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Hushmandi K, Einollahi B, Saadat SH, Lee EHC, Farani MR, Okina E, Huh YS, Nabavi N, Salimimoghadam S, Kumar AP. Amino acid transporters within the solute carrier superfamily: Underappreciated proteins and novel opportunities for cancer therapy. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101952. [PMID: 38705513 PMCID: PMC11112377 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solute carrier (SLC) transporters, a diverse family of membrane proteins, are instrumental in orchestrating the intake and efflux of nutrients including amino acids, vitamins, ions, nutrients, etc, across cell membranes. This dynamic process is critical for sustaining the metabolic demands of cancer cells, promoting their survival, proliferation, and adaptation to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Amino acids are fundamental building blocks of cells and play essential roles in protein synthesis, nutrient sensing, and oncogenic signaling pathways. As key transporters of amino acids, SLCs have emerged as crucial players in maintaining cellular amino acid homeostasis, and their dysregulation is implicated in various cancer types. Thus, understanding the intricate connections between amino acids, SLCs, and cancer is pivotal for unraveling novel therapeutic targets and strategies. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we delve into the significant impact of amino acid carriers of the SLCs family on the growth and progression of cancer and explore the current state of knowledge in this field, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie these relationships and highlighting potential avenues for future research and clinical interventions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Amino acids transportation by SLCs plays a critical role in tumor progression. However, some studies revealed the tumor suppressor function of SLCs. Although several studies evaluated the function of SLC7A11 and SLC1A5, the role of some SLC proteins in cancer is not studied well. To exert their functions, SLCs mediate metabolic rewiring, regulate the maintenance of redox balance, affect main oncogenic pathways, regulate amino acids bioavailability within the TME, and alter the sensitivity of cancer cells to therapeutics. However, different therapeutic methods that prevent the function of SLCs were able to inhibit tumor progression. This comprehensive review provides insights into a rapidly evolving area of cancer biology by focusing on amino acids and their transporters within the SLC superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behzad Einollahi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Hui Clarissa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Xia P, Dubrovska A. CD98 heavy chain as a prognostic biomarker and target for cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1251100. [PMID: 37823053 PMCID: PMC10562705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1251100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC3A2 gene encodes for a cell-surface transmembrane protein CD98hc (4F2). CD98hc serves as a chaperone for LAT1 (SLC7A5), LAT2 (SLC7A8), y+LAT1 (SLC7A7), y+LAT2 (SLC7A6), xCT (SLC7A11) and Asc1 (SLC7A10) providing their recruitment to the plasma membrane. Together with the light subunits, it constitutes heterodimeric transmembrane amino acid transporters. CD98hc interacts with other surface molecules, such as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer CD147 (EMMPRIN) and adhesion receptors integrins, and regulates glucose uptake. In this way, CD98hc connects the signaling pathways sustaining cell proliferation and migration, biosynthesis and antioxidant defense, energy production, and stem cell properties. This multifaceted role makes CD98hc one of the critical regulators of tumor growth, therapy resistance, and metastases. Indeed, the high expression levels of CD98hc were confirmed in various tumor tissues, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, colon adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and others. A high expression of CD98hc has been linked to clinical prognosis and response to chemo- and radiotherapy in several types of cancer. In this mini-review, we discuss the physiological functions of CD98hc, its role in regulating tumor stemness, metastases, and therapy resistance, and the clinical significance of CD98hc as a tumor marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xia
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
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Zhao X, Sakamoto S, Wei J, Pae S, Saito S, Sazuka T, Imamura Y, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Contribution of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter Family in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076178. [PMID: 37047148 PMCID: PMC10094571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family contains four members, LAT1~4, which are important amino acid transporters. They mainly transport specific amino acids through cell membranes, provide nutrients to cells, and are involved in a variety of metabolic pathways. They regulate the mTOR signaling pathway which has been found to be strongly linked to cancer in recent years. However, in the field of prostate cancer (PCa), the LAT family is still in the nascent stage of research, and the importance of LATs in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer is still unknown. Therefore, this article aims to report the role of LATs in prostate cancer and their clinical significance and application. LATs promote the progression of prostate cancer by increasing amino acid uptake, activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and downstream signals, mediating castration-resistance, promoting tumor angiogenesis, and enhancing chemotherapy resistance. The importance of LATs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer was emphasized and the latest research results were introduced. In addition, we introduced selective LAT1 inhibitors, including JPH203 and OKY034, which showed excellent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of various tumor cells. This is the future direction of amino acid transporter targeting therapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jiaxing Wei
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Sangjon Pae
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinpei Saito
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Sazuka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Miller KJ, Henry I, Maylin Z, Smith C, Arunachalam E, Pandha H, Asim M. A compendium of Androgen Receptor Variant 7 target genes and their role in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1129140. [PMID: 36937454 PMCID: PMC10014620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1129140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signalling is the main driver of prostate cancer (PCa). Truncated isoforms of the AR called androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand binding domain often emerge during treatment resistance against AR pathway inhibitors such as Enzalutamide. This review discusses how AR-Vs drive a more aggressive form of PCa through the regulation of some of their target genes involved in oncogenic pathways, enabling disease progression. There is a pressing need for the development of a new generation of AR inhibitors which can repress the activity of both the full-length AR and AR-Vs, for which the knowledge of differentially expressed target genes will allow evaluation of inhibition efficacy. This review provides a detailed account of the most common variant, AR-V7, the AR-V7 regulated genes which have been experimentally validated, endeavours to understand their relevance in aggressive AR-V driven PCa and discusses the utility of the downstream protein products as potential drug targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoe Maylin
- *Correspondence: Zoe Maylin, ; Mohammad Asim,
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Role of Amino Acid Transporter SNAT1/SLC38A1 in Human Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092151. [PMID: 35565278 PMCID: PMC9099705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant melanoma originates from melanocytes. Due to its high metastatic potential and its increasing incidence, it is one of the most aggressive types of cancer. Cancer cells generally exhibit an elevated metabolism, consequently adapting their expression of transport proteins to meet the increased demand of nutrients, such as amino acids. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression and function of the amino acid transporter SNAT1 in human melanoma. In addition, we wanted to determine its role in development and progression of malignant melanoma. We revealed that SNAT1 is overexpressed in melanoma tissue samples, as well as primary and metastatic cell lines. Moreover, we were able to show that SNAT1 plays an important role in forcing proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion, and inhibiting senescence of melanoma cells. Amino acid transporters like SNAT1 are therefore promising targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against melanoma. Abstract The tumor metabolism is an important driver of cancer cell survival and growth, as rapidly dividing tumor cells exhibit a high demand for energetic sources and must adapt to microenvironmental changes. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and the associated deregulation of nutrient transporters are a hallmark of cancer cells. Amino acids are essential for cancer cells to synthesize the necessary amount of protein, DNA, and RNA. Although cancer cells can synthesize glutamine de novo, most cancer cells show an increased uptake of glutamine from the tumor microenvironment. Especially SNAT1/SLC38A1, a member of the sodium neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) family, plays an essential role during major net import of glutamine. In this study, we revealed a significant upregulation of SNAT1 expression in human melanoma tissue in comparison to healthy epidermis and an increased SNAT1 expression level in human melanoma cell lines when compared to normal human melanocytes (NHEMs). We demonstrated that functional inhibition of SNAT1 with α-(methylamino) isobutyric acid (MeAIB), as well as siRNA-mediated downregulation reduces cancer cell growth, cellular migration, invasion, and leads to induction of senescence in melanoma cells. Consequently, these results demonstrate that the amino acid transporter SNAT1 is essential for cancer growth, and indicates a potential target for cancer chemotherapy.
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SLC7A5 expression is up-regulated in peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, associating with renal damage. Clin Immunol 2022; 237:108987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kurozumi S, Kaira K, Matsumoto H, Kurosumi M, Yokobori T, Kanai Y, Sekine C, Honda C, Katayama A, Furuya M, Shiino S, Makiguchi T, Mongan NP, Rakha EA, Oyama T, Fujii T, Shirabe K, Horiguchi J. Association of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) with the immune system and prognosis in invasive breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2742. [PMID: 35177712 PMCID: PMC8854643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), also referred to as SLC7A5, is believed to regulate tumor metabolism and be associated with tumor proliferation. In invasive breast cancer, we clinicopathologically investigated the utility of LAT1 expression. LAT1 expression was evaluated via immunohistochemistry analyses in 250 breast cancer patients undergoing long-term follow-up. We assessed the relationships between LAT1 expression and patient outcomes and clinicopathological factors. Breast cancer-specific survival stratified by LAT1 expression was assessed. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive patients with metastasis received trastuzumab therapy. The density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was evaluated according to the International Working Group guidelines. In the current study, high LAT1 expression was significantly correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, high histological grade, increased TILs, and programmed death ligand 1 positivity. Among the ER-positive and HER2-negative patients, high LAT1 was an independent indicator of poor outcomes (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.97; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-7.62; p = 0.023). Moreover, high LAT1 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor in luminal B-like breast cancer with aggressive features (HR = 3.39; 95% CI 1.35-8.52; p = 0.0094). In conclusion, high LAT1 expression could be used to identify a subgroup of invasive breast cancer characterized by aggressive behavior and high tumor immunoreaction. Our findings suggest that LAT1 might be a candidate therapeutic target for breast cancer patients, particularly those with luminal B-like type breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasagu Kurozumi
- Department of Breast Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, 852, Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, 286-8520, Japan. .,Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Sekine
- Department of Breast Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, 852, Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, 286-8520, Japan
| | - Chikako Honda
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Katayama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mio Furuya
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Sho Shiino
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Takaya Makiguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takaaki Fujii
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jun Horiguchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, 852, Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, 286-8520, Japan
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Zhao X, Sakamoto S, Maimaiti M, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Contribution of LAT1-4F2hc in Urological Cancers via Toll-like Receptor and Other Vital Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010229. [PMID: 35008399 PMCID: PMC8750950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary LAT1-4F2hc complex is an important amino acid transporter. It mainly transports specific amino acids through the cell membrane, provides nutrition for cells, and participates in a variety of metabolic pathways. LAT1 plays a role in transporting essential amino acids including leucine, which regulates the mTOR signaling pathway. However, the importance of SLCs is still not well known in the field of urological cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to report the role of the LAT1-4F2hc complex in urological cancers, as well as their clinical significance and application. Moreover, the inhibitor of LAT1-4F2hc complex is a promising direction as a targeted therapy to improve the treatment and prognosis of urological cancers. Abstract Tumor cells are known for their ability to proliferate. Nutrients are essential for rapidly growing tumor cells. In particular, essential amino acids are essential for tumor cell growth. Tumor cell growth nutrition requires the regulation of membrane transport proteins. Nutritional processes require amino acid uptake across the cell membrane. Leucine, one of the essential amino acids, has recently been found to be closely associated with cancer, which activate mTOR signaling pathway. The transport of leucine into cells requires an L-type amino acid transporter protein 1, LAT1 (SLC7A5), which requires the 4F2 cell surface antigen heavy chain (4F2hc, SLC3A2) to form a heterodimeric amino acid transporter protein complex. Recent evidence identified 4F2hc as a specific downstream target of the androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7). We stressed the importance of the LAT1-4F2hc complex as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in urological cancers in this review, which covered the recent achievements in research on the involvement of the LAT1-4F2hc complex in urinary system tumors. In addition, JPH203, which is a selective LAT1 inhibitor, has shown excellent inhibitory effects on the proliferation in a variety of tumor cells. The current phase I clinical trials of JPH203 in patients with biliary tract cancer have also achieved good results, which is the future research direction for LAT1 targeted therapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
- Department of Urology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-43-226-2134; Fax: +81-43-226-2136
| | - Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
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Zhang C, Xu J, Xue S, Ye J. Prognostic Value of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) in Various Cancers: A Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:523-536. [PMID: 32410110 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is overexpressed in various types of cancer and has been thought to assist cancer progression through its uptake of neutral amino acids. However, the prognostic role of LAT1 in human cancers remains uncharacterized. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to determine the prognostic significance of LAT1 in various cancers. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WanFang databases to collect relevant cohort studies investigating the prognostic value of LAT1 expression in patients with cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to clarify the association between the LAT1 expression and the survival of patients with cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated to appraise the correlation between LAT1 and the clinicopathological characteristics in patients with cancer. RESULTS A total of 32 eligible articles, including 34 cohorts and 6410 patients, were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Our results demonstrated that high LAT1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.41-1.96, P < 0.001), cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.31-2.05, P < 0.001), disease-free survival (HR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.31-1.83, P < 0.001), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.37, P = 0.026) in patients with cancer. In addition, we found that the elevated expression level of LAT1 was significantly related to certain phenotypes of tumor aggressiveness, such as tumor size, clinical stage, T stage, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, tumor differentiation, Ki-67, CD34, CD98, p53, and system ASC amino acid transporter-2. CONCLUSIONS Elevated expression of LAT1 is associated with poor prognosis in human cancers and may serve as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmeng Zhang
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Ye
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Rii J, Sakamoto S, Sugiura M, Kanesaka M, Fujimoto A, Yamada Y, Maimaiti M, Ando K, Wakai K, Xu M, Imamura Y, Shindo N, Hirota T, Kaneda A, Kanai Y, Ikehara Y, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Functional analysis of LAT3 in prostate cancer: Its downstream target and relationship with androgen receptor. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3871-3883. [PMID: 34050700 PMCID: PMC8409400 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
L‐type amino acid transporter 3 (LAT3, SLC43A1) is abundantly expressed in prostate cancer (PC) and is thought to play an essential role in PC progression through the cellular uptake of essential amino acids. Here, we analyzed the expression, function, and downstream target of LAT3 in PC. LAT3 was highly expressed in PC cells expressing androgen receptor (AR), and its expression was increased by dihydrotestosterone treatment and decreased by bicalutamide treatment. In chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing of AR, binding of AR to the SLC43A1 region was increased by dihydrotestosterone stimulation. Knockdown of LAT3 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and the phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4EBP‐1. Separase (ESPL1) was identified as a downstream target of LAT3 by RNA sequencing analysis. In addition, immunostaining of prostatectomy specimens was performed. In the multivariate analysis, high expression of LAT3 was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence‐free survival (hazard ratio: 3.24; P = .0018). High LAT3 expression was correlated with the pathological T stage and a high International Society of Urological Pathology grade. In summary, our results suggest that LAT3 plays an important role in the progression of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junryo Rii
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugiura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manato Kanesaka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumu Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Yamada
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ando
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken Wakai
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minhui Xu
- Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Pellizzari G, Martinez O, Crescioli S, Page R, Di Meo A, Mele S, Chiaruttini G, Hoinka J, Batruch I, Prassas I, Grandits M, López-Abente J, Bugallo-Blanco E, Ward M, Bax HJ, French E, Cheung A, Lombardi S, Figini M, Lacy KE, Diamandis EP, Josephs DH, Spicer J, Papa S, Karagiannis SN. Immunotherapy using IgE or CAR T cells for cancers expressing the tumor antigen SLC3A2. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002140. [PMID: 34112739 PMCID: PMC8194339 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies can benefit from selection of new targets with high levels of tumor specificity and from early assessments of efficacy and safety to derisk potential therapies. Methods Employing mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, immuno-mass spectrometry and CRISPR/Cas9 we identified the target of the tumor-specific SF-25 antibody. We engineered IgE and CAR T cell immunotherapies derived from the SF-25 clone and evaluated potential for cancer therapy. Results We identified the target of the SF-25 clone as the tumor-associated antigen SLC3A2, a cell surface protein with key roles in cancer metabolism. We generated IgE monoclonal antibody, and CAR T cell immunotherapies each recognizing SLC3A2. In concordance with preclinical and, more recently, clinical findings with the first-in-class IgE antibody MOv18 (recognizing the tumor-associated antigen Folate Receptor alpha), SF-25 IgE potentiated Fc-mediated effector functions against cancer cells in vitro and restricted human tumor xenograft growth in mice engrafted with human effector cells. The antibody did not trigger basophil activation in cancer patient blood ex vivo, suggesting failure to induce type I hypersensitivity, and supporting safe therapeutic administration. SLC3A2-specific CAR T cells demonstrated cytotoxicity against tumor cells, stimulated interferon-γ and interleukin-2 production in vitro. In vivo SLC3A2-specific CAR T cells significantly increased overall survival and reduced growth of subcutaneous PC3-LN3-luciferase xenografts. No weight loss, manifestations of cytokine release syndrome or graft-versus-host disease, were detected. Conclusions These findings identify efficacious and potentially safe tumor-targeting of SLC3A2 with novel immune-activating antibody and genetically modified cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pellizzari
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Olivier Martinez
- Immunoengineering Group, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Robert Page
- Immunoengineering Group, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Ashley Di Meo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Mele
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Giulia Chiaruttini
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Jan Hoinka
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Grandits
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Jacobo López-Abente
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | | | | | - Heather J Bax
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Elise French
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Sara Lombardi
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Mariangela Figini
- Biomarker Unit, Dipartimento di Ricerca Applicata e Sviluppo Tecnologico (DRAST), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debra H Josephs
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - James Spicer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Sophie Papa
- Immunoengineering Group, King's College London, London, England, UK .,Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, England, UK .,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
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12
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The heavy chain of 4F2 antigen promote prostate cancer progression via SKP-2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11478. [PMID: 34075107 PMCID: PMC8169706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (4F2hc) forms a heterodimeric complex with L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and transports large neutral essential amino acids. However, in contrast to the traditional role of LAT1 in various cancers, the role of 4F2hc has largely remained unknown. The role of 4F2hc in prostate cancer was studied. Treatment of C4-2 cells with si4F2hc was found to suppress cellular growth, migratory and invasive abilities, with this effect occurring through the cell cycle, with a significant decrease in S phase and a significant increase in G0/G1 phase, suggesting cell cycle arrest. In addition, it was proven by RNA seq that the key to 4F2hc’s impact on cancer is SKP2. si4F2hc upregulates the protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (P21cip1, P27kip1) through the downstream target SKP2. Furthermore, the expression of 4F2hc and LAT1 in prostate cancer cells suggests the importance of 4F2hc. Multivariate analysis showed that high 4F2hc expression was an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival (HR 11.54, p = 0.0357). High 4F2hc was related to the clinical tumour stage (p = 0.0255) and Gleason score (p = 0.0035). Collectively, 4F2hc contributed significantly to prostate cancer (PC) progression. 4F2hc may be a novel marker and therapeutic target in PC.
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13
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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14
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Lopes C, Pereira C, Medeiros R. ASCT2 and LAT1 Contribution to the Hallmarks of Cancer: From a Molecular Perspective to Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E203. [PMID: 33429909 PMCID: PMC7828050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer has been explored throughout the years. In this review, we report their impact on the hallmarks of cancer, as well as their clinical significance. Overall, both proteins have been associated with cell death resistance through dysregulation of caspases and sustainment of proliferative signaling through mTOR activation. Furthermore, ASCT2 appears to play an important role in cellular energetics regulation, whereas LAT1 expression is associated with angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis activation. The molecular impact of these proteins on the hallmarks of cancer translates into various clinical applications and both transporters have been identified as prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Concerning their role as therapeutic targets, efforts have been undertaken to synthesize competitive or irreversible ASCT2 and LAT1 inhibitors. However, JHP203, a selective inhibitor of the latter, is, to the best of our knowledge, the only compound included in a Phase 1 clinical trial. In conclusion, considering the usefulness of ASCT2 and LAT1 in a variety of cancer-related pathways and cancer therapy/diagnosis, the development and testing of novel inhibitors for these transporters that could be evaluated in clinical trials represents a promising approach to cancer prognosis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Carina Pereira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer—North (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada da Circunvalação, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
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15
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Okanishi H, Ohgaki R, Okuda S, Endou H, Kanai Y. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics reveal key regulators associated with cytostatic effect of amino acid transporter LAT1 inhibitor. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:871-883. [PMID: 33264461 PMCID: PMC7893994 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is highly expressed in various cancers and plays important roles not only in the amino acid uptake necessary for cancer growth but also in cellular signaling. Recent research studies have reported anticancer effects of LAT1 inhibitors and demonstrated their potential for cancer therapy. Here, we characterized the proteome and phosphoproteome in LAT1‐inhibited cancer cells. We used JPH203, a selective LAT1 inhibitor, and performed tandem mass tag–based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics on four biliary tract cancer cell lines sensitive to JPH203. Our analysis identified hundreds to thousands of differentially expressed proteins and phosphorylated sites, demonstrating the broad influence of LAT1 inhibition. Our findings showed various functional pathways altered by LAT1 inhibition, and provided possible regulators and key kinases in LAT1‐inhibited cells. Comparison of these changes among cell lines provides insights into general pathways and regulators associated with LAT1 inhibition and particularly suggests the importance of cell cycle–related pathways and kinases. Moreover, we evaluated the anticancer effects of the combinations of JPH203 with cell cycle–related kinase inhibitors and demonstrated their potential for cancer therapy. This is the first study providing the proteome‐wide scope of both protein expression and phosphorylation signaling perturbed by LAT1 inhibition in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okanishi
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ohgaki
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suguru Okuda
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Ichinoe M, Mikami T, Yanagisawa N, Yoshida T, Hana K, Endou H, Okayasu I, Sengoku N, Ogata H, Saegusa M, Shibuya K, Murakumo Y. Prognostic values of L-type amino acid transporter 1 and CD98hc expression in breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:589-595. [PMID: 32907912 PMCID: PMC8380907 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a major Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter, forming a complex with CD98hc. The aim of this study is to investigate the significance of LAT1 and CD98hc in invasive breast cancer. METHODS LAT1 and CD98hc expression was immunohistochemically assessed in 280 invasive breast cancers and analysed for association with clinicopathological features. RESULTS High levels of LAT1 and CD98hc were observed in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) possessing negative immunoreactivity with oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, compared with non-TNBCs (NTNBCs), and were associated with lymph-node metastasis and higher nuclear grade. The high-LAT1-expression group showed a poor prognosis in NTNBC and TNBC, however, high-CD98hc-expression group showed a poor prognosis only in NTNBC. LAT1 and CD98hc expression could be the prognostic factors in univariate analyses, but not in multivariate analyses. Further, we found that invasive tumour components showed higher LAT1 and CD98hc expression than non-invasive tumour components. CONCLUSIONS LAT1 and CD98hc may possess prognostic values in invasive breast cancer. LAT1 may be linked with cancer cell activities and disease progression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ichinoe
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Yokohama-City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Isao Okayasu
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sengoku
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ogata
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Saegusa
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakumo
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Scalise M, Console L, Rovella F, Galluccio M, Pochini L, Indiveri C. Membrane Transporters for Amino Acids as Players of Cancer Metabolic Rewiring. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092028. [PMID: 32899180 PMCID: PMC7565710 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells perform a metabolic rewiring to sustain an increased growth rate and compensate for the redox stress caused by augmented energy metabolism. The metabolic changes are not the same in all cancers. Some features, however, are considered hallmarks of this disease. As an example, all cancer cells rewire the amino acid metabolism for fulfilling both the energy demand and the changed signaling routes. In these altered conditions, some amino acids are more frequently used than others. In any case, the prerequisite for amino acid utilization is the presence of specific transporters in the cell membrane that can guarantee the absorption and the traffic of amino acids among tissues. Tumor cells preferentially use some of these transporters for satisfying their needs. The evidence for this phenomenon is the over-expression of selected transporters, associated with specific cancer types. The knowledge of the link between the over-expression and the metabolic rewiring is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanism of reprogramming in cancer cells. The continuous growth of information on structure-function relationships and the regulation of transporters will open novel perspectives in the fight against human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Filomena Rovella
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM) via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-8449-2939
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18
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Prognostic value of LAT-1 status in solid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233629. [PMID: 32469987 PMCID: PMC7259771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) plays a significant role in tumor progression. However, it remains unclear whether high LAT1 expression correlates with poor prognosis of solid tumor patients. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the potential of LAT1 in predicting the prognosis of tumor patients. Methods and findings A total of 4,579 cases were analyzed from 35 qualified studies. In patients with solid tumors, elevated expression of LAT1 is associated with poor prognosis (overall survival [OS]: pooled hazard ratio (HR) = 1.848, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.620–2.108, P < 0.001; disease free survival [DFS]: pooled HR = 1.923, 95% CI = 1.585–2.333, P < 0.001; progression free survival [PFS]: pooled HR = 1.345, 95% CI = 1.133–1.597, P = 0.001). Furthermore, in subgroup analysis, we found an association between high LAT1 expression and poor OS in non-small cell lung cancer (HR = 1.554, 95% CI = 1.345–1.794, P < 0.001), pancreatic cancer (HR = 2.052, 95% CI = 1.613–2.724, P < 0.001) and biliary tract cancer (HR = 2.253, 95% CI = 1.562–3.227, P < 0.001). Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis indicate the reliability and potential of using LAT1 expression as a predictive biomarker in solid cancers prior to treatment. However, further studies with larger sample sizes would be beneficial for fully evaluating the predictive value of LAT1 expression for clinical applications.
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19
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Zhang L, Sui C, Yang W, Luo Q. Amino acid transporters: Emerging roles in drug delivery for tumor-targeting therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:192-206. [PMID: 32373199 PMCID: PMC7193455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters, which play a vital role in transporting amino acids for the biosynthesis of mammalian cells, are highly expressed in types of tumors. Increasing studies have shown the feasibility of amino acid transporters as a component of tumor-targeting therapy. In this review, we focus on tumor-related amino acid transporters and their potential use in tumor-targeting therapy. Firstly, the expression characteristics of amino acid transporters in cancer and their relationship with tumor growth are reviewed. Secondly, the recognition requirements are discussed, focusing on the "acid-base" properties, conformational isomerism and structural analogues. Finally, recent developments in amino acid transporter-targeting drug delivery strategies are highlighted, including prodrugs and nanocarriers, with special attention to the latest findings of molecular mechanisms and targeting efficiency of transporter-mediated endocytosis. We aim to offer related clues that might lead to valuable tumor-targeting strategies by the utilization of amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Chengguang Sui
- Department of Biotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Qiuhua Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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20
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Imai H, Kaira K, Endoh H, Imaizumi K, Goto Y, Kamiyoshihara M, Kosaka T, Yajima T, Ohtaki Y, Osaki T, Kogure Y, Tanaka S, Fujita A, Oyama T, Minato K, Asao T, Shirabe K. Prognostic Significance of Glucose Metabolism as GLUT1 in Patients with Pulmonary Pleomorphic Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020413. [PMID: 32028659 PMCID: PMC7074371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is necessary for tumor progression, metastasis, and survival in various human cancers. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), in particular, plays an important role in the mechanism of ¹⁸F-FDG (2-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose) within tumor cells. However, little is known about the clinicopathological significance of GLUT1 in patients with pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PPC). Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and others were identified as epithelial components, and spindle-cell type, giant-cell type, and both spindle- and giant-cell types were identified as sarcomatous components. This study was performed to determine the prognostic impact of GLUT1 expression in PPC. Patients with surgically resected PPC (n = 104) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry analysis to detect GLUT1 expression and determine the Ki-67 labeling index using specimens of the resected tumors. GLUT1 was highly expressed in 48% (50/104) of all patients, 42% (20/48) of the patients with an adenocarcinoma component, and 53% (30/56) of the patients with a nonadenocarcinoma component. High expression of GLUT1 was significantly associated with advanced stage, vascular invasion, pleural invasion, and tumor cell proliferation as determined by Ki-67 labeling. GLUT1 expression and tumor cell proliferation were significantly correlated according to the Ki-67 labeling in all patients (Spearman’s rank; r = 0.25, p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, GLUT1 was identified as a significant independent marker for predicting a poor prognosis. GLUT1 is an independent prognostic factor for predicting the poor prognosis of patients with surgically resected PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Imai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Ota 373-8550, Japan; (H.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Innovative Immune-Oncology Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, International Medical Center, Saitama University Hospital, Hidaka 350-1298, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-220-8222; +81-42-984-4111
| | - Hideki Endoh
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saku Central Hospital Advanced Care Center, Saku 385-0051, Japan;
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.I.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yasuhiro Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.I.); (Y.G.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Kamiyoshihara
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi 371-0811, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Kosaka
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki 370-0829, Japan;
| | - Toshiki Yajima
- Department of Innovative Immune-Oncology Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.S.)
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Ohtaki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Takashi Osaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shibukawa Medical Center, Shibukawa 377-0280, Japan;
| | - Yoshihito Kogure
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan;
| | - Shigebumi Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki 372-0817, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Ota 373-8550, Japan;
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Koichi Minato
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Ota 373-8550, Japan; (H.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Big Data Center for Integrative Analysis, Gunma University Initiative for Advance Research, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of Innovative Immune-Oncology Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.S.)
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
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21
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Maimaiti M, Sakamoto S, Yamada Y, Sugiura M, Rii J, Takeuchi N, Imamura Y, Furihata T, Ando K, Higuchi K, Xu M, Sazuka T, Nakamura K, Kaneda A, Kanai Y, Kyprianou N, Ikehara Y, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 as a molecular target for prognostic and therapeutic indicators in bladder carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1292. [PMID: 31992742 PMCID: PMC6987139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) plays a role in transporting essential amino acids including leucine, which regulates the mTOR signaling pathway. Here, we studied the expression profile and functional role of LAT1 in bladder cancer. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of JPH203, a specific inhibitor of LAT1, was studied in bladder cancer. LAT1 expression in bladder cancer cells was higher than that in normal cells. SiLAT1 and JPH203 suppressed cell proliferative and migratory and invasive abilities in bladder cancer cells. JPH203 inhibited leucine uptake by > 90%. RNA-seq analysis identified insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) as a downstream target of JPH203. JPH203 inhibited phosphorylation of MAPK / Erk, AKT, p70S6K and 4EBP-1. Multivariate analysis revealed that high LAT1 expression was found as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR3.46 P = 0.0204). Patients with high LAT1 and IGFBP-5 expression had significantly shorter overall survival periods than those with low expression (P = 0.0005). High LAT1 was related to the high Grade, pathological T stage, LDH, and NLR. Collectively, LAT1 significantly contributed to bladder cancer progression. Targeting LAT1 by JPH203 may represent a novel therapeutic option in bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yasutaka Yamada
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugiura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junryo Rii
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ando
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Higuchi
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minhui Xu
- Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Sazuka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Nakamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Lu X. The Role of Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1) in Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:863-876. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190802135714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The solute carrier family 7 (SLC7) can be categorically divided into two
subfamilies, the L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) including SLC7A5-13, and SLC7A15, and
the cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) including SLC7A1-4 and SLC7A14. Members of the
CAT family transport predominantly cationic amino acids by facilitating diffusion with intracellular
substrates. LAT1 (also known as SLC7A5), is defined as a heteromeric amino acid transporter
(HAT) interacting with the glycoprotein CD98 (SLC3A2) through a conserved disulfide to uptake
not only large neutral amino acids, but also several pharmaceutical drugs to cells.
Methods:
In this review, we provide an overview of the interaction of the structure-function of
LAT1 and its essential role in cancer, specifically, its role at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to facilitate
the transport of thyroid hormones, pharmaceuticals (e.g., I-DOPA, gabapentin), and metabolites
into the brain.
Results:
LAT1 expression increases as cancers progress, leading to higher expression levels in highgrade
tumors and metastases. In addition, LAT1 plays a crucial role in cancer-associated
reprogrammed metabolic networks by supplying tumor cells with essential amino acids.
Conclusion:
The increasing understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer has led to an increase in
interest surrounding its potential as a drug target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
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23
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Clinical Significance of Various Drug-Sensitivity Markers in Patients with Surgically Resected Pulmonary Pleomorphic Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111636. [PMID: 31653009 PMCID: PMC6895922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various drug-sensitivity markers are potentially responsible for tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance in cancer patients with both epithelial and sarcomatous components; however, the clinicopathological significance of drug-sensitivity markers in patients with pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PPC) remains unknown. Here, we clarified the prognostic impact of these drug-sensitivity markers in PPC by performing immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic analyses of samples from 105 patients with surgically resected PPC in order to evaluate levels of vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2), stathmin 1 (STMN1), tubulin β3 class III (TUBB3), thymidylate synthetase (TS), topoisomerase II (Topo-II), glucose-regulated protein, and 78 kDa (GRP78)/binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP). We observed the rates of high expression for VEGFR2, STMN1, TUBB3, TS, Topo-II, and GRP78/BiP were 33% (39/105), 35% (37/105), 61% (64/105), 51% (53/105), 31% (33/105), and 51% (53/105) of the samples, respectively. Moreover, multivariate analysis identified VEGFR2 and GRP78/BiP as significant independent markers for predicting worse prognosis. These findings suggested elevated VEGFR2 and decreased GRP78/BiP levels as independent factors for predicting poor outcomes following surgical resection in patients with PPC.
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24
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The L-Type Amino Acid Transporter LAT1-An Emerging Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102428. [PMID: 31100853 PMCID: PMC6566973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic proliferation is a major hallmark of tumor cells. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells are highly dependent on nutrients in order to duplicate their cell mass during each cell division. In particular, essential amino acids are indispensable for proliferating cancer cells. Their uptake across the cell membrane is tightly controlled by membrane transporters. Among those, the L-type amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been repeatedly found overexpressed in a vast variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer and highlight preclinical studies and drug developments underlying the potential of LAT1 as therapeutic target.
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