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Lee S, Ahn SJ. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of scarlet gene produces eye color mutants in the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2024; 115:e22100. [PMID: 38500478 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 technology has greatly progressed research on non-model organisms, demonstrating successful applications in genome editing for various insects. However, its utilization in the case of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, a notable pest affecting soybean crops, has not been explored due to constraints such as limited genomic information and the embryonic microinjection technique. This study presents successful outcomes in generating heritable knockout mutants for a pigment transporter gene, scarlet, in C. includens through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis. The scarlet locus identified in the genome assembly of C. includens consists of 14 exons, with a coding sequence extending for 1,986 bp. Two single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed to target the first exon of scarlet. Microinjection of these two sgRNAs along with the Cas9 protein into fresh embryos resulted in the successful production of variable phenotypes, particularly mutant eyes. The observed mutation rate accounted for about 16%. Genotype analysis revealed diverse indel mutations at the target site, presumably originating from double-strand breaks followed by the nonhomologous end joining repair, leading to a premature stop codon due to frame shift. Single-pair mating of the mutant moths produced G1 offspring, and the establishment of a homozygous mutant strain occurred in G2. The mutant moths exhibited lightly greenish or yellowish compound eyes in both sexes, confirming the involvement of scarlet in pigmentation in C. includens. Notably, the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technique serves as a visible phenotypic marker, demonstrating its proof-of-concept applicability in C. includens, as other pigment transporter genes have been utilized as visible markers to establish genetic control for various insects. These results provide the first successful case that the CRISPR/Cas9 method effectively induces mutations in C. includes, an economically important soybean insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Isbilir S, Catchot B, Catchot L, Musser FR, Ahn SJ. Molecular characterization and expression patterns of a ryanodine receptor in soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2023; 114:e22047. [PMID: 37602813 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Diamide insecticides, such as chlorantraniliprole, have been widely used to control insect pests by targeting the insect ryanodine receptor (RyR). Due to the efficacious insecticidal activity of diamides, as well as an increasing number of resistance cases, the molecular structure of RyR has been studied in many economically important insects. However, no research has been conducted on diamide resistance and RyR in the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, a significant crop pest. In this study, we found moderate resistance to chlorantraniliprole in a field population from Puerto Rico and sequenced the full-length cDNA of the C. includens RyR gene, which encodes a 5124 amino acid-long protein. Genomic analysis revealed that the CincRyR gene consists of 113 exons, one of the largest exon numbers reported for RyR. Alternative splicing sites were detected in the cytosolic region. The protein sequence showed high similarity to other noctuid RyRs. Conserved structural features included the selectivity filter motif critical for ryanodine binding and ion conduction, as well as various domains involved in ion transport. Two mutation sites associated with diamide resistance in other insects were screened but not found in the Puerto Rico field populations or in the susceptible lab strain. Gene expression analysis indicated high expression of RyR in the third instar larval stage, particularly in muscle-containing tissues. Furthermore, exposure to a sublethal dose of chlorantraniliprole reduced RyR expression levels after 96 h. This study provides a molecular basis for understanding RyR structure and sheds light on potential mechanisms of diamide resistance in C. includens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Isbilir
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Beverly Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lauren Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fred R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
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Lee ST, Davis JA. The impact of thiamethoxam on the feeding and behavior of 2 soybean herbivore feeding guilds. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:1621-1635. [PMID: 37473818 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, inadvertent consequences have stemmed from the intensified use of neonicotinoids in agroecosystems. Neonicotinoid applications can result in both positive (e.g., reduced persistent virus transmission) and negative (e.g., increased host susceptibility) repercussions exhibiting ambiguity for their use in crop production. In soybean, aspects of neonicotinoid usage such as the impact on nonpersistent virus transmission and efficacy against nontarget herbivores have not been addressed. This study evaluated the interaction between the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and soybean variety and the impact on different pest feeding guilds. Feeding and behavioral bioassays were conducted in the laboratory to assess the effect of thiamethoxam on the mortality and weight gain of the defoliator, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker). Bioassays evaluated impacts dependent and independent of soybean tissue, in addition to both localized and systemic efficacy within the soybean plant. Additionally, using the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG), the probing behavior of 2 piercing-sucking pests, Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), was observed. Results from defoliator bioassays revealed thiamethoxam had insecticidal activity against C. includens. Distinctions in thiamethoxam-related mortality between bioassays dependent and independent of soybean tissue (~98% versus ~30% mortality) indicate a contribution of the plant towards defoliator-related toxicity. Observations of defoliator feeding behavior showed a preference for untreated soybean tissue relative to thiamethoxam-treated tissue, suggesting a deterrent effect of thiamethoxam. EPG monitoring of probing behavior exhibited a minimal effect of thiamethoxam on piercing-sucking herbivores. Findings from this study suggest neonicotinoids like thiamethoxam may provide some benefit via insecticidal activity against nontarget defoliators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Lee
- Department of Entomology, LSU Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, LSU Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Nagoshi RN, Davis JA, Meagher RL, Musser FR, Head GP, Portillo H, Teran H. Evidence for Two Soybean Looper Strains in the United States with Limited Capacity for Cross-Hybridization. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1509. [PMID: 37510413 PMCID: PMC10379416 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The noctuid moth soybean looper (SBL), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) is an economically important pest of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the southeastern United States. It has characteristics that are of particular concern for pest mitigation that include a broad host range, the capacity for annual long-distance flight, and resistance in some populations to important pesticides such as pyrethroids and chitin synthesis inhibitor. The biology of SBL in the United States resembles that of the fellow noctuid fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), a major pest of corn and several other crops. FAW exhibits a population structure in that it can be divided into two groups (host strains) that differ in their host preferences but are broadly sympatric and exhibit incomplete reproductive isolation. In this paper, strategies used to characterize the FAW strains were applied to SBL to assess the likelihood of population structure in the United States. Evidence is presented for two SBL strains that were defined phylogenetically and display differences in the proportions of a small set of genetic markers. The populations exhibit evidence of reproductive barriers sufficient to allow persistent asymmetry in the distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. The identified molecular markers will facilitate studies characterizing the behaviors of these two populations, with relevance to pest mitigation and efforts to prevent further dispersal of the resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney N Nagoshi
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, LSU Agricultural Center, 404 Life Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Robert L Meagher
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Fred R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - Hector Portillo
- FMC Agricultural Solutions, Stine Research Center, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Henry Teran
- Corteva Agriscience™, Carr #3 Km 156.5, Salinas, PR 00751, USA
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Nagoshi RN, Davis JA, Meagher RL, Musser FR, Head GP, Portillo H, Teran H. Investigating the Migratory Behavior of Soybean Looper, a Major Pest of Soybean, through Comparisons with the Corn Pest Fall Armyworm Using Mitochondrial Haplotypes and a Sex-Linked Marker. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1495. [PMID: 37510399 PMCID: PMC10379838 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Noctuid moth soybean looper (SBL), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), is an economically important pest of soybean (Glycine max (Linnaeus) Merrill). Because it is not known to survive freezing winters, permanent populations in the United States are believed to be limited to the southern regions of Texas and Florida, yet its geographical range of infestations annually extend to Canada. This indicates annual migrations of thousands of kilometers during the spring and summer growing season. This behavior is like that of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), also a Noctuid that is a major global pest of corn. SBL and FAW are projected to have very similar distributions of permanent populations in North America based on climate suitability modeling and the overlap in the distribution of their preferred host plants (corn and soybean). It therefore seems likely that the two species will display similar migratory behavior in the United States. This was tested by identifying genetic markers in SBL analogous to those successfully used to delineate FAW migratory pathways and comparing the distribution patterns of the markers from the two species. Contrary to expectations, the results indicate substantial differences in migratory behavior that appear to be related to differences in the timing of corn and soybean plantings. These findings underscore the importance of agricultural practices in influencing pest migration patterns, in particular the timing of host availability relative to mean seasonal air transport patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney N Nagoshi
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, LSU Agricultural Center, 404 Life Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Robert L Meagher
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Fred R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - Hector Portillo
- FMC Agricultural Solutions, Stine Research Center, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Henry Teran
- Corteva Agriscience™, Carr #3 Km 156.5, Salinas, PR 00751, USA
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Leite NA, Redaelli LR, de Assis LS, Mendes SM, da Silva AF. The role of glyphosate-resistant weeds and starvation on biological, reproductive, and preference parameters of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bull Entomol Res 2023; 113:220-229. [PMID: 36258270 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485322000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant weeds are difficult to manage and can serve as hosts for pests that threaten cultivated crops. Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the main polyphagous pests of soybean in Brazil that can benefit from weeds' presence during season and off-season. Despite its pest status, little is known about C. includens survival and development on alternative hosts, including those resistant to glyphosate. Therefore, we assessed the biology, reproduction, preference, and survival at different feeding periods of C. includens on seven glyphosate-resistant weeds (Sumatran fleabane, Italian ryegrass, sourgrass, goosegrass, smooth pigweed, wild poinsettia, hairy beggarticks) commonly found in Brazilian agroecosystems, under laboratory conditions. Our results showed that C. includens survival and reproduction were similar on soybean and wild poinsettia. Survival and reproduction were lower on smooth pigweed and hairy beggarticks. Also, these plants prolonged the larval stage. Larvae did not pupate when fed on sourgrass, goosegrass, Italian ryegrass, and Sumatran fleabane. However, on Sumatran fleabane their biomass was higher. The mean generation time was lower on wild poinsettia. This weed was preferred to soybean. An antifeeding factor was observed on Sumatran fleabane. Larvae fed for 11 days on soybean, wild poinsettia and smooth pigweed developed into pupae. In agricultural systems, farmers must pay attention to the management of these weeds, especially wild poinsettia, smooth pigweed, and hairy beggarticks, to interrupt the cycle of this pest, since these plants can serve as main sources of infestation for the soybean crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Alves Leite
- Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Av., 7712, 91540000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiza Rodrigues Redaelli
- Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Av., 7712, 91540000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Souza de Assis
- Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Av., 7712, 91540000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simone Martins Mendes
- Department of Entomology, National Research Center of Maize and Sorghum (Embrapa Milho & Sorgo), Rodovia MG 242, Km 45, P.O. Box 285, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Agriculture Weeds, National Research Center of Maize and Sorghum (Embrapa Milho & Sorgo), Rodovia MG 242, Km 45, P.O. Box 285, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Boff JS, Reis AC, de Oliveira JL, Gross RB, Fraceto LF, Melo AA, Bernardi O. Development and biological evaluation of nanoencapsulated-based pyrethroids with synergists for resistance management of two soybean pests: insights for new insecticide formulations. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:1204-1212. [PMID: 36412537 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical control is commonly used against Euschistus heros (F.) and Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) in soybean fields in South America. However, previous studies reported that these pests have reduced susceptibility to pyrethroids in Brazil. On this basis, we developed and evaluated nanoencapsulated-based bifenthrin (BFT) and λ-cyhalothrin (LAM) with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) for insect resistance management (IRM). RESULTS Nanoformulations of BFT and LAM with PBO and DEM presented good physical-chemical characteristics and were stable. The spherical morphology of all systems and the encapsulation efficiency in nanostructured lipid carriers did not change when synergists were added. Nanoencapsulated BFT with DEM applied topically increased the susceptibility of E. heros to BFT by 3.50-fold. Similarly, nanoencapsulated BFT and LAM with PBO in diet-overlay bioassays increased the susceptibility of C. includens to both chemicals by up to 2.16-fold. Nanoencapsulated BFT and LAM with synergists also improve control efficacy of both species, causing higher mortality than commercial products containing these chemistries. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to develop nanoencapsulated-based formulations of BFT and LAM with PBO or DEM, and these nanoformulations have the potential to improve control of E. heros and C. includens with recognized low susceptibility to pyrethroids. This study provides updates for designing new insecticide formulations for IRM. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica S Boff
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Reis
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jhones L de Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata B Gross
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano A Melo
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Arey NC, Lord NP, Davis JA. Evaluation of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) (Rosales: Cannabaceae) as an Alternative Host Plant for Polyphagous Noctuid Pests. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:1947-1955. [PMID: 36269156 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a reemerging crop in the United States with increasing outdoor acreage in many states. This crop offers a potential host for polyphagous, defoliating lepidopteran pests currently present in Louisiana. The ability of soybean looper [Chrysodeixis includens (Walker)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and beet armyworm [Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)] to develop and reproduce on hemp was investigated in this study. Insects were reared on two hemp varieties, Maverick and Pipeline, as well as documented host plants soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Fabales: Fabaceae) variety UA5414RR and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)] (Fabales: Fabaceae) variety Quickpick Pinkeye. Larvae of all three species reared on 'Maverick' had significantly faster preadult developmental times compared to the other hosts. Chrysodeixis includens larvae fed excised leaves of 'Maverick' and 'Pipeline' experienced higher intrinsic and finite rates of increase, higher net reproductive rates, and faster mean generation and doubling times. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae reared on 'Maverick', 'Pipeline', and 'UA5414RR' had higher intrinsic and finite rates of increase, higher net reproductive rates, and faster mean generation and doubling times compared to 'Quickpick Pinkeye'. Spodoptera exigua larvae had the highest survivorship on 'Maverick' and similar, positive lifetable statistics when reared on 'Maverick' and 'Pipeline'. The results of this study indicate hemp is an alternative host plant that has the potential to influence the population dynamics of C. includens, S. frugiperda, and S. exigua in Louisiana agroecosystems they co-occur in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Arey
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nathan P Lord
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Boff JS, Reis AC, Patricia DSG, Pretto VE, Garlet CG, Melo AA, Bernardi O. The Effect of Synergistic Compounds on the Susceptibility of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Pyrethroids. Environ Entomol 2022; 51:421-429. [PMID: 35137018 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.), and the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), are key pests of soybean in South America. Low susceptibility to pyrethroids has been reported for both species in Brazil. Here, we evaluate the addition of synergistic compounds piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) to manage E. heros and C. includens with resistance to λ-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin. The LD50 of technical grade and commercial products containing λ-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin decreased against field-collected E. heros exposed to PBO and DEM relative to unexposed insects; synergistic ratios up to 4.75-fold. The mortality also increased when E. heros were exposed to commercial formulations containing λ-cyhalothrin (from 4 to 44%) and bifenthrin (from 44 to 88%) in the presence of synergists. There was also a higher susceptibility of field-collected C. includens to technical grade λ-cyhalothrin when PBO was used; synergistic ratio of 5.50-fold. High lethally of technical grade λ-cyhalothrin was also verified in the presence of PBO, with mortality increasing from 6 to 57%. Our findings indicate the potential utility of synergists in reversing the resistance to λ-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin in E. heros and C. includens and suggest a significant role of metabolic mechanisms underlying the detoxification of both pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica S Boff
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Reis
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - da S Gubiani Patricia
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Venicius E Pretto
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cínthia G Garlet
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano A Melo
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
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Machado EP, Garlet CG, Weschenfelder MAG, Führ FM, Godoy DN, Pretto VE, Contini RE, Franco CR, Omoto C, Bernardi O. Interspecific Variation in Susceptibility to Insecticides by Lepidopteran Pests of Soybean, Cotton, and Maize Crops From Brazil. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:305-312. [PMID: 34993551 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interspecific variation in susceptibility to insecticides by lepidopteran species of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)], cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) crops from Brazil were evaluated. Populations of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll), Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker), and Spodoptera albula (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were collected from 2019 to 2021. Early L3 larvae (F2 generation) were exposed to the formulated insecticides methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb, spinetoram, flubendiamide, and chlorfenapyr in diet-overlay bioassays. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were used to calculate tolerance ratios (TR) of each species in relation to the most susceptible species to each insecticide. The lowest LC50 values were verified for A. gemmatalis to all insecticides tested. Chrysodeixis includens and most of the Spodoptera species were moderately tolerant to methoxyfenozide (TR < 8.0-fold) and indoxacarb (TR < 39.4-fold), whereas H. armigera was the most tolerant species to methoxyfenozide (TR = 21.5-fold), and indoxacarb (TR = 106.4-fold). Spodoptera cosmioides, S. eridania, and S. albula showed highest tolerance to spinetoram (TR > 1270-fold), S. eridania, S. frugiperda, and S. albula to flubendiamide (TR from 38- to 547-fold), and S. albula to indoxacarb (TR = 138.6-fold). A small variation in susceptibility to chlorfenapyr (TR < 4.4-fold) was found among the lepidopteran evaluated. Our findings indicate a large variation in susceptibility to indoxacarb, spinetoram, and flubendiamide and a relatively low variation in susceptibility to methoxyfenozide and chlorfenapyr by lepidopteran species of soybean, cotton, and maize from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P Machado
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP), Padua Dias Avenue 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Cínthia G Garlet
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marlon A G Weschenfelder
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio M Führ
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP), Padua Dias Avenue 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela N Godoy
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Venicius E Pretto
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael E Contini
- Department of Agronomy, Santa Catarina State University, Luiz de Camões Avenue 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Cláudio R Franco
- Department of Agronomy, Santa Catarina State University, Luiz de Camões Avenue 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Celso Omoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP), Padua Dias Avenue 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
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11
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Shaw TJ, Paula-Moraes SV, Hahn PG, Specht A. Seasonal Flight Patterns of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Florida Panhandle and Inventory of Plusiine Species Cross-Attracted to Synthetic Pheromone. J Econ Entomol 2021; 114:2315-2325. [PMID: 34595520 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chysodeixis includens (Walker) is a polyphagous economic pest in agricultural landscapes. To detect the occurrence of this pest in the field, trapping using sex pheromone lures is often implemented. However, other plusiine species are cross-attracted to these lures and may be misidentified as C. includens due to their morphological similarities. The objectives of this study were to provide region-specific information on the abundance of C. includens throughout the year as well as document the occurrence of related plusiines cross-attracted to C. includens sex pheromone traps in the Florida Panhandle. Twelve commercial fields of peanut and twelve commercial fields of cotton located across Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Jackson counties were monitored with Trécé delta traps baited with C. includens sex pheromone lures (Alpha Scents, Inc.; West Linn, OR) from June 2017 to June 2019. There was no difference in C. includens flight across dryland or irrigated fields. Identifications revealed that in addition to C. includens, the following species of the subfamily Plusiinae were crossed-attracted: Argyrogramma verruca (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ctenoplusia oxygramma (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Rachiplusia ou (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The occurrence of each species in the region and their flight phenology are documented. Chysodeixis includens abundance was greatest in September and decreased through December. Due to the high abundance of C. oxygramma and similar flight phenology to C. includens, this is the likeliest species to skew estimations and influence management decisions of C. includens, especially early in the crop season, when C. includens abundance is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Shaw
- Entomology and Nematology Department, West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 4253 Experiment Drive, Hwy 182, Jay, FL, USA
| | - S V Paula-Moraes
- Entomology and Nematology Department, West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 4253 Experiment Drive, Hwy 182, Jay, FL, USA
| | - P G Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 2109 Steinmetz Hall, Building 970 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Specht
- Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, 73310-970, DF, Brazil
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12
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Sanches MM, Gelelete TB, Santos ALR, Sosa-Gómez DR, Sihler W, Souza ML. Optimization of Large-Scale Production of Chrysodeixis includens nucleopolyhedrovirus for Its Use as a Biopesticide. Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:615-621. [PMID: 34129209 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The baculovirus Chrysodeixis includens nucleopolyhedrovirus (ChinNPV) is pathogenic to Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, known as soybean looper, which is an important pest of soybean and bean. In this study, some parameters were tested to overcome the difficulties in the in vivo production of ChinNPV aiming to increase its use as a biopesticide. First, different combinations of larval instars (3rd and 4th instars), larval incubation temperatures (23 °C and 26 °C), and rearing densities (individually and 10 larvae/cup) were compared for larval weight and the production of occlusion bodies (OBs). A positive correlation (p< 0.001) was observed for OB production and larval weight. Fourth instar larvae produced more OBs than third instar larvae (p<0.05); however, no significant differences in OBs/larva (p>0.05) were observed for larvae kept in groups or individually. Therefore, a second assay was performed using fourth instar larvae incubated at 26 °C and two larval densities (10 larvae/cup and 40 larvae/cup). The losses of insects and OB production were evaluated as well as the influence of storage temperatures post-mortem (-20 °C, 4 °C, and 15 °C) in the OB yield. As expected, insect losses due to cannibalism or microbial contamination were greater (p<0.05) with the increase in larval density, although no difference was observed in OBs/larva (p>0.05). In addition, the storage temperature post-mortem did not influence the OB yield (p>0.05). The average production of ChinNPV OBs was 3×1010 OBs/40 larvae cup. The results demonstrate the viability of rearing C. includens in groups to enhance the mass production and reduce virus production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Martinello Sanches
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Thainá Berbert Gelelete
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Centro Univ de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Lis Rangel Santos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Centro Univ de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - William Sihler
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marlinda Lobo Souza
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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13
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Martin M, Boaventura D, Nauen R. Evaluation of Reference Genes and Expression Level of Genes Potentially Involved in the Mode of Action of Cry1Ac and Cry1F in a Susceptible Reference Strain of Chrysodeixis includens. Insects 2021; 12:598. [PMID: 34209276 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Soybean looper (a moth species) is a major pest of soybean plants in the American continent and its larvae need to be kept under economic damage thresholds to guarantee sustainable yields. Soybean looper control relies mostly on the use of insecticides and genetically modified crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins. Due to the high selection pressure exerted by these control measures, resistance has developed to different insecticides and Bt proteins. Here, we tested the basal sensitivity of a soybean looper laboratory reference strain against two insecticidal proteins and determined the level of expression of potential receptors of these proteins across all (six) larval stages. Furthermore, we identified stable reference genes across all larval stages to normalize gene expression data obtained by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results presented in this communication are useful to support future studies on insecticide and insecticidal protein resistance in soybean looper. Abstract Soybean looper (SBL), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), is one of the major lepidopteran pests of soybean in the American continent. SBL control relies mostly on the use of insecticides and genetically modified crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal Cry proteins. Due to the high selection pressure exerted by these control measures, resistance has developed to different insecticides and Bt proteins. Nevertheless, studies on the mechanistic background are still scarce. Here, the susceptibility of the laboratory SBL-Benzon strain to the Bt proteins Cry1Ac and Cry1F was determined in diet overlay assays and revealed a greater activity of Cry1Ac than Cry1F, thus confirming results obtained for other sensitive SBL strains. A reference gene study across larval stages with four candidate genes revealed that RPL10 and EF1 were the most stable genes for normalization of gene expression data obtained by RT-qPCR. Finally, the basal expression levels of eight potential Bt protein receptor genes in six larval instars were analyzed, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidases, and cadherin. The results presented here provide fundamental knowledge to support future SBL resistance studies.
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14
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Perini CR, Tabuloc CA, Chiu JC, Zalom FG, Stacke RF, Bernardi O, Nelson DR, Guedes JC. Transcriptome Analysis of Pyrethroid-Resistant Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Reveals Overexpression of Metabolic Detoxification Genes. J Econ Entomol 2021; 114:274-283. [PMID: 33137187 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) is one of the most important defoliator of soybean in Brazil because of its extensive geographical distribution and high tolerance to insecticides compared with other species of caterpillars. Because of this, we conducted bioassays to evaluate the efficacy of pyrethroid λ-cyhalothrin on a C. includens resistant strain (MS) and a susceptible (LAB) laboratory strain. High throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of larval head and body tissues were performed to identify potential molecular mechanisms underlying pyrethroid resistance. Insecticide bioassays showed that MS larvae exhibit 28.9-fold resistance to pyrethroid λ-cyhalothrin relative to LAB larvae. RNA-seq identified evidence of metabolic resistance in the head and body tissues: 15 cytochrome P450 transcripts of Cyp6, Cyp9, Cyp4, Cyp304, Cyp307, Cyp337, Cyp321 families, 7 glutathione-S-transferase (Gst) genes, 7 α-esterase genes from intracellular and secreted catalytic classes, and 8 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt) were overexpressed in MS as compared with LAB larvae. We also identified overexpression of GPCR genes (CiGPCR64-like and CiGPCRMth2) in the head tissue. To validate RNA-seq results, we performed RT-qPCR to assay selected metabolic genes and confirmed their expression profiles. Specifically, CiCYP9a101v1, CiCYP6ae149, CiCYP6ae106v2, CiGSTe13, CiCOE47, and CiUGT33F21 exhibited significant overexpression in resistant MS larvae. In summary, our findings detailed potential mechanisms of metabolic detoxification underlying pyrethroid resistance in C. includens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clerison R Perini
- Department of Crop Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Christine A Tabuloc
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Frank G Zalom
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Regis F Stacke
- Department of Crop Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Crop Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
| | - Jerson C Guedes
- Department of Crop Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Bacalhau FB, Dourado PM, Horikoshi RJ, Carvalho RA, Semeão A, Martinelli S, Berger GU, Head GP, Salvadori JR, Bernardi O. Performance of Genetically Modified Soybean Expressing the Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac Proteins Against Key Lepidopteran Pests in Brazil. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:2883-2889. [PMID: 33111954 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pyramided genetically modified (GM) soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788, expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, was approved for commercial use in Brazil. We conducted laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies to assess the efficacy of this Bt soybean against key soybean lepidopteran pests. Neonates of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to Bt proteins in diet-overlay bioassays. MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 soybean and individual components were evaluated in laboratory (leaf disc), greenhouse (high artificial infestations), and in field conditions (natural infestations). Neonates of A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera were highly susceptible to Cry1A.105 (LC50 from 0.79 to 48.22 ng/cm2), Cry2Ab2 (LC50 from 1.24 to 8.36 ng/cm2), and Cry1Ac (LC50 from 0.15 to 5.07 ng/cm2) in diet-overlay bioassays. In laboratory leaf disc bioassays and greenhouse trials, MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 soybean as well as the individual components were highly effective in controlling A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera. Similarly, under field conditions, the pyramided genotypes expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac were highly effective at protecting soybean against C. includens. We concluded that the individual Bt proteins expressed by GM soybean MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 killed all or nearly all the susceptible A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera, fulfilling one important criterion for successfully delaying resistance to pyramided Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Graham P Head
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO
| | | | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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16
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Harrison RL, Rowley DL, Popham HJR. A Novel Alphabaculovirus from the Soybean Looper, Chrysodeixis includens, that Produces Tetrahedral Occlusion Bodies and Encodes Two Copies of he65. Viruses 2019; 11:E579. [PMID: 31247912 PMCID: PMC6669638 DOI: 10.3390/v11070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolates of the alphabaculovirus species, Chrysodeixis includens nucleopolyhedrovirus, have been identified that produce polyhedral occlusion bodies and infect larvae of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens. In this study, we report the discovery and characterization of a novel C. includens-infecting alphabaculovirus, Chrysodeixis includens nucleopolyhedrovirus #1 (ChinNPV#1), that produces tetrahedral occlusion bodies. In bioassays against C. includens larvae, ChinNPV #1 exhibited a degree of pathogenicity that was similar to that of other ChinNPV isolates, but killed larvae more slowly. The host range of ChinNPV#1 was found to be very narrow, with no indication of infection occurring in larvae of Trichoplusia ni and six other noctuid species. The ChinNPV#1 genome sequence was determined to be 130,540 bp, with 126 open reading frames (ORFs) annotated but containing no homologous repeat (hr) regions. Phylogenetic analysis placed ChinNPV#1 in a clade with other Group II alphabaculoviruses from hosts of lepidopteran subfamily Plusiinae, including Chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus and Trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus. A unique feature of the ChinNPV#1 genome was the presence of two full-length copies of the he65 ORF. The results indicate that ChinNPV#1 is related to, but distinct from, other ChinNPV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Daniel L Rowley
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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17
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Stacke RF, Giacomelli T, Bronzatto ES, Halberstadt SA, Garlet CG, Muraro DS, Guedes JVC, Bernardi O. Susceptibility of Brazilian Populations of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Selected Insecticides. J Econ Entomol 2019; 112:1378-1387. [PMID: 30817815 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean looper (SBL), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of soybean and cotton in Brazil. The use of insecticides is one of the main control tactics against this pest. To support Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs, we characterized the susceptibility of Brazilian populations of SBL to insecticides. Field populations were collected from soybean fields during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 crop seasons. In the laboratory, late L2/early L3 larvae were exposed to insecticides in diet-overlay or topical bioassays. Field populations of SBL showed high susceptibility to spinetoram (LC50 = 0.074-0.25 μg a.i. per cm2), indoxacarb (LC50 = 0.46-0.94 μg a.i. per cm2), thiodicarb (LC50 = 9.14-36.61 μg a.i. per cm2), chlorantraniliprole (LC50 = 0.15-0.57 μg a.i. per cm2), flubendiamide (LC50 = 0.45-2.01 μg a.i. per cm2), and chlorfenapyr (LC50 = 0.15-0.25 μg a.i. per cm2); the resistance ratios were less than 16-fold. In contrast, SBL populations have reduced susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin (LC50 = 3.71-9.54 μg a.i./cm2), methoxyfenozide (LC50 = 0.67-4.23 μg a.i. per cm2), novaluron (LC50 = 27.52-77.63 μg a.i. per cm2), and teflubenzuron (LC50 = 13.41-73.02 μg a.i. per cm2). The resistance ratios relative to a Lab population (susceptible of reference) was up to 38-, 63-, 1,553-, and 5,215-fold, respectively. These high resistance ratios can be associated with resistance evolution. Implications of these findings to IPM and IRM programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis F Stacke
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago Giacomelli
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduarda S Bronzatto
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Stefany A Halberstadt
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cinthia G Garlet
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dionei S Muraro
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jerson V C Guedes
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
A wide variety of abiotic and biotic factors act on insect pests to regulate their populations. Knowledge of the time and magnitude of these factors is fundamental to understanding population dynamics and developing efficient pest management systems. We investigate the natural mortality factors, critical pest stages, and key mortality factors that regulate Chrysodeixis includens populations via ecological life tables. The total mortality caused by natural factors was 99.99%. Natural enemies were the most important mortality factors in all pest stages. The critical stages of C. includens mortality were second and fourth instars. The key mortality factors were predation by ants in the second instar and predation by Vespidae in the fourth instar. The elimination of these factors can cause an increase of 77.52 and 85.17% of C. includens population, respectively. This study elucidates the importance of natural enemies and other natural mortality factors in C. includens population regulation. These factors should be considered in developing and implementing C. includens management strategies and tactics in order to achieve effective and sustainable pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P.H. Rolfs,Campus Universitário, s/n, Vicçosa, MG 36570-900,Brazil
| | - D V C Neves
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P.H. Rolfs,Campus Universitário, s/n, Vicçosa, MG 36570-900,Brazil
| | - J N Campos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P.H. Rolfs,Campus Universitário, s/n, Vicçosa, MG 36570-900,Brazil
| | - P A Santana Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P.H. Rolfs,Campus Universitário, s/n, Vicçosa, MG 36570-900,Brazil
| | - T E Hunt
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NEREC Haskell Agricultural Laboratory,57905 866 Rd., Concord, NE 68728,USA
| | - M C Picanço
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P.H. Rolfs,Campus Universitário, s/n, Vicçosa, MG 36570-900,Brazil
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19
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Bel Y, Sheets JJ, Tan SY, Narva KE, Escriche B. Toxicity and Binding Studies of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry1C, and Cry2A Proteins in the Soybean Pests Anticarsia gemmatalis and Chrysodeixis (Pseudoplusia) includens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00326-17. [PMID: 28363958 PMCID: PMC5440703 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00326-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticarsia gemmatalis (velvetbean caterpillar) and Chrysodeixis includens (soybean looper, formerly named Pseudoplusia includens) are two important defoliating insects of soybeans. Both lepidopteran pests are controlled mainly with synthetic insecticides. Alternative control strategies, such as biopesticides based on the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins or transgenic plants expressing Bt toxins, can be used and are increasingly being adopted. Studies on the insect susceptibilities and modes of action of the different Bt toxins are crucial to determine management strategies to control the pests and to delay outbreaks of insect resistance. In the present study, the susceptibilities of both soybean pests to the Bt toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ca, and Cry2Aa have been investigated. Bioassays performed in first-instar larvae showed that both insects are susceptible to all these toxins. Competition-binding studies carried out with Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa 125-iodine labeled proteins demonstrated the presence of specific binding sites for both of them on the midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) of both A. gemmatalis and C. includens Competition-binding experiments and specific-binding inhibition studies performed with selected sugars and lectins indicated that Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa share some, but not all, binding sites in the midguts of both insects. Also, the Cry1Ac- or Cry1Fa-binding sites were not shared with Cry1Ca or Cry2Aa in either soybean pest. This study contributes to the knowledge of Bt toxicity and midgut toxin binding sites in A. gemmatalis and C. includens and sheds light on the cross-resistance potential of Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ca, and Cry2Aa Bt proteins as candidate proteins for Bt-pyramided crops.IMPORTANCE In the present study, the toxicity and the mode of action of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ca, and Cry2Aa in Anticarsia gemmatalis and Chrysodeixis includens (important defoliating pests of soybeans) have been investigated. These studies are crucial for determining management strategies for pest control. Bioassays showed that both insects were susceptible to the toxins. Competition-binding studies demonstrated the presence of Cry1Fa- and Cry1Ac-specific binding sites in the midguts of both pests. These results, together with the results from binding inhibition studies performed with sugars and lectins, indicated that Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa share some, but not all, binding sites, and that they were not shared with Cry1Ca or Cry2Aa in either soybean pest. This study contributes to the knowledge of Bt toxicity in A. gemmatalis and C. includens and sheds light on the cross-resistance potential of Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ca, and Cry2Aa Bt proteins as candidate proteins for Bt-pyramided crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Bel
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Sek Yee Tan
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Baltasar Escriche
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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20
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Yano SA, Specht A, Moscardi F, Carvalho RA, Dourado PM, Martinelli S, Head GP, Sosa-Gómez DR. High susceptibility and low resistance allele frequency of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field populations to Cry1Ac in Brazil. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:1578-84. [PMID: 26581167 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soybean looper (SBL), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), is one of the most important soybean pests in Brazil. MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean expressing Cry1Ac has been recently deployed in Brazil, providing high levels of control against the primary lepidopteran pests. To support insect resistance management (IRM) programmes, the baseline susceptibility of SBL to Cry1Ac was assessed, and the resistance allele frequency was estimated on the basis of an F2 screen. RESULTS The toxicity (LC50 ) of Cry1Ac ranged from 0.39 to 2.01 µg mL(-1) diet among all SBL field populations collected from crop seasons 2008/09 to 2012/13, which indicated approximately fivefold variation. Cry1Ac diagnostic concentrations of 5.6 and 18 µg mL(-1) diet were established for monitoring purposes, and no shift in mortality was observed. A total of 626 F2 family lines derived from SBL collected from locations across Brazil during crop season 2014/15 were screened for the presence of Cry1Ac resistance alleles. None of the 626 families survived on MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean leaf tissue (joint frequency 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS SBL showed high susceptibility and low resistance allele frequency to Cry1Ac across the main soybean-producing regions in Brazil. These findings meet important criteria for effective IRM strategy. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Sorgatto RJ, Bernardi O, Omoto C. Survival and Development of Spodoptera frugiperda and Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bt Cotton and Implications for Resistance Management Strategies in Brazil. Environ Entomol 2015; 44:186-192. [PMID: 26308821 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) are important cotton pests and target of control of Bollgard II (Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2) and WideStrike (Cry1Ac/Cry1F) cotton technologies. To subsidize an insect resistance management program, we conducted laboratory studies to evaluate the toxicity of these Bt cotton plants throughout larval development of S. frugiperda and C. includens. In bioassays with leaf disc, the efficacy of both Bt cotton plants against neonates was >80% for S. frugiperda and 100% for C. includens. However, S. frugiperda larvae that survived on Bt cotton had >76% of growth inhibition and stunting. In bioassays with S. frugiperda and C. includens larvae fed on non-Bt near-isoline during different time period (from 3 to 18 d) and then transferred to Bollgard II or WideStrike leaves showed that larval susceptibility decreased as larval age increased. For Bollgard II cotton, in all S. frugiperda instars, there were larvae that reached the pupal and adult stages. In contrast, on WideStrike cotton, a few larvae in fifth and sixth instar completed the biological cycle. For C. includens, some larvae in sixth instar originated adults in both Bt cotton plants. In conclusion, Bollgard II and WideStrike cotton technologies showed high efficacy against neonates of S. frugiperda and C. includens. However, the mortality of these species decreases as larval age increase, allowing insect survival in a possible seed mixture environment and favoring the resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J Sorgatto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Celso Omoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil. Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Russin JS, McGawley EC, Boethel DJ. Population Development of Meloidogyne incognita on Soybean Defoliated by Pseudoplusia includens. J Nematol 1993; 25:50-54. [PMID: 19279741 PMCID: PMC2619346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Greenhouse studies examined population densities of Meloidogyne incognita race 4 on soybean (Glycine max 'Davis') defoliated by larvae of soybean looper (Pseudoplusia indudens (Walker)). Plants were defoliated over a 2-week period beginning 5 weeks after seedlings were transplanted. Four groups of plants were infested with nematodes (5,000 eggs/pot) at 2-week intervals to allow harvesting of plants at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks postdefoliation (WPD). Plants in each group were harvested 4 weeks after nematode infestation. Root and nodule weights of defoliated plants were suppressed at 0 WPD, but differences were not detectable at 2, 4, and 6 WPD. Population densities of M. incognita were similar on defoliated and control plants at 0 WPD but were greater on defoliated plants at 4 and 6 WPD. Percentage hatching of eggs produced on the latter plants also was higher. Effects of insect-induced defoliation on development of M. incognita remained detectable even after soybean plant growth apparently returned to normal.
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Russin JS, Layton MB, Boethel DJ, McGawley EC, Snow JP, Berggren GT. Development of Heterodera glycines on Soybean Damaged by Soybean Looper and Stem Canker. J Nematol 1989; 21:108-114. [PMID: 19287584 PMCID: PMC2618891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term greenhouse studies with soybean (Glycine max cv. Bragg) were used to examine interactions between the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and two other common pests of soybean, the stem canker fungus (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora) and the soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), a lepidopterous defoliator. Numbers of cyst nematode juveniles in roots and numbers of cysts in soil and roots were reduced on plants with stem cankers. Defoliation by soybean looper larvae had the opposite effect; defoliation levels of 22 and 64% caused stepwise increases in numbers of juveniles and cysts in both roots and soil, whereas numbers of females in roots decreased. In two experiments, stem canker length was reduced 40 and 45% when root systems were colonized by the soybean cyst nematode. The absence of significant interactions among these pests indicates that the effects of soybean cyst nematode, stem canker, and soybean looper on plant growth and each other primarily were additive.
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