were significantly higher in the DHA group than the control group in preterm infants (P = 0.04). We also observed a positive association between DNA methylation levels and maternal body mass index; IGF2 DMR methylation was higher in the DHA group than the control group in infants of overweight mothers (P = 0.03). In addition, at H19 DMR, methylation levels were significantly lower in the DHA group than the control group in infants of normal weight mothers (P = 0.01). Finally, methylation levels at IGF2/H19 imprinted regions were associated with maternal BMI. These findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may be modulated by DHA, with potential impacts on child growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sun Lee
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Peter D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia, and
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Nutrition and Health Sciences and the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Juan Rivera
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, Nutrition and Health Sciences and the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Di Fiore R, Fanale D, Drago-Ferrante R, Chiaradonna F, Giuliano M, De Blasio A, Amodeo V, Corsini LR, Bazan V, Tesoriere G, Vento R, Russo A. Genetic and molecular characterization of the human Osteosarcoma 3AB-OS cancer stem cell line: A possible model for studying osteosarcoma origin and stemness. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1189-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
The IGF axis is a tightly controlled endocrine system that regulates cell growth and development, known to have an important function in cancer biology. IGF1 and IGF2 can promote cancer growth in a GH-independent manner both through paracrine and autocrine secretion and can also confer resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Many alterations of this system have been found in neoplasias, including increased expression of ligands and receptors, loss of heterozygosity of the IGF2 locus and increased IGF1R gene copy number. The IGF1 network is an attractive candidate for targeted therapy, including receptor blockade with monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors of receptor downstream signaling. This article reviews the role of the IGF axis in the initiation and progression of cancer, and describes the recent advances in IGF inhibition as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda I Arnaldez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 CRC Room 1-3816, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hou L, Zhang X, Wang D, Baccarelli A. Environmental chemical exposures and human epigenetics. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:79-105. [PMID: 22253299 PMCID: PMC3304523 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year more than 13 million deaths worldwide are due to environmental pollutants, and approximately 24% of diseases are caused by environmental exposures that might be averted through preventive measures. Rapidly growing evidence has linked environmental pollutants with epigenetic variations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Environ mental chemicals and epigenetic changes All of these mechanisms are likely to play important roles in disease aetiology, and their modifications due to environmental pollutants might provide further understanding of disease aetiology, as well as biomarkers reflecting exposures to environmental pollutants and/or predicting the risk of future disease. We summarize the findings on epigenetic alterations related to environmental chemical exposures, and propose mechanisms of action by means of which the exposures may cause such epigenetic changes. We discuss opportunities, challenges and future directions for future epidemiology research in environmental epigenomics. Future investigations are needed to solve methodological and practical challenges, including uncertainties about stability over time of epigenomic changes induced by the environment, tissue specificity of epigenetic alterations, validation of laboratory methods, and adaptation of bioinformatic and biostatistical methods to high-throughput epigenomics. In addition, there are numerous reports of epigenetic modifications arising following exposure to environmental toxicants, but most have not been directly linked to disease endpoints. To complete our discussion, we also briefly summarize the diseases that have been linked to environmental chemicals-related epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Chen P, Wang SJ, Wang HB, Ren P, Wang XQ, Liu WG, Gu WL, Li DQ, Zhang TG, Zhou CJ. The distribution of IGF2 and IMP3 in osteosarcoma and its relationship with angiogenesis. J Mol Histol 2011; 43:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dai H, Huang Y, Li Y, Meng G, Wang Y, Guo QN. TSSC3 overexpression associates with growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and enhances chemotherapeutic effects in human osteosarcoma. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:30-40. [PMID: 22021909 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of TSSC3, an apoptosis-related imprinted gene, has been reported in several cases of malignant tumors. However, the roles and mechanisms of TSSC3 in human osteosarcoma remain to be defined. In this study, we found TSSC3 to be downregulated during osteosarcoma transformation and progression in osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues. The SaOS2 cell line was used to further evaluate the precise role of TSSC3 in osteosarcoma development. Overexpression of TSSC3 markedly reduced cell vitality and growth, colony formation, Ki67 expression as well as cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) phase. Consistently, TSSC3 overexpression was associated with increased apoptosis assayed by annexin V/propidium iodide and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining. Subcutaneous injection of TSSC3 overexpressing SaOS2 cells into athymic nude mice showed that TSSC3 also inhibited tumorigenesis through growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in vivo. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was required for TSSC3-mediated cell apoptosis. These findings support a suppressor role for TSSC3 in osteosarcoma development by regulating apoptosis. In addition, constitutive TSSC3 expression greatly enhanced the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin and epirubicin. Conversely, TSSC3 knockdown increased SaOS2 cell growth and decreased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo and reduced sensitivity of the cells to chemotherapy. This is the first study to demonstrate that TSSC3 has a potent tumor suppressor role in osteosarcoma, probably by inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzi Dai
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most prevalent primary bone tumors. The pathogenesis and molecular development of this tumor remains elusive. The prognosis is unfavorable due to lack of effective treatment methods. Recent advances in the epigenetics have brought a profound impact on the understanding of molecular mechanisms that lead to osteosarcoma. In this review, we summarized the current literature on epigenetic changes that are thought to contribute to the carcinogenesis of osteosarcoma, and discussed the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications as well as future areas of research.
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Buck E, Mulvihill M. Small molecule inhibitors of the IGF-1R/IR axis for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:605-21. [PMID: 21446886 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.558501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a receptor tyrosine kinase and is well established as a key regulator of tumor cell growth and survival. There is also a growing body of data to support a role for the structurally and functionally related insulin receptor (IR) in human cancer. Bidirectional crosstalk between IGF-1R and IR is observed, where specific inhibition of either receptor confers a compensatory increase in the activity for the reciprocal receptor, therefore dual inhibition of both IGF-1R and IR may be important for optimal efficacy. The importance of IGF-1R and IR as targets in cancer is further underscored by their contribution to resistance against both cytotoxic and molecularly targeted anti-cancer therapeutics. Currently, both IGF-1R-neutralizing antibodies and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors of IGF-1R/IR are in clinical development. AREAS COVERED The importance of IGF-1R and IR as cancer targets and how IGF-1R/IR inhibitors may sensitize tumor cells to the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of other anti-tumor agents. The potential advantages of small molecule IGF-1R/IR inhibitors compared with IGF-1R-specific neutralizing antibodies, and the characteristics of small-molecule IGF-1R inhibitors that have entered clinical development. EXPERT OPINION Because of compensatory crosstalk between IGF-1R and IR, dual IGF-1R and IR tyrosine kinase inhibitors may have superior anti-tumor activity compared to anti-IGF-1R specific antibodies. The clinical success for IGF-1R/IR inhibitors may ultimately be dependent upon our ability to correctly administer these agents to the right niche patient subpopulation using single agent therapy, when appropriate, or using the right combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Buck
- Translational Research, OSI Pharmaceuticals, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA.
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic marking of genes in the parental germline that ensures the stable transmission of monoallelic gene expression patterns in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Epigenetic marking systems are thus able to regulate gene activity independently of the underlying DNA sequence. Several imprinted gene products regulate cell proliferation and fetal growth; loss of their imprinted state, which effectively alters their dosage, might promote or suppress tumourigenic processes. Conversely, global epigenetic changes that underlie tumourigenesis might affect imprinted gene expression. Here, we review imprinted genes with regard to their roles in epigenetic predisposition to cancer, and discuss acquired epigenetic changes (DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin conformation) either as a result of cancer or as an early event in neoplasia. We also address recent work showing the potential role of noncoding RNA in modifying chromatin and affecting imprinted gene expression, and summarise the effects of loss of imprinting in cancer with regard to the roles that imprinted genes play in regulating growth signalling cascades. Finally, we speculate on the clinical applications of epigenetic drugs in cancer.
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Shetty PJ, Movva S, Pasupuleti N, Vedicherlla B, Vattam KK, Venkatasubramanian S, Ahuja YR, Hasan Q. Regulation of IGF2 transcript and protein expression by altered methylation in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:339-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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