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[Primary liposarcomas of the digestive tract: Diversity of clinicopathological presentations and diagnostic challenges]. Ann Pathol 2021; 41:399-404. [PMID: 34120784 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare tumours that represent less than 1% of all malignant tumours in adults. Liposarcomas are among the most common malignant mesenchymal tumours. They are preferentially located in the limbs and the retroperitoneum. Liposarcomas primarily arising in the digestive tract are exceptional with a few cases reported in the literature. Their clinical presentation is variable and the symptoms are not specific. Anatomopathological examination remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and the classification of these tumours, which are divided into 5 histological types according to the 5th edition of the WHO classification of soft tissue tumours. We report two observations of unusual digestive liposarcomas, located in the oesophagus and the colon, emphasizing the variability of the diagnostic challenges, depending on the clinical presentation, the histological type and the analysed material.
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2
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Ferrari D, Bernardi D, Siboni S, Lazzari V, Asti E, Bonavina L. Esophageal Lipoma and Liposarcoma: A Systematic Review. World J Surg 2021. [PMID: 33026474 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05789-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal lipomatous tumors, also reported as fibrovascular polyp, fibrolipoma, angiolipoma, and liposarcoma, account for less than 1% of all benign mesenchymal submucosal tumors of the esophagus. Clinical presentation and therapy may differ based on location, size, and morphology. A comprehensive and updated systematic review of the literature is lacking. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, and Medline databases were consulted using MESH keywords. Non-English written articles and abstracts were excluded. Sex, age, symptoms at presentation, diagnosis, tumor location and size, surgical approach and technique of excision, pathology, and morphology were extracted and recorded in an electronic database. RESULTS Sixty-seven studies for a total of 239 patients with esophageal lipoma or liposarcoma were included in the qualitative analysis. Among 176 patients with benign lipoma, the median age was 55. The main symptoms were dysphagia (64.2%), transoral polyp regurgitation (32.4%), and globus sensation (22.7%). The majority of lipomas (85.7%) were intraluminal polyps, with a stalk originating from the upper esophagus. Overall, 165 patients underwent excision of the mass through open surgery (65.5%), endoscopy (27.9%), or laparoscopy/thoracoscopy (3.6%). Only 5 (3%) of patients required esophagectomy. Of the 11 untreated patients with an intraluminal polyp, 7 died from asphyxia. Overall, liposarcoma was diagnosed in 63 patients, and 12 (19%) underwent esophagectomy. CONCLUSION Esophageal lipomatous tumors are rare but potentially lethal when are intraluminal and originate from the cervical esophagus. Modern radiological imaging has improved diagnostic accuracy. Minimally invasive transoral and laparoscopic/thoracoscopic techniques represent the therapeutic approach of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General and Foregut Surgery, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Division of General and Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Bernardi
- Division of General and Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Siboni
- Division of General and Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Lazzari
- Division of General and Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Asti
- Division of General and Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonavina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General and Foregut Surgery, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Division of General and Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Papke DJ, Hornick JL. Recent developments in gastroesophageal mesenchymal tumours. Histopathology 2020; 78:171-186. [PMID: 33382494 DOI: 10.1111/his.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathologist's approach to gastroesophageal mesenchymal tumours has changed dramatically during the last 25 years. In particular, gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) has evolved from a wastebasket mesenchymal tumour category to a precisely defined entity with an increasingly detailed genetic subclassification. This subclassification has brought gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasia into the realm of precision medicine, with specific treatments optimised for particular genetic subtypes. Molecular genetic data have also greatly improved our understanding of oesophageal mesenchymal tumours, including the discovery that so-called 'giant fibrovascular polyps' in fact represent a clinically distinctive presentation of well-differentiated liposarcoma. Here, we will focus on gastroesophageal mesenchymal tumours for which there have been recent developments in classification, molecular genetics or tumour biology: granular cell tumour, 'giant fibrovascular polyp'/well-differentiated liposarcoma, plexiform fibromyxoma, gastroblastoma and, of course, GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Papke
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Background Esophageal lipomatous tumors, also reported as fibrovascular polyp, fibrolipoma, angiolipoma, and liposarcoma, account for less than 1% of all benign mesenchymal submucosal tumors of the esophagus. Clinical presentation and therapy may differ based on location, size, and morphology. A comprehensive and updated systematic review of the literature is lacking. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, and Medline databases were consulted using MESH keywords. Non-English written articles and abstracts were excluded. Sex, age, symptoms at presentation, diagnosis, tumor location and size, surgical approach and technique of excision, pathology, and morphology were extracted and recorded in an electronic database. Results Sixty-seven studies for a total of 239 patients with esophageal lipoma or liposarcoma were included in the qualitative analysis. Among 176 patients with benign lipoma, the median age was 55. The main symptoms were dysphagia (64.2%), transoral polyp regurgitation (32.4%), and globus sensation (22.7%). The majority of lipomas (85.7%) were intraluminal polyps, with a stalk originating from the upper esophagus. Overall, 165 patients underwent excision of the mass through open surgery (65.5%), endoscopy (27.9%), or laparoscopy/thoracoscopy (3.6%). Only 5 (3%) of patients required esophagectomy. Of the 11 untreated patients with an intraluminal polyp, 7 died from asphyxia. Overall, liposarcoma was diagnosed in 63 patients, and 12 (19%) underwent esophagectomy. Conclusion Esophageal lipomatous tumors are rare but potentially lethal when are intraluminal and originate from the cervical esophagus. Modern radiological imaging has improved diagnostic accuracy. Minimally invasive transoral and laparoscopic/thoracoscopic techniques represent the therapeutic approach of choice.
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McCarthy AJ, Carroll P, Vajpeyi R, Darling G, Chetty R. Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma (Atypical Lipomatous Tumor) Presenting as an Esophageal Polyp. J Gastrointest Cancer 2020; 50:589-595. [PMID: 29349606 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-018-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife J McCarthy
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Eaton Wing, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Paul Carroll
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Surgery and Critical Care Program, Departments of Thoracic Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rajkumar Vajpeyi
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Eaton Wing, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gail Darling
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Surgery and Critical Care Program, Departments of Thoracic Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Runjan Chetty
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Eaton Wing, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Molimard C, Vuitton L, Boulahdour Z, Koch S, Chaigneau L, Mathieu P, Valmary-Degano S. Polypes œsophagiens : le polype géant fibrovasculaire de l’œsophage n’existe plus ! Ann Pathol 2019; 39:221-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Polypoid fibroadipose tumors of the esophagus: 'giant fibrovascular polyp' or liposarcoma? A clinicopathological and molecular cytogenetic study of 13 cases. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:337-342. [PMID: 28984298 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus is a descriptive diagnostic term intended to encompass rare, large, polypoid esophageal masses composed of fibroadipose tissue. Despite sometimes dramatic clinical presentations, they have historically been considered to represent reactive, non-neoplastic proliferations. Recently, however, a small number of reports have described well-differentiated liposarcomas of the esophagus, mimicking giant fibrovascular polyps. In order to clarify the relationship between esophageal liposarcoma and giant fibrovascular polyp, we retrieved esophageal cases coded as 'giant fibrovascular polyp,' 'lipoma' and 'liposarcoma' from our archives and re-examined their clinicopathologic features and MDM2 amplification status. Thirteen cases were identified (lipoma (n=1), giant fibrovascular polyp (n=5), well-differentiated liposarcoma (n=3), dedifferentiated liposarcoma (n=3)). The tumors ranged from 5.2 to 19.5 cm and arose predominantly in the cervical esophagus. All consisted chiefly of mature adipose tissue, with a variable component of fibrous septa. In all cases, close inspection of these fibrous septa showed them to contain an increased number of slightly enlarged spindled cells with irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei, similar to those seen in some well-differentiated liposarcomas. Three cases, all previously classified as dedifferentiated liposarcoma, showed in addition solid zones of non-lipogenic spindle cell sarcoma. By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), all cases showed MDM2 amplification, confirming diagnoses as well-differentiated (N=10) and dedifferentiated (N=3) liposarcoma. Clinical follow-up (8 cases, range 22-156 months, median 33 months) showed 3 patients with local recurrences (1 well-differentiated and 2 dedifferentiated liposarcomas), 1 patient with liver metastases (dedifferentiated liposarcoma) and 2 deaths from disease (both dedifferentiated liposarcomas). These results suggest that the great majority of large, polypoid, fat-containing masses of the esophagus represent well and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, rather than 'giant fibrovascular polyps.' We suggest that the diagnosis of 'giant fibrovascular polyp' should be made with great caution in the esophagus, and only after careful morphological study and MDM2 FISH has excluded the possibility of liposarcoma.
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Ioanidis KE, MacNeil SD, Tay KY, Wehrli B. An atypical lipomatous tumor mimicking a giant fibrovascular polyp of the hypopharynx: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6927. [PMID: 29068974 PMCID: PMC5671807 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Giant fibrovascular polyps (GFVPs) found in the hypopharynx are exceedingly rare. These are benign tumors which are identified by CT or MRI and usually treated based on symptoms. Even more rarely, pathology may identify one of these masses as an atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT). This paper will present a case of an ALT of the hypopharynx that was originally classified as a GFVP, highlighting the difficulty in distinguishing between them and the importance of making the correct diagnosis. PATIENT CONCERNS An 84-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 6-month history of a pedunculated hypopharyngeal growth, dysphagia, and intermittent dyspnea. DIAGNOSES The mass was characterized as a GFVP by barium swallow and MRI. INTERVENTIONS The hypopharyngeal mass was resected for obstructive symptoms and to confirm the diagnosis. Final pathology found the mass to be more consistent with an atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT). OUTCOMES The patient's dysphagia and dyspnea resolved. He was free of recurrence at 22 months postoperative. LESSONS Both GFVPs and ALTs are very rarely found in the hypopharynx but can be easily misclassified as one another. Imaging is useful to initially characterize the mass, but to definitively differentiate between them, pathological analysis is necessary. Although they are rare, it is important to consider both possibilities on the differential for hypopharyngeal masses. Further, accurate analysis is essential to distinguish between them because their definitive management and follow-up is different.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bret Wehrli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Mehdorn AS, Schmidt F, Steinestel K, Wardelmann E, Greulich B, Palmes D, Senninger N. Pedunculated, well differentiated liposarcoma of the oesophagus mimicking giant fibrovascular polyp. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2017; 99:e209-e212. [PMID: 28853590 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2017.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of a big oesophageal liposarcoma causing dysphagia and weight loss in a 75-year-old patient. Endoscopically, a pedunculated lesion with subtotal obstruction of the oesophageal lumen had been detected and thoracoabdominal oesophageal resection with gastric sleeve reconstruction was performed. Surprisingly, a liposarcoma of the oesophagus was revealed on histopathological analysis, showing MDM2 overexpression. Oncological follow-up has been uneventful and the patient remains in good clinical shape at 15 months after surgery.
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Riva G, Sensini M, Corvino A, Garzaro M, Pecorari G. Liposarcoma of Hypopharynx and Esophagus: a Unique Entity? J Gastrointest Cancer 2017; 47:135-42. [PMID: 26875081 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-016-9808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liposarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults. It represents approximately 20 % of all mesenchymal malignancies. It most frequently involves retroperitoneum, trunk, and extremities. Hypopharyngeal and esophageal localization of liposarcoma is extremely rare. METHODS We performed a systematic review of literature and reported 26 and 33 cases of hypopharyngeal and esophageal liposarcoma. We analyzed natural history, imaging features, histology, treatment, and prognosis, with a specific focus to similarities and differences between tumors of hypopharynx and esophagus. RESULTS Hypopharyngeal and esophageal liposarcomas have more similarities than differences. Incidence has a peak at 6th and 7th decades. The diagnostic procedures are barium swallow, endoscopic examination, and CT/MR imaging. Well-differentiated liposarcoma represents the most frequent histological subtype. Surgical excision is the main treatment. Endoscopic resection can be useful for pedunculated tumors of hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Differences between hypopharyngeal and esophageal liposarcoma are represented by local recurrence rate (greater for hypopharyngeal tumors), number of giant tumors, and time to recurrence (greater for esophageal tumors). Finally, liposarcomas of distal esophagus need more extended approaches. CONCLUSIONS Liposarcomas of hypopharynx and cervical esophagus could be considered a unique pathological entity, with similar features and treatment options. Survival rate is dependent on histological type and location. Local recurrence is common, especially for hypopharyngeal liposarcoma, while the risk of lymph node or distant metastasis is very low. Patients should undergo regular examinations to rule out local recurrence, also for a long time, especially for esophageal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- 1st ENT Division, Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Matteo Sensini
- 1st ENT Division, Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Corvino
- 1st ENT Division, Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Garzaro
- 1st ENT Division, Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pecorari
- 1st ENT Division, Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
Fibrovascular polyps of the esophagus are rare, benign, and submucosal tumor-like lesions, their course is usually indolent until reaching enormous proportions. The most frequent symptoms are dysphagia, vomiting, and weight loss. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, since endoscopic removal is not always feasible. We report a case of a 59-year-old man with a giant fibrovascular polyp who complained of progressive dysphagia. The lesion was resected by left cervical approach. The patient remains symptom-and recurrence-free within one-year of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China. E-mail.
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Ciobanu L, Pascu O, Tantau M, Pinzariu O, Furnea B, Botan E, Taulescu M. Intra-esophageal whitish mass - a challenging diagnosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:106. [PMID: 26285706 PMCID: PMC4544799 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whitish intraluminal esophageal masses might represent the endoscopic feature of a bezoar or a pedunculated tumor, most likely a fibrovascular polyp, without exclusion of other mesenchymal tumors (leiomyoma, lipoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyosarcoma, granular cell tumor). If a process of dystrophic calcification is also encountered the differential diagnosis can be a challenge even after histological analysis, as it is highlighted by our case. Case presentation A 65-year-old female whom took lactate calcium tablets for 5 years presented with progressive dysphagia. A whitish esophageal mass with an appearance of a pharmacobezoar was detected at esophagoscopy. A pedunculated tumor was considered in the differential diagnosis, but the imagistic studies ruled out a pedicle. This intraluminal esophageal mass highly suggestive for a pharmacobezoar was endoscopically removed. The challenge of correct diagnosis was raised by histological examination performed after immersion into trichloracetic acid for decalcification. The identification of hyaline fibrous tissue, with numerous crystalline basophils deposits of minerals, rare fibrocytes and very few vessels brought in discussion a mesenchymal originating mass, most likely a fibrovascular polyp, even the pedicle was not detected. Conclusion Based on our challenging and difficult to diagnose case we proposed an uncommon evolution: auto-amputation and calcification of an esophageal mesenchymal originating tumor (most likely a fibrovascular polyp).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciobanu
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Croitorilor Street 19-21, Cluj-Napoca, 400162, Romania.
| | - Oliviu Pascu
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Croitorilor Street 19-21, Cluj-Napoca, 400162, Romania.
| | - Marcel Tantau
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Croitorilor Street 19-21, Cluj-Napoca, 400162, Romania.
| | - Oana Pinzariu
- Emergency Clinic Country Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Furnea
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, 400162, Romania.
| | - Emil Botan
- Department of Pathology, Emergency Clinic Country Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania.
| | - Marian Taulescu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania.
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Beylergil V, Simmons MZ, Ulaner G, Jurcic J, Hibshoosh H, Carrasquillo JA. FDG PET/CT findings in a rare case of giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus harboring atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma. Clin Nucl Med 2014; 39:288-91. [PMID: 24458178 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 70-year-old man with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) underwent FDG PET/CT scan, which revealed a large polypoid soft tissue lesion in the esophagus with peripheral FDG avidity. An endoscopic biopsy revealed inflammatory changes with scattered CLL cells. The final histopathology demonstrated an 18-cm long and 4-cm wide giant fibrovascular polyp that was removed in 2 pieces. The polyp was composed of atypical adipose tissue with scattered giant cells and spindle-shaped cells as well as foci of CLL. Mouse double minute 2 homolog amplification was noted by fluorescence in situ hybridization diffusely in the giant polyp consistent with well-differentiated liposarcoma in a giant fibrovascular polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Beylergil
- From the *Molecular and Imaging Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York; †Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY; ‡Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Basking Ridge, NJ; §Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and ¶Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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