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Huang C, Zhang H, Yang Y, Liu H, Chen J, Wang Y, Liang L, Hu H, Liu Y. Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking, RNA-sequence and anticancer efficacy evaluation in vitro of ruthenium(II) complexes on B16 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112329. [PMID: 37478780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the studies of the ruthenium(II) complexes on anticancer activity have been paid great attention, many Ru(II) complexes possess high anticancer efficiency. In this paper, three ligands CPIP (2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), DCPIP (2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), TCPIP (2-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and their three ruthenium (II) complexes [Ru(dip)2(CPIP)](PF6)2 (1, dip = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), [Ru(dip)2(DCPIP)](PF6)2 (2) and [Ru(dip)2(TCPIP)](PF6)2 (3) were synthesized and characterized. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to investigate in vitro cytotoxicity of complexes against various cancer cells. The results showed that complexes 1-3 exhibited pronounced cytotoxic effect on B16 cells with low IC50 values of 7.2 ± 0.1, 11.7 ± 0.6 and 1.2 ± 0.2 μM, respectively. The 3D model demonstrated that the complexes can validly prevent the cell proliferation. Apoptosis determined using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining revealed that complexes 1-3 can effectively induce apoptosis in B16 cells. The intracellular localization of 1-3 in the mitochondria, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore as well as the decline of mitochondrial membrane potential were investigated, which demonstrated that the complexes 1-3 led to apoptosis via a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. The RNA-sequence indicated that the complexes upregulate the expression of 74 genes and downregulate the expression of 81 genes. The molecular docking showed that the complexes interact with the proteins through hydrogen bond, π-cation and π-π interaction. The results show that ruthenium(II) complexes 1, 2 and 3 can block tumor cell growth and induce cell death through autophagy and ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China.
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topic Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Liang L, Yang Y, Liu H, Yuan F, Yuan Y, Li W, Huang C, Chen J, Liu Y. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer efficacy evaluation of ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes toward A549 cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:421-437. [PMID: 37097484 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-01997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
A new ligand DFIP (2-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-3-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and its two complexes iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)2(DFIP)](PF6) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, Ir1) and ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)2(DFIP)](PF6)2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Ru1) were synthesized and characterized. The anticancer effects of the two complexes on A549, BEL-7402, HepG2, SGC-7901, HCT116 and normal LO2 cells were tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Complex Ir1 shows high cytotoxic activity on A549, BEL-7402, SGC-7901 and HepG2, Ru1 exhibits moderate anticancer activity toward A549, BEL-7402 and SGC-7901 cells. The IC50 values of Ir1 and Ru1 toward A549 are 7.2 ± 0.1 and 22.6 ± 1.4 μM, respectively. The localization of complexes Ir1 and Ru1 in the mitochondrial, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cytochrome c (cyto-c) were investigated. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) was used to detect the effects of Ir1 and Ru1 on the A549 using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by western blotting. Ir1 and Ru1 can increase the intracellular ROS levels and release cyto-c, reduce the MMP, leading to the apoptosis of A549 cells and blocking the A549 cells at the G0/G1 phase. Additionally, the complexes caused a decrease of the expression of polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), caspase 3, Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2), PI3K (phosphoinositide-3 kinase) and upregulated the expression of Bax. All these findings indicated that the complexes exert anticancer efficacy to induce cell death through immunogenic cell death, apoptosis, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Hu H, Zhang H, Zhong R, Yang Y, Huang C, Chen J, Liang L, Chen Y, Liu Y. Synthesis, RNA-sequence and evaluation of anticancer efficacy of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes toward HepG2 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112230. [PMID: 37084581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
In this article, four new Ru(II) complexes [Ru(dmbpy)2(TFBIP)](PF6)2 (dmbpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, TFPIP = 2-(4'-trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) (Ru1), [Ru(bpy)2(TFBIP)](PF6)2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) (Ru2), [Ru(phen)2(TFBIP)](PF6)2 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) (Ru3) and [Ru(dmp)2(TFBIP)](PF6)2 (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (Ru4) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, HRMS, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 19F NMR. The in vitro anticancer effect of the complexes on HepG2, A549, B16, HeLa, BEL-7402 and non-cancer LO2 cells was screened using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The results illustrate that the complexes display moderate anticancer activity. Apoptotic assay with Annexin V/PI double staining method indicated that complexes induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Also, the complexes interfere with the mitochondrial functions, accompanied by the production of intracellular ROS as well as a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results obtained from the western blot demonstrated that the complexes upregulate pro-apoptotic Bax and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, which further activates caspase 3 and promotes the cleavage of PARP. RNA-sequence showed that the complexes upregulate the expression of 40 genes and downregulate 66 genes. Antitumour in vivo demonstrated that Ru1 inhibits the tumor growth with a high inhibitory rate of 51.19%. Taken together, these results revealed that complexes Ru1, Ru2, Ru3 and Ru4 induce cell death in HepG2 cells via autophagy and a ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ruitong Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 510317, PR China.
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yichuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Khanam R, Kumar R, Hejazi II, Shahabuddin S, Meena R, Jayant V, Kumar P, Bhat AR, Athar F. Piperazine clubbed with 2-azetidinone derivatives suppresses proliferation, migration and induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer HeLa cells through oxidative stress mediated intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Apoptosis 2019; 23:113-131. [PMID: 29349707 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Piperazine scaffolds or 2-azetidinone pharmacophores have been reported to show anti-cancer activities and apoptosis induction in different types of cancer cells. However, the mechanistic studies involve in induction of apoptosis addressing these two moieties for human cervical cancer cells remain uncertain. The present study emphasizes on the anti-proliferating properties and mechanism involved in induction of apoptosis for these structurally related azoles derivatives in HeLa cancer cells. 1-Phenylpiperazine clubbed with 2-azetidione derivatives (5a-5h) were synthesized, characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their in-vitro anti-proliferative activities and induction of apoptosis. Further, we also evaluated oxidative stress generated by these synthetic derivatives (5a-5h). Cell viability studies revealed that among all, the compound N-(3-chloro-2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl)-2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl) acetamide 5e remarkably inhibited the growth of HeLa cells in a concentration dependent manner having IC50 value of 29.44 ± 1.46 µg/ml. Morphological changes, colonies suppression and inhibition of migration clearly showed the antineoplasicity in HeLa cells treated with 5e. Simultaneously, phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation and cell-cycle arrest showed ongoing apoptosis in the HeLa cancer cells induced by compound 5e in concentration dependent manner. Additionally, generation of intracellular ROS along with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential supported that compound 5e caused oxidative stress resulting in apoptosis through mitochondria mediated pathway. Elevation in the level of cytochrome c and upregulation in expression of caspase-3 clearly indicated the involvement of the intrinsic pathway of programmed cell death. In brief; compound 5e could serve as a promising lead for the development of an effective antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmin Khanam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Radiation and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Iram Iqbal Hejazi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Syed Shahabuddin
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ramovatar Meena
- Radiation and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vikrant Jayant
- Radiation and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Radiation and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abdul Roouf Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Pratap College, Cluster University, Srinagar, 190001, India.
| | - Fareeda Athar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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5
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Ruthenium coordination compounds of biological and biomedical significance. DNA binding agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Pal M, Nandi U, Mukherjee D. Detailed account on activation mechanisms of ruthenium coordination complexes and their role as antineoplastic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:419-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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In vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative evaluation of bis(4′-(4-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)copper(II) complex against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumors. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1109-1122. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Lai SH, Li W, Yao JH, Han BJ, Jiang GB, Zhang C, Zeng CC, Liu YJ. Protein binding and anticancer activity studies of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes toward BEL-7402 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Novel piperazine core compound induces death in human liver cancer cells: possible pharmacological properties. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24172. [PMID: 27072064 PMCID: PMC4829832 DOI: 10.1038/srep24172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluates the cytotoxic mechanism of a novel piperazine derivate designated as PCC against human liver cancer cells. In this context, human liver cancer cell lines, SNU-475 and 243, human monocyte/macrophage cell line, CRL-9855, and human B lymphocyte cell line, CCL-156, were used to determine the IC50 of PCC using the standard MTT assay. PCC displayed a strong suppressive effect on SNU-475 and SNU-423 cells with an IC50 value of 6.98 ± 0.11 μg/ml and 7.76 ± 0.45 μg/ml respectively, after 24 h of treatment. Significant dipping in the mitochondrial membrane potential and elevation in the released of cytochrome c from the mitochondria indicated the induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by PCC. Activation of this pathway was further evidenced by significant activation of caspase 3/7 and 9. PCC was also shown to activate the extrinsic pathways of apoptosis via activation of caspase-8 which is linked to the suppression of NF-ƙB translocation to the nucleus. Cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase was confirmed by flow cytometry and up-regulation of glutathione reductase expression was quantified by qPCR. This study suggests that PCC is a simultaneous inducer of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in liver cancer cell lines.
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10
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Samie N, Muniandy S, Kanthimathi MS, Haerian BS. Mechanism of action of novel piperazine containing a toxicant against human liver cancer cells. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1588. [PMID: 27019772 PMCID: PMC4806608 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxic potential of a novel piperazine derivative (PCC) against human liver cancer cells. SNU-475 and 423 human liver cancer cell lines were used to determine the IC50 of PCC using the standard MTT assay. PCC displayed a strong suppressive effect on liver cancer cells with an IC50 value of 6.98 ± 0.11 µM and 7.76 ± 0.45 µM against SNU-475 and SNU-423 respectively after 24 h of treatment. Significant dipping in the mitochondrial membrane potential and elevation in the released of cytochrome c from the mitochondria indicated the induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by PCC. Activation of this pathway was further evidenced by significant activation of caspase 3/7 and 9. PCC was also shown to activate the extrinsic pathways of apoptosis via activation of caspase-8 which is linked to the suppression of NF-κB translocation to the nucleus. Cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase was confirmed by flow cytometry and up-regulation of glutathione reductase expression was quantified by qPCR. Results of this study suggest that PCC is a potent anti-cancer agent inducing both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in liver cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Samie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - MS Kanthimathi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Batoul Sadat Haerian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Liu SH, Xu HH, Zhu JW, Wang Y, Liu YM, Liang JB, Zhang GQ, Cao DH, Lin YY, Guo QF, Wu Y. A ruthenium(II) complex binds protein and inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Samie N, Haerian BS, Muniandy S, Marlina A, Kanthimathi MS, Abdullah NB, Ahmadian G, Aziddin RER. Mechanism of Action of the Novel Nickel(II) Complex in Simultaneous Reactivation of the Apoptotic Signaling Networks Against Human Colon Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:313. [PMID: 26858642 PMCID: PMC4729910 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of a novel nickel(II) complex (NTC) against WiDr and HT-29 human colon cancer cells by determining the IC50 using the standard MTT assay. The NTC displayed a strong suppressive effect on colon cancer cells with an IC50 value of 6.07 ± 0.22 μM and 6.26 ± 0.13 μM against WiDr and HT-29 respectively, after 24 h of treatment. Substantial reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria directed the induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by the NTC. Activation of this pathway was further evidenced by significant activation of caspase 3/7 and 9. The NTC was also shown to activate the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis via activation of caspase-8 which is linked to the suppression of NF-κB translocation to the nucleus. Cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase was confirmed by flow cytometry and up-regulation of glutathione reductase expression was quantified by qPCR. Results of the current work indicates that NTC possess a potent cancer cell abolishing activity by simultaneous induction of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Samie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Drug and Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Batoul Sadat Haerian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anita Marlina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M. S. Kanthimathi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norbani B. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehran, Iran
| | - Raja E. R. Aziddin
- Drug and Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Li W, Han BJ, Yao JH, Jiang GB, Lin GJ, Xie YY, Huang HL, Liu YJ. Anticancer activity studies of a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex against human hepatocellular (BEL-7402) cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:127-134. [PMID: 26037497 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A Ru(II) polypyridyl complex [Ru(bpy)2(HMSPIP)](ClO4)2 (1) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, HMSPIP=2-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline) was synthesized. The IC50 value of the complex against human hepatocellular cell BEL-7402 is 21.6±2.7 μM. The complex shows no cytotoxic activity toward human lung adenocarcinoma cell A549, human osteosarcoma cell MG-63 and human breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 cells. It is easily for complex 1 to be taken up by BEL-7402 cells. The complex can enhance the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induce the decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The complex inhibits the cell growth in BEL-7402 cells at G2/M phase. Complex 1 can regulate the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. The results show that the complex induces apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Han
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jun-Hua Yao
- Instrumentation Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Guang-Bin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Gan-Jian Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yang-Yin Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Huang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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14
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Hajrezaie M, Paydar M, Looi CY, Moghadamtousi SZ, Hassandarvish P, Salga MS, Karimian H, Shams K, Zahedifard M, Majid NA, Ali HM, Abdulla MA. Apoptotic effect of novel Schiff based CdCl₂(C₁₄H₂₁N₃O₂) complex is mediated via activation of the mitochondrial pathway in colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9097. [PMID: 25764970 PMCID: PMC4649862 DOI: 10.1038/srep09097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of metal-based agents has had a tremendous role in the present progress in cancer chemotherapy. One well-known example of metal-based agents is Schiff based metal complexes, which hold great promise for cancer therapy. Based on the potential of Schiff based complexes for the induction of apoptosis, this study aimed to examine the cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of a CdCl2(C14H21N3O2) complex on HT-29 cells. The complex exerted a potent suppressive effect on HT-29 cells with an IC50 value of 2.57 ± 0.39 after 72 h of treatment. The collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the elevated release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol indicate the involvement of the intrinsic pathway in the induction of apoptosis. The role of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway was further proved by the significant activation of the initiator caspase-9 and the executioner caspases-3 and -7. In addition, the activation of caspase-8, which is associated with the suppression of NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, also revealed the involvement of the extrinsic pathway in the induced apoptosis. The results suggest that the CdCl2(C14H21N3O2) complex is able to induce the apoptosis of colon cancer cells and is a potential candidate for future cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajrezaie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammadjavad Paydar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamed Karimian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keivan Shams
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Zahedifard
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazia Abdul Majid
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hapipah Mohd Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Selamat N, Heng LY, Hassan NI, Karim NHA. Synthesis and characterization of 6,6’-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2’-bipyridine ligand and its interaction with ct-DNA. AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 2015. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4931296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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16
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Li W, Han BJ, Wang J, Jiang GB, Xie YY, Lin GJ, Huang HL, Liu YJ. Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity studies of two ruthenium(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Vijayan P, Viswanathamurthi P, Silambarasan V, Velmurugan D, Velmurugan K, Nandhakumar R, Butcher RJ, Silambarasan T, Dhandapani R. Dissymmetric thiosemicarbazone ligands containing substituted aldehyde arm and their ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes with PPh3/AsPh3 as ancillary ligands: Synthesis, structural characterization, DNA/BSA interaction and in vitro anticancer activity. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Apoptosis in BEL-7402 cells induced by ruthenium(II) complexes through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-014-9867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Vahdati Rad F, Housaindokht MR, Jalal R, Eshtiagh Hosseini H, Verdian Doghaei A, Sadeghi Goghari S. Spectroscopic and molecular modeling based approaches to study on the binding behavior of DNA with a copper (II) complex. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1225-34. [PMID: 24866154 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the division of tumor cells by small-molecules is currently of great interest for the design of new antitumor drugs. The interaction of a new metal complex with DNA was investigated through several techniques. Absorption spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis studies on the interaction of the Cu-complex of (2a-4mpyH)2 [Cu(pyzdc)2 (H2O)2].6 H2O with DNA have shown that this complex can bind to CT-DNA with binding constant 3.99 × 10(5) M(-1). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses of the metal complex in the presence of CT-DNA have shown that the metal complex can bind to CT-DNA through partial intercalation mode and this is consistent with molecular docking analysis, quenching process and thermal denaturation experiments. The cytotoxicity of this complex has been evaluated by MTT assay. The results of cell viability assay on DU145 cell line revealed that the metal complex had cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahdati Rad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Hajrezaie M, Paydar M, Zorofchian Moghadamtousi S, Hassandarvish P, Gwaram NS, Zahedifard M, Rouhollahi E, Karimian H, Looi CY, Ali HM, Abdul Majid N, Abdulla MA. A Schiff base-derived copper (II) complex is a potent inducer of apoptosis in colon cancer cells by activating the intrinsic pathway. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:540463. [PMID: 24737979 PMCID: PMC3967396 DOI: 10.1155/2014/540463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a copper (II) complex on HT-29 colon cancer cells. The Cu(BrHAP)2 Schiff base compound demonstrated a potent antiproliferative effect in HT-29 cells, with an IC50 value of 2.87 μg/ml after 72 h of treatment. HT-29 cells treated with Cu (II) complexes underwent apoptosis death, as exhibited by a progressive elevation in the proportion of the G1 cell population. At a concentration of 6.25 μg/ml, the Cu(BrHAP)2 compound caused significant elevation in ROS production following perturbation of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release, as assessed by the measurement of fluorescence intensity in stained cells. Furthermore, the activation of caspases 3/7 and 9 was part of the Cu (II) complex-induced apoptosis, which confirmed the involvement of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Meanwhile, there was no significant activation of caspase-8. Taken together, these results imply that the Cu(BrHAP)2 compound is a potential candidate for further in vivo and clinical colon cancer studies to develop novel chemotherapeutic agents derived from metal-based agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajrezaie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammadjavad Paydar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nura Suleiman Gwaram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Zahedifard
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elham Rouhollahi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamed Karimian
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hapipah Mohd Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazia Abdul Majid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Srishailam A, Kumar YP, Venkat Reddy P, Nambigari N, Vuruputuri U, Singh SS, Satyanarayana S. Cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, DNA-binding, photocleavage and molecular docking studies of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 132:111-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Shobha Devi C, Nagababu P, Natarajan S, Deepika N, Venkat Reddy P, Veerababu N, Singh SS, Satyanarayana S. Cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and DNA-binding investigations of Ru(II) complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 72:160-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Gan GL, Chao H, Cai XP, Jiang ZS, Li H. Condensation and salt-induced decondensation of DNA upon incorporation of a V-shaped luminescent [Ru2(bpy)4(mbpibH2)]4+. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 129:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Anitha P, Chitrapriya N, Jang YJ, Viswanathamurthi P. Synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction, antioxidant and anticancer activity of new ruthenium(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazone/semicarbazone bearing 9,10-phenanthrenequinone. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 129:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Guan QL, Xing YH, Liu J, Wei WJ, Zhang R, Wang X, Bai FY. Application of multiple parallel perfused microbioreactors: Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity testing of the novel rare earth complexes with indole acid as a ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Wang J, Bao QH, Hu HM, Liu B, Chen Q, Yang ZH, Xue GL. Two Coordination Polymers based on a Carboxylate-functionalized Imidazophenanthroline Derivative Ligand and Phthalic Acid: Syntheses, Structures and Magnetic Properties. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Bao QH, Chen Q, Hu HM, Ren YL, Xu B, Dong FX, Yang ML, Xue GL. Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of four lead(II) coordination polymers with a carboxylate functionalized imidazophenanthroline derivative ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Hadadzadeh H, Daryanavard M, Morshedi M. Interaction of mononuclear nickel(II) enantiomers, Δ- and Λ-bis(1,10-phenanthroline) (dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine)nickel(II) chloride, with calf thymus DNA. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Ramachandran R, Viswanathamurthi P. Ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes containing pyridine carboxamide ligands and PPh₃/AsPh₃/Py coligands: synthesis, spectral characterization, catalytic and antioxidant studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 103:53-61. [PMID: 23257330 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
New ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes bearing pyridine carboxamide and triphenylphosphine/triphenylarsine/pyridine have been prepared by direct reaction of ruthenium(II) precursors with some pyridine carboxamide ligands, N,N-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-ethane (H(2)L(1)), N,N-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-benzene (H(2)L(2)) and N,N-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-trans-1,2-cyclohexane (H(2)L(3)). The organic ligands offering two N(amide) and two N(pyridine) donor sites to the metal centre. They have been characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, UV-Visible, NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (31)P) and ESI-MS techniques. Based on the above data, an octahedral structure has been assigned for all the complexes. The catalytic efficiency of the complexes in transfer hydrogenation of ketones in the presence of iPrOH/KOH and N-alkylation of amine in the presence of tBuOK was examined. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the ligands and its ruthenium(II) complexes were determined by DPPH radical, nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods, which indicates that the ruthenium(II) complexes exhibit more effective antioxidant activity than the ligands alone.
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Sun YG, Sun D, Yu W, Zhu MC, Ding F, Liu YN, Gao EJ, Wang SJ, Xiong G, Dragutan I, Dragutan V. Synthesis, characterization, interaction with DNA and cytotoxicity of Pd(ii) and Pt(ii) complexes containing pyridine carboxylic acid ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:3957-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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