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Ashbaugh AG, Kwatra SG. Atopic Dermatitis Disease Complications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1447:59-67. [PMID: 38724784 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54513-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
This chapter will describe infectious complications of atopic dermatitis, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections and the evolving understanding of the relationship between atopic dermatitis and infectious disease. The underlying immunological dysregulation and poor skin barrier function associated with atopic dermatitis not only increase the likelihood of infectious complications but also lend atopic dermatitis skin vulnerable to flares induced by environmental triggers. Thus, this chapter will also highlight the impact of common external environmental agents on precipitating flares of disease. Lastly, this chapter will discuss complications that can arise from treatments and the association of atopic dermatitis with more serious conditions such as lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa G Ashbaugh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shawn G Kwatra
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hedegaard Pliess Larsen H, Vittrup I, Frier Ruge I, Elberling J, Skov L, Ibler K, Borut Ernst Jemec G, Gotthard Mørtz C, Overgaard Bach R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Glud Dalager M, Agner T, Deleuran M, Vestergaard C, Pontoppidan Thyssen J. Severe and ChRonic Atopic dermatitis Treatment CoHort (SCRATCH): A Danish Real-world Evidence Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Registry. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102:adv00760. [DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from real-world use of new systemic treatments in atopic dermatitis (AD) is important for assessing safety and efficacy. The aim of this study is to describe the baseline characteristics of adult patients with moderate-to-severe AD enrolled in the Danish nationwide Severe and ChRonic Atopic dermatitis Treatment CoHort (SCRATCH) database, between October 2017 and August 2021. A total of 282 adult patients were included. Most (62%) were men, the median age at baseline was 43 years (interquartile range (IQR) 29–54 years), and median age at onset of AD was 1 year (IQR 0–6 years). The median Eczema Area and Severity Index at treatment initiation was 19.1 (IQR 11.9–25.7); median Patient Oriented Eczema Measure 21.0 (IQR 16.0–25.0); median Dermatology Life Quality Index 13.0 (IQR 7.0–19.0); and median itch and sleep numerical rating scale scores 8.0 (IQR 6.0–9.0) and 6.0 (IQR 4.0–8.0). Differences were found between the sexes. This registry will provide a source for future efficacy and safety studies.
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Fatani MI, Al Sheikh AA, Alajlan MA, Alharithy RS, Binamer Y, Albarakati RG, Alenzi KA, Khardaly AM, Alomari BA, Almudaiheem HY, Al-Jedai A, Eshmawi MT. National Saudi Consensus Statement on the Management of Atopic Dermatitis (2021). Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:1551-1575. [PMID: 35788543 PMCID: PMC9252549 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with an increasing prevalence regionally and globally. It is characterized by intense itching and recurrent eczematous lesions. With the increase in the availability of treatment options for healthcare practitioner and patients, new challenges arise for treatment selection and approach. The current consensus statement has been developed to provide up-to-date evidence and evidence-based recommendations to guide dermatologists and healthcare professionals managing patients with AD in Saudi Arabia. By an initiative from the Ministry of Health (MOH), a multidisciplinary work group of 11 experts was convened to review and discuss aspects of AD management. Four consensus meetings were held on January 14, February 4, February 25, and March 18 of 2021. All consensus content was voted on by the work group, including diagnostic criteria, AD severity assessment, comorbidities, and therapeutic options for AD. Special consideration for the pediatric population, as well as women during pregnancy and lactation, was also discussed. The present consensus document will be updated as needed to incorporate new data or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afaf A Al Sheikh
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City (National Guard Health Affairs), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ruaa S Alharithy
- Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Binamer
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khalidah A Alenzi
- Regional Drug Information and Pharmacovigilance Center, Ministry of Health, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr M Khardaly
- Deputyship of Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ahmed Al-Jedai
- Deputyship of Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysa T Eshmawi
- King Abdullah Medical Complex, Prince Nayef Street, Northern Abhor, Jeddah, 23816, Saudi Arabia.
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Han JH, Yoon JW, Yook HJ, Bang CH, Chun JH, Lee JY, Park YM, Lee SJ, Lee JH. Evaluation of Atopic Dermatitis and Cutaneous Infectious Disorders Using Sequential Pattern Mining: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123422. [PMID: 35743492 PMCID: PMC9225084 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
According to previous studies, the increased risk of cutaneous infectious disorders in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is related to impaired epidermal function, abnormal systemic immune function, and lower antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we analyzed the association between AD and cutaneous infectious disorders in the real world using sequential pattern mining (SPM). We analyzed National Health Insurance data from 2010–2013 using SPM to identify comorbid cutaneous infectious diseases and the onset durations of comorbidities. Patients with AD were at greater risk for molluscum contagiosum (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 5.273), impetigo (aOR, 2.852), chickenpox (aOR, 2.251), otitis media (aOR, 1.748), eczema herpeticum (aOR, 1.292), and viral warts (aOR, 1.105). In SPM analysis, comorbidity of 1.06% shown in molluscum contagiosum was the highest value, and the duration of 77.42 days documented for molluscum contagiosum was the shortest onset duration among all the association rules. This study suggests that AD is associated with an increased risk of cutaneous infectious disorders. In particular, care should be taken regarding its high relevance with impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, and otitis media, which may help in preventing AD from worsening through appropriately preventing and managing the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Han
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.-H.H.); (H.-J.Y.); (C.-H.B.); (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.P.)
| | - Jae-Woong Yoon
- Department of Business Management, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.-W.Y.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Hwa-Jung Yook
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.-H.H.); (H.-J.Y.); (C.-H.B.); (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.P.)
| | - Chul-Hwan Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.-H.H.); (H.-J.Y.); (C.-H.B.); (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.P.)
| | - Jae-Hun Chun
- Department of Business Management, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.-W.Y.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.-H.H.); (H.-J.Y.); (C.-H.B.); (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.P.)
| | - Young-Min Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.-H.H.); (H.-J.Y.); (C.-H.B.); (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.P.)
| | - Suk-Jun Lee
- Department of Business Management, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.-W.Y.); (J.-H.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2258-6790 (J.-H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.-H.H.); (H.-J.Y.); (C.-H.B.); (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2258-6790 (J.-H.L.)
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Chan G, Wee CP, Ong PY. Complete blood count profiles in children with eczema herpeticum. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13648. [PMID: 34379818 PMCID: PMC8724417 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Eczema herpeticum (EH) can be a life-threatening condition. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial. In this article, we retrospectively assessed the use of screening complete blood count (CBC) to differentiate EH from bacterial skin infection and eczema exacerbation in children who were hospitalized for atopic dermatitis (AD). Children with EH had consistent leukopenia and lymphopenia, relative to the comparison groups as well as standard references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Chan
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Choo Phei Wee
- Biostatistics core, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and Southern California and Clinical Translation Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Real-world comorbidities of atopic dermatitis in the U.S. adult ambulatory population. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:835-845. [PMID: 34800600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin disease associated with various comorbidities. However, comprehensive analyses of real-world comorbidities in adult AD patients are limited. OBJECTIVE To characterize the real-world comorbidities associated with adult AD in an ambulatory population. METHODS We queried the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to compare comorbidities in adult AD patients vs. age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS A total of 39,779 AD patients and 353,743 controls were identified. Increased odds of psychiatric conditions including anxiety (OR 1.44) and mood disorders (OR 1.31) were observed in AD. AD patients had higher likelihood of autoimmune diseases including vitiligo (OR 4.44) and alopecia areata (OR 6.01). Adult AD was also associated with infections including impetigo (OR 9.72), MRSA (OR 3.92), and cellulitis (OR 2.52). AD patients were more likely to have systemic conditions including lymphoid/hematopoietic malignancy (OR 1.91), atherosclerosis (OR 1.69), and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.47). For all the above, p<0.001. LIMITATIONS Retrospective analysis of healthcare claims data CONCLUSIONS: Adult AD is associated with various psychiatric and systemic comorbidities, emphasizing the systemic nature of AD and the need for collaborative management of these patients.
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Wang Y, Jorizzo JL. Retrospective analysis of adverse events with dupilumab reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 84:1010-1014. [PMID: 33725800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases and has aesthetic, physical, and emotional-social sequelae when left untreated. OBJECTIVE To classify the most common adverse reactions associated with dupilumab treatment in patients with AD. METHODS The United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting (FAERS) database was analyzed for common adverse reactions associated with dupilumab, topical pimecrolimus, and topical tacrolimus. Phase III clinical trial data were used to compare the rate of herpes infections between the treatment group and placebo group. RESULTS The most common adverse reaction associated with dupilumab was ocular complications. Herpes infections were extremely rare in the patients with AD being treated with dupilumab. LIMITATIONS Prescribing information for dupilumab, topical pimecrolimus, and topical tacrolimus is not available. Adverse effects are reported by patients, health care providers, and pharmaceutical companies, they have not been corroborated. CONCLUSIONS Ocular complications are the most common complication associated with dupilumab. The rate of herpes infection is low in patients being treated with dupilumab, topical pimecrolimus, and topical tacrolimus. There is no significant difference for the rate of herpes infection between, placebo, dupilumab, topical pimecrolimus, and the topical tacrolimus treatment group, suggesting that dupilumab does not affect herpes infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Renaissance School of Medicne at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Joseph L Jorizzo
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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The effects of antibiotic exposure on asthma in children with atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8526. [PMID: 33875744 PMCID: PMC8055669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life antibiotic use is associated with allergic diseases. The risk factors for the progression from atopic dermatitis (AD) to asthma or allergic rhinitis are still unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to different antibiotics and the risk of new-onset asthma in children with AD. By using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005, we selected AD patients less than 6 years old identified by ICD-9-CM code 691.8. The case group was defined as those having new-onset asthma, and the control group was defined as those without an asthma history. Information on antibiotic exposure in the 5 years prior to the index date was collected from drug prescription records. We estimated the adjusted odds ratio by using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, index year, other potential risk factors and antibiotics. Antibiotic exposure was associated with the development of asthma in patients with AD (aOR = 3.68, 95% CI 2.13–6.36), particularly for patients less than 5 years old (aOR = 4.14, 95% CI 2.24–7.64) (p for trend < 0.001), even though lower cumulative antibiotic defined daily doses (DDDs) were associated with new-onset asthma occurrence. Antibiotic exposure, especially macrolide exposure, is associated with an increased risk of asthma in patients with AD.
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Association of Atopic Dermatitis With Bacterial, Fungal, Viral, and Sexually Transmitted Skin Infections. Dermatitis 2021; 31:157-164. [PMID: 32049716 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with altered skin barrier, microbiome, and immune dysregulation that may increase risk of skin infections. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether AD is associated with skin infections and related outcomes. METHODS Data from the 2006 to 2012 National Emergency Department Sample were analyzed, including an approximately 20% sample of all US emergency department (ED) visits (N = 198,102,435 adults or children). RESULTS Skin infections were increased in ED visits of adults (7.14% vs 3.76%) and children (5.15% vs 2.48%) with AD. In multivariable logistic regression models, AD was associated with significantly higher odds of skin infection in adults (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.93 [1.89-1.97]) and children (2.23 [2.16-2.31]). Pediatric and adult AD were associated with significantly higher odds of carbuncle/furuncles, impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections, molluscum contagiosum, cutaneous warts, herpes simplex and zoster viruses, eczema herpeticum, dermatophytosis, and candidiasis of skin/nails and vulva/urogenitals. Adults with AD had significantly higher odds of genital warts (1.51 [1.36-1.52]) and herpes (1.23 [1.11-1.35]). Skin infections were associated with US $19 million excess annual costs of ED care in persons with AD. CONCLUSIONS Atopic dermatitis patients had higher odds of multiple bacterial, viral, fungal, and sexually transmitted skin infections.
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Risk Factors in Outpatients with Dermatitis and Eczema in Tertiary Hospitals of China Who Have Clinically Suspected Bacterial Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7621217. [PMID: 33313318 PMCID: PMC7719487 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7621217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin bacterial infections are often observed in eczema patients, but the risk factors are not fully understood. The current study evaluated the prevalence of clinically suspected bacterial infection and its associated risk factors. Moreover, we investigated the practice of skin infection diagnosis in China. A hospital-based, multicenter, cross-sectional epidemiologic survey of bacterial infection was performed in a total of 6208 outpatients diagnosed with dermatitis and eczema from 39 tertiary hospitals of 15 provinces and municipalities in China. All patients completed a specific questionnaire regarding their demographic characteristics, disease duration, distribution of lesions, severity of itching, and medical history. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate risk factors associated with bacterial infection in patients with different types of eczema. The prevalence of clinically suspected bacterial infection was 47.0% in patients with eczema. Compared to atopic dermatitis, widespread eczema (OR = 1.50, P < 0.001) and other eczema (OR = 1.42, P < 0.001) were more likely to suffer bacterial infection. The itching grade was positively associated with the infection (OR = 2.11, 7.04, and 12.3 in patients with mild, moderate, and severe itching, respectively; P < 0.001). Lesion distribution in the cubital fossa, popliteal fossa, ear, shoulder and back, axillary, foot, and pudendum was positively associated with bacterial infection (all OR > 1.0, P < 0.05). In contrast, the face and abdomen were reversely associated with bacterial infection (OR < 1.0, P < 0.005). History of asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, infantile eczema, and flexion dermatitis was positively associated with bacterial infection (all OR > 1.0, P < 0.005), while the history of dry skin was reversely associated with bacterial infection (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64-0.90; P = 0.002). Patients with eczema were easily infected with bacteria. Widespread eczema and other eczema were more likely to have bacterial infection than atopic dermatitis. The high rate of infection may attribute to the lack of corresponding bacterial detection, suggesting the need of guideline development in China to prevent overuse of topical antibiotics.
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Biological drugs in the treatment of atopic dermatitis - current recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society, the Polish Society of Allergology, the Polish Pediatric Society and the Polish Society of Family Medicine. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 37:617-624. [PMID: 33239998 PMCID: PMC7675073 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is secondary to genetic, immunological and microbiological disorders as well as epidermal barrier defects, which are the main targets of therapy. The disease proceeds with periodic exacerbations. Its development and course are influenced by numerous environmental and individual factors. In recent decades, in industrialized countries, there has been a threefold increase in the incidence of AD. There is also an increasing number of cases resistant to topical treatment. Effective treatment of AD should provide control of clinical symptoms, prevent exacerbations and improve the quality of life of patients. The multifactorial etiopathogenesis and various endotypes and phenotypes of AD justify the tendency to optimize and personalize the therapy. Currently, we recommend the use of dupilumab for the treatment of patients from 12 years of age with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis, who do not respond to topical treatment.
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Frequency and Clinical Features Associated With Eczema Herpeticum in Hospitalized Children With Presumed Atopic Dermatitis Skin Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:263-266. [PMID: 31764378 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) predisposes to viral skin infections, such as eczema herpeticum (EH), and to bacterial skin infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and group A streptococcus (GAS). This study evaluated clinical features of EH and its frequency of codetection with SA or GAS in children hospitalized for presumed AD skin infection. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed clinical data for children ≤18 years of age admitted to a large hospital system for AD with presumed skin infection from January 2004 to December 2018. Those with an alternate primary diagnosis or missing microbiologic data were excluded. Encounters with herpes simplex virus testing were identified as AD with EH (ADEH+) or without (ADEH-). Encounters with bacterial skin culture growth were identified as SA or GAS. RESULTS Among 180 AD encounters with suspected skin infection, 133 (74%) were tested for herpes simplex virus. Clinical findings associated with ADEH+ status (n = 61) included fever on admission (59% vs. 32% in ADEH-; P = 0.002), rash on the neck (30% vs. 13%; P = 0.015) and vesicular rash (70% vs. 49%; P = 0.011). Encounters in the ADEH+ group had a longer hospital length of stay compared with encounters in the ADEH- group [median 4 days (interquartile range 3-5 days) vs. 3 days (interquartile range 2-3 days); P < 0.001]. GAS was identified in only 1 ADEH+ encounter (2%) versus 15 ADEH- encounters (26%), P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for EH in children admitted for presumed AD skin infection. GAS was more commonly associated with ADEH- encounters.
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Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Infections in Atopic Dermatitis. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-019-0256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Silverberg JI. Comorbidities and the impact of atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:144-151. [PMID: 31034875 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease with substantial patient and population burdens. A number of comorbid health problems occur in patients with AD, aside from the cutaneous signs and symptoms. This review summarizes recent developments in the burden and comorbidities of AD. DATA SOURCES Literature review. STUDY SELECTIONS Nonsystematic. RESULTS Different aspects of AD, such as chronic pruritus, psychosocial distress, and inflammation, can lead to anxiety, depression, or suicidality. Atopic dermatitis is associated with and may predispose to higher risk of other atopic disorders, including asthma, hay fever, food allergy, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Persons with AD appear to be at higher risk for infectious and cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSION Atopic dermatitis is associated with substantial burden and comorbidities. Identifying AD comorbidities is essential for proper disease management and improving overall patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Silverberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Northwestern Medicine Multidisciplinary Eczema Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Serrano L, Patel KR, Silverberg JI. Association between atopic dermatitis and extracutaneous bacterial and mycobacterial infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:904-912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Aoki V, Lorenzini D, Orfali RL, Zaniboni MC, de Oliveira ZNP, Rivitti-Machado MC, Takaoka R, Weber MB, Cestari T, Gontijo B, Ramos AMC, Silva CMDR, Cestari SDCP, Souto-Mayor S, Carneiro FR, de Cerqueira AMM, Laczynski C, Pires MC. Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis - Brazilian Society of Dermatology. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:67-75. [PMID: 31166406 PMCID: PMC6544038 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.2019940210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory and pruritic dermatosis with a multifactorial etiology, which includes skin barrier defects, immune dysfunction, and microbiome alterations. Atopic dermatitis is mediated by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors and requires therapeutic management that covers all the aspects of its complex pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to present the experience, opinions, and recommendations of Brazilian dermatology experts regarding the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. METHODS Eighteen experts from 10 university hospitals with experience in atopic dermatitis were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology to organize a consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. The 18 experts answered an online questionnaire with 14 questions related to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Afterwards, they analyzed the recent international guidelines on atopic dermatitis of the American Academy of Dermatology, published in 2014, and of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, published in 2018. Consensus was defined as approval by at least 70% of the panel. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The experts stated that the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis is based on skin hydration, topical anti-inflammatory agents, avoidance of triggering factors, and educational programs. Systemic therapy, based on immunosuppressive agents, is only indicated for severe refractory disease and after failure of topical therapy. Early detection and treatment of secondary bacterial and viral infections is mandatory, and hospitalization may be needed to control atopic dermatitis flares. Novel target-oriented drugs such as immunobiologicals are invaluable therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Daniel Lorenzini
- Dermatology Service, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de
Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Raquel Leão Orfali
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Takaoka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Magda Blessmann Weber
- Dermatology Service, Universidade Federal de Ciências da
Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Tania Cestari
- Dermatology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Bernardo Gontijo
- Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Andrea Machado Coelho Ramos
- Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia Souto-Mayor
- Clinic of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculdade de
Medicina da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristina Laczynski
- Dermatology Outpatient Clinic, Discipline of Dermatology,
Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André (SP), Brazil
| | - Mario Cezar Pires
- Dermatology Service, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual,
São Paulo (SP), Brazil
- Dermatology Service, Complexo Hospitalar Padre Bento, Guarulhos
(SP), Brazil
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18
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Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis patients in Mansoura, Egypt. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-019-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Izadi N, Leung DYM. Clinical approach to the patient with refractory atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 120:23-33.e1. [PMID: 29273125 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neema Izadi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado.
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20
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Boguniewicz M, Fonacier L, Guttman-Yassky E, Ong PY, Silverberg J, Farrar JR. Atopic dermatitis yardstick: Practical recommendations for an evolving therapeutic landscape. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 120:10-22.e2. [PMID: 29273118 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of treatment guidelines for atopic dermatitis is challenging, in part because of different guidance documents being used by different groups of specialists and in part because the language of guidelines often reflects the evidence base rather than the practical "how to." The Atopic Dermatitis Yardstick is part of a series developed in response to the need to proactively address the loss of disease control for atopic illnesses at all levels of severity. It presents a comprehensive update on how to conduct a sustained step-up in therapy for the patient with inadequately controlled or poorly controlled atopic dermatitis. Patient profiles, based on current guidelines and the authors' combined clinical experience, provide a practical and clinically meaningful guide to aid physicians in helping their patients achieve the goal of clear to almost clear. The intent is not to replace guidelines but to complement their recommendations incorporating the latest research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boguniewicz
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
| | - Luz Fonacier
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Silverberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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Yang EJ, Sekhon S, Sanchez IM, Beck KM, Bhutani T. Recent Developments in Atopic Dermatitis. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2018-1102. [PMID: 30266868 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a bothersome and common skin disease affecting ∼10.7% of children in the United States. This skin condition significantly decreases quality of life in not only patients, but in their families as well. Pediatricians are often the first physicians to diagnose and manage these patients and thus are relied on by families to answer questions about this disease. AD is complex, multifactorial, and has historically had limited therapeutic options, but the landscape of this disease is now rapidly changing. Pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of this disease are continually being discovered, and new therapies for AD are being developed at an unprecedented rate. With this article, we will review the current guidelines regarding the management of AD, outline updates in the current understanding of its pathophysiology, and highlight novel developments available for the treatment of this burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; .,Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Sahil Sekhon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Isabelle M Sanchez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen M Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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22
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disorder, characterized by an abnormal skin barrier, immune dysfunction, and an altered skin microbiome. Atopic dermatitis may be seen in conjunction with a variety of other skin disorders due to the complex pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, involving genetic and environmental factors that are associated with immune dysfunction, barrier defects, and altered skin microbiomes. Skin disorders associated with atopic dermatitis include diseases sharing similar genetic origins like ichthyosis vulgaris, infectious diseases such as impetigo, and eczema herpeticum, in addition to the cutaneous autoimmune diseases, alopecia areata, and vitiligo. Atopic dermatitis is also often linked to such benign conditions as pityriasis alba and keratosis pilaris. This review discusses the cutaneous comorbidities of atopic dermatitis and their relationship via their occurrence in conjunction with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Fenner
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Sinai West, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nanette B Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Sinai West, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood leads to significant morbidity including psychosocial problems and infectious complications. There are only a few approved treatment options for these patients. These include topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus ointment, which are associated with potential side effects. RECENT FINDINGS In order to find better and safer treatments, further understanding of AD mechanisms is needed. Primary skin barrier defects play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. In addition, the suppression of skin barrier functions by Th2 inflammation also plays an important role in the persistence and recurrence of AD. Cytokines in the Th2 pathway, which includes IL-4, IL-13, TSLP, IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33, are potential therapeutic targets in AD. Other potential targets of AD are Janus kinase, phospholipase A2, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and skin microbiota. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD will provide future direction for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Huang
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd. MS #75, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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24
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Infectious Complications following Breast Reconstruction Using Tissue Expanders in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1535. [PMID: 29184743 PMCID: PMC5682179 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious complications represent one of the most prominent factors contributing to tissue expander (TE) loss in breast reconstruction procedures. Several patient characteristics that increase the risk for surgical-site infection or TE infection have been reported, but no study has focused on the relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and TE infection or surgical-site infection. Recently, we investigated 203 cases of breast reconstruction surgeries performed using TEs and noted that all 3 patients who had AD developed infectious complications that ultimately led to TE removal. Considering its pathophysiology, it is likely that patients with AD relatively easily develop infectious complications due to barrier dysfunction, abnormalities in innate immune responses, or colony formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Particular caution should be exercised for breast reconstruction using man-made materials in cases complicated by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Austin
- 1 University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,2 Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Russell W Steele
- 1 University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,2 Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
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26
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Abstract
This chapter will describe infectious complications of atopic dermatitis, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections and the evolving understanding of the relationship between atopic dermatitis and infectious disease. The underlying immunological dysregulation and poor skin barrier function associated with atopic dermatitis not only increases the likelihood of infectious complications, but also lends atopic dermatitis skin vulnerable to flares induced by environmental triggers. Thus, this chapter will also highlight the impact of common external environmental agents on precipitating flares of disease. Lastly, this chapter will discuss complications that can arise from treatments and the association of atopic dermatitis with more serious conditions such as lymphoma.
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