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Yang Q, Guo S, Ran Y, Zeng J, Qiao D, Xu H, Cao Y. Enhanced degradation of exogenetic citrinin by glycosyltransferases in the oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica zwy-2-3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 413:131468. [PMID: 39260733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The contamination by the toxin citrinin (CIT), produced by fungi, has been reported in agricultural foods and is known to be nephrotoxic to humans. In this study, we found that CIT could be effectively degraded by the oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica zwy-2-3. Four genes encoding glycosyltransferases (GTs) in S. podzolica zwy-2-3 (SPGTs) were identified by evolutionary and structural analyses. The overexpression of SPGTs enhanced CIT degradation to 0.56 mg/L/h in S. podzolica zwy-2-3 by increasing ATP and glutathione (GSH) contents to oxidize CIT and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides, SPGTs promoted lipid synthesis by 9.3 % of S. podzolica zwy-2-3 under CIT stress. These results suggest that SPGTs in oleaginous yeast play a pivotal role in enhancing CIT degradation and lipid accumulation. These findings provide a valuable basis for the application of GTs in oleaginous yeast to alleviate CIT contamination in agricultural production, which may contribute to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhuoma Yang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shengtao Guo
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yulu Ran
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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Wei J, Lv S, Guan D, Ge H, Zhou X, Zheng Y, Qian K, Wang J. Risk assessment, fitness cost and transcriptome analysis of cyantraniliprole resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106000. [PMID: 39084796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a notorious invasive pest causing substantial yield losses of crops and has developed resistance to various types of insecticides. In this study, a cyantraniliprole-resistant strain, SfCYAN-R, was obtained from a susceptible strain, SfCYAN-S, after 13 generations of selection with cyantraniliprole. The fitness cost in SfCYAN-R strain was evaluated, and the putative resistance-related genes were explored by RNA-seq analysis. The results showed that SfCYAN-R strain developed 23.97-fold resistance to cyantraniliprole with the realistic heritability of 0.127. The development time of eggs, larvae, prepupae and pupae in SfCYAN-R strain was significantly prolonged than that in SfCYAN-S strain, but no difference in pupation rate, emergence rate and female fecundity was observed between SfCYAN-R and SfCYAN-S strains. Comparative gene expression analysis between SfCYAN-R and SfCYAN-S strains identified 776 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which several DEGs associated with xenobiotic metabolism were upregulated in SfCYAN-R strain. These results provide insights into the resistance mechanisms of cyantraniliprole and would be helpful for resistance management of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shushu Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daojie Guan
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huichen Ge
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Li J, Yan K, Kong H, Jin L, Lv Y, Ding Y, Fan C, Pan Y, Shang Q. UDP-Glycosyltransferases UGT350C3 and UGT344L7 Confer Tolerance to Neonicotinoids in Field Populations of Aphis gossypii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14141-14151. [PMID: 38864686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, is a polyphagous pest that stunts host plant growth via direct feeding or transmitting plant virus. Due to the long-term application of insecticides, A. gossypii has developed different levels of resistance to numerous insecticides. We found that five field populations had evolved multiple resistances to neonicotinoids. To explore the resistance mechanism mediated by uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs), two upregulated UGT genes in these five strains, UGT350C3 and UGT344L7, were selected for functional analysis of their roles in neonicotinoid detoxification. Transgenic Drosophila bioassay results indicated that compared with the control lines, the UGT350C3 and UGT344L7 overexpression lines were more tolerant to thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran. Knockdown of UGT350C3 and UGT344L7 significantly increased A. gossypii sensitivity to thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that these neonicotinoids could bind to the active pockets of UGT350C3 and UGT344L7. This study provides functional evidence of neonicotinoid detoxification mediated by UGTs and will facilitate further work to identify strategies for preventing the development of neonicotinoid resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Yan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Haoran Kong
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Long Jin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yuntong Lv
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yaping Ding
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yiou Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Qingli Shang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
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Shao B, Yu S, Wang S, Li S, Ding L, Li M, Cheng L, Pan Q, Cong L, Ran C. A UDP-glycosyltransferase gene PcUGT202A9 was associated with abamectin resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132228. [PMID: 38734355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Panonychus citri (McGregor) strains have developed a high level of resistance to abamectin, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are critical for the removal of a variety of exogenous and endogenous substances. In this study, an enzyme activity assay revealed that UGTs potentially contribute to P. citri abamectin resistance. Spatiotemporal expression profiles showed that only PcUGT202A9 was significantly overexpressed in the abamectin-resistant strain (AbR) at all developmental stages. Moreover, UGT activity decreased significantly, whereas abamectin susceptibility increased significantly, in AbR after PcUGT202A9 was silenced. Three-dimensional modeling and molecular docking analyses revealed that PcUGT202A9 can bind stably to abamectin. Recombinant PcUGT202A9 activity was detected when α-naphthol was used, but the enzymatic activity was inhibited by abamectin (50 % inhibitory concentration: 803.3 ± 14.20 μmol/L). High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses indicated that recombinant PcUGT202A9 can effectively degrade abamectin and catalyze the conjugation of UDP-glucose to abamectin. These results imply PcUGT202A9 contributes to P. citri abamectin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Shao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shijiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Sichen Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Luyan Cheng
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Deng M, Xiao T, Xu X, Wang W, Yang Z, Lu K. Nicotinamide deficiency promotes imidacloprid resistance via activation of ROS/CncC signaling pathway-mediated UGT detoxification in Nilaparvata lugens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172035. [PMID: 38565349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic alternation is a typical characteristic of insecticide resistance in insects. However, mechanisms underlying metabolic alternation and how altered metabolism in turn affects insecticide resistance are largely unknown. Here, we report that nicotinamide levels are decreased in the imidacloprid-resistant strain of Nilaparvata lugens, may due to reduced abundance of the symbiotic bacteria Arsenophonus. Importantly, the low levels of nicotinamide promote imidacloprid resistance via metabolic detoxification alternation, including elevations in UDP-glycosyltransferase enzymatic activity and enhancements in UGT386B2-mediated metabolism capability. Mechanistically, nicotinamide suppresses transcriptional regulatory activities of cap 'n' collar isoform C (CncC) and its partner small muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis isoform K (MafK) by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blocking the DNA binding domain of MafK. In imidacloprid-resistant N. lugens, nicotinamide deficiency re-activates the ROS/CncC signaling pathway to provoke UGT386B2 overexpression, thereby promoting imidacloprid detoxification. Thus, nicotinamide metabolism represents a promising target to counteract imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianxiang Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiyue Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Al-Yazeedi T, Muhammad A, Irving H, Ahn SJ, Hearn J, Wondji CS. Overexpression and nonsynonymous mutations of UDP-glycosyltransferases are potentially associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus. Genomics 2024; 116:110798. [PMID: 38266739 PMCID: PMC10963899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) enzymes are pivotal in insecticide resistance by transforming hydrophobic substrates into more hydrophilic forms for efficient cell elimination. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation of Anopheles funestus UGT genes, their evolution, and their association with pyrethroid resistance. We employed a genome-wide association study using pooled sequencing (GWAS-PoolSeq) and transcriptomics on pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus, along with deep-targeted sequencing of UGTs in 80 mosquitoes Africa-wide. UGT310B2 was consistently overexpressed Africa-wide and significant gene-wise Fst differentiation was observed between resistant and susceptible populations: UGT301C2 and UGT302A3 in Malawi, and UGT306C2 in Uganda. Additionally, nonsynonymous mutations in UGT genes were identified. Gene-wise Tajima's D density curves provide insights into population structures within populations across these countries, supporting previous observations. These findings have important implications for current An. funestus control strategies facilitating the prediction of cross-resistance to other UGT-metabolised polar insecticides, thereby guiding more effective and targeted insecticide resistance management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Al-Yazeedi
- Center for Applied and Translational Genomics (CATG), Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, UK
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Scotland's Rural College, An Lòchran, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, UK; Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Isbilir S, Catchot B, Catchot L, Musser FR, Ahn SJ. Molecular characterization and expression patterns of a ryanodine receptor in soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22047. [PMID: 37602813 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Diamide insecticides, such as chlorantraniliprole, have been widely used to control insect pests by targeting the insect ryanodine receptor (RyR). Due to the efficacious insecticidal activity of diamides, as well as an increasing number of resistance cases, the molecular structure of RyR has been studied in many economically important insects. However, no research has been conducted on diamide resistance and RyR in the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, a significant crop pest. In this study, we found moderate resistance to chlorantraniliprole in a field population from Puerto Rico and sequenced the full-length cDNA of the C. includens RyR gene, which encodes a 5124 amino acid-long protein. Genomic analysis revealed that the CincRyR gene consists of 113 exons, one of the largest exon numbers reported for RyR. Alternative splicing sites were detected in the cytosolic region. The protein sequence showed high similarity to other noctuid RyRs. Conserved structural features included the selectivity filter motif critical for ryanodine binding and ion conduction, as well as various domains involved in ion transport. Two mutation sites associated with diamide resistance in other insects were screened but not found in the Puerto Rico field populations or in the susceptible lab strain. Gene expression analysis indicated high expression of RyR in the third instar larval stage, particularly in muscle-containing tissues. Furthermore, exposure to a sublethal dose of chlorantraniliprole reduced RyR expression levels after 96 h. This study provides a molecular basis for understanding RyR structure and sheds light on potential mechanisms of diamide resistance in C. includens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Isbilir
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Beverly Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lauren Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fred R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
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Du TH, Yin C, Gui LY, Liang JJ, Liu SN, Fu BL, He C, Yang J, Wei XG, Gong PP, Huang MJ, Xue H, Hu JY, Du H, Ji Y, Zhang R, Wang C, Zhang CJ, Yang X, Zhang YJ. Over-expression of UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT353G2 confers resistance to neonicotinoids in whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105635. [PMID: 37945266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, comes up high metabolic resistance to most neonicotinoids in long-term evolution, which is the key problem of pest control. UGT glycosyltransferase, as a secondary detoxification enzyme, plays an indispensable role in detoxification metabolism. In this study, UGT inhibitors, 5-nitrouracil and sulfinpyrazone, dramatically augmented the toxic damage of neonicotinoids to B. tabaci. A UGT named UGT353G2 was identified in whitefly, which was notably up-regulated in resistant strain (3.92 folds), and could be induced by most neonicotinoids. Additionally, the using of RNA interference (RNAi) suppresses UGT353G2 substantially increased sensitivity to neonicotinoids in resistant strain. Our results support that UGT353G2 may be involved in the neonicotinoids resistance of whitefly. These findings will help further verify the functional role of UGTs in neonicotinoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cheng Yin
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Lian-You Gui
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Jin-Jin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shao-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bu-Li Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao He
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue-Gao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pei-Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming-Jiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jin-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - He Du
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cheng-Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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