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Mishra R, Saha A, Chatterjee P, Bhattacharyya A, Patra AK. Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl-Based Photocages for an Anticancer Phytochemical Diallyl Sulfide: Comparative Dark and Photoreactivity Studies of Caged and Precursor Uncaged Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18839-18855. [PMID: 37930798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal control over the drug's action offered by ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes by the selective activation of the prodrug inside the tumor has beaconed toward much-desired selectivity issues in cancer chemotherapy. The photocaging of anticancer bioactive ligands attached synergistically with cytotoxic Ru(II) polypyridyl cores and selective release thereof in cancer cells are a promising modality for more effective drug action. Diallyl sulfide (DAS) naturally found in garlic has anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, we designed two Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes to cage DAS having a thioether-based donor site. For in-depth photocaging studies, we compared the reactivity of the DAS-caged compounds with the uncaged Ru(II)-complexes with the general formula [Ru(ttp)(NN)(L)]+/2+. Here, in the first series, ttp = p-tolyl terpyridine, NN = phen (1,10-phenanthroline), and L = Cl- (1-Cl) and H2O (1-H2O), while for the second series, NN = dpq (pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), and L = Cl- (2-Cl) and H2O (2-H2O). The reaction of DAS with 1-H2O and 2-H2O yielded the caged complexes [Ru(ttp)(NN)(DAS)](PF6)2, i.e., 1-DAS and 2-DAS, respectively. The complexes were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, and the solution-state characterization was done by 1H NMR and ESI-MS studies. Photoinduced release of DAS from the Ru(II) core was monitored by 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. When irradiated with a 470 nm blue LED in DMSO, the photosubstitution quantum yields (Φ) of 0.035 and 0.057 were observed for 1-DAS and 2-DAS, respectively. Intriguing solution-state speciation and kinetic behaviors of the uncaged and caged Ru(II)-complexes emerged from 1H NMR studies in the dark, and they are depicted in this work. The caged 1-DAS and 2-DAS complexes remained mostly structurally intact for a reasonably long period in DMSO. The uncaged 1-Cl and 2-Cl complexes, although did not undergo substitution in only DMSO but in the 10% DMSO/H2O mixture, completely converted to the corresponding DMSO-adduct within 16 h. Toward gaining insights into the reactivity with the biological targets, we observed that 1-Cl upon hydrolysis formed an adduct with 5'-GMP, while a small amount of GSSG-adduct was observed when 1-Cl was reacted with GSH in H2O at 323 K. 1-Cl after hydrolysis reacted with l-methionine, although the rate was slightly slower compared with that with DMSO, suggesting varying reaction kinetics with different sulfur-based linkages. Although 1-H2O reacted with sulfoxide and thioether ligands at room temperature, the rate was much faster at higher temperatures obviously, and thiol-based systems needed higher thermal energy for conjugation. Overall, these studies provide insight for thoughtful design of new generation Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes for caging suitable bioactive organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pritha Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atish Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Polaczek J, Kieca K, Oszajca M, Impert O, Katafias A, Chatterjee D, Ćoćić D, Puchta R, Stochel G, Hubbard CD, van Eldik R. A Personal Account on Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms. CHEM REC 2023:e202300278. [PMID: 37821418 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The presented Review is focused on the latest research in the field of inorganic chemistry performed by the van Eldik group and his collaborators. The first part of the manuscript concentrates on the interaction of nitric oxide and its derivatives with biologically important compounds. We summarized mechanistic information on the interaction between model porphyrin systems (microperoxidase) and NO as well as the recent studies on the formation of nitrosylcobalamin (CblNO). The following sections cover the characterization of the Ru(II)/Ru(III) mixed-valence ion-pair complexes, including Ru(II)/Ru(III)(edta) complexes. The last part concerns the latest mechanistic information on the DFT techniques applications. Each section presents the most important results with the mechanistic interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Polaczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kieca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Kraków, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Oszajca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Impert
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Anna Katafias
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Debabrata Chatterjee
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
- Vice-Chancellor's Research Group, Zoology Department, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, India
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ralph Puchta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Central Institute for Scientific Computing (CISC), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 5a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Colin D Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824, USA
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
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Radisavljević S, Scheurer A, Bockfeld D, Ćoćić D, Puchta R, Senft L, Pešić M, Damljanović I, Petrović B. New mononuclear gold(III) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, kinetic, mechanistic, DNA/BSA/HSA binding, DFT and molecular docking studies. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chrzanowska M, Katafias A, van Eldik R. Can a Nonorganometallic Ruthenium(II) Polypyridylamine Complex Catalyze Hydride Transfer? Mechanistic Insight from Solution Kinetics on the Reduction of Coenzyme NAD + by Formate. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14944-14953. [PMID: 33001639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Application of organometallic ruthenium(II) arene complexes has been successful for the modulation of cellular redox processes via their interaction with species such as formate to control the NAD+/NADH balance in cells. Here we present the first evidence that similar effects can be reached with the application of a nonorganometallic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex. Kinetic studies performed demonstrate the ability of [RuII(terpy)(en)(H2O/EtOH)]2+ in water/ethanol (1:9, v/v) solution, where terpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and en = ethylenediamine, to catalyze the reduction of the NAD+ coenzyme to NADH in the presence of formate as hydride transfer source. In this case, terpy instead of arene is responsible for the labilization of coordinated solvent. The suggested catalytic cycle begins with the fast anation of the [RuII(terpy)(en)(H2O/EtOH)]2+ complex by formate. This is followed by the rate-determining formate-catalyzed decarboxylation of the generated ruthenium(II) formato complex to form [RuII(terpy)(en)H]+. Rapid hydride transfer to NAD+ from [RuII(terpy)(en)H]+ to form NADH and to regenerate the starting ruthenium(II) solvato complex, closes the overall catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Chrzanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Katafias
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Chrzanowska M, Katafias A, Kozakiewicz A, Puchta R, van Eldik R. Systematic tuning of the reactivity of [RuII(terpy)(N^N)Cl]Cl complexes. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1498972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Katafias
- Faculty of Chemistry, N. Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Ralph Puchta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Zentralinstitut für Scientific Computing (ZISC), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry, N. Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Lameijer LN, Brevé TG, van Rixel VHS, Askes SHC, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Effects of the Bidentate Ligand on the Photophysical Properties, Cellular Uptake, and (Photo)cytotoxicity of Glycoconjugates Based on the [Ru(tpy)(NN)(L)] 2+ Scaffold. Chemistry 2018; 24:2709-2717. [PMID: 29220545 PMCID: PMC5838788 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes have received widespread attention as potential chemotherapeutics in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and in photochemotherapy (PACT). Here, we investigate a series of sixteen ruthenium polypyridyl complexes with general formula [Ru(tpy)(N-N)(L)]+/2+ (tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, N-N=bpy (2,2'-bipyridine), phen (1,10-phenanthroline), dpq (pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, dppn (benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), pmip (2-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), pymi ((E)-N-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine), or azpy (2-(phenylazo)pyridine), L=Cl- or 2-(2-(2-(methylthio)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside) and their potential for either PDT or PACT. We demonstrate that although increased lipophilicity is generally related to increased uptake of these complexes, it does not necessarily lead to increased (photo)cytotoxicity. However, the non-toxic complexes are excellent candidates as PACT carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien N. Lameijer
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tobias G. Brevé
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Vincent H. S. van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sven H. C. Askes
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - M. A. Siegler
- Departement of ChemistryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland21218USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
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Chrzanowska M, Katafias A, Impert O, Kozakiewicz A, Surdykowski A, Brzozowska P, Franke A, Zahl A, Puchta R, van Eldik R. Structure and reactivity of [RuII(terpy)(N^N)Cl]Cl complexes: consequences for biological applications. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10264-10280. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01669g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ligand substitution reactions of [RuII(terpy)(N^N)Cl]Cl, where N^N = bipy and en, and the corresponding aqua complexes were studied in detail, including the crystal and solution structures of the chlorido complexes. The chlorido complex undergoes spontaneous aquation that can only be prevented using high chloride concentrations (>2 M).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Katafias
- Faculty of Chemistry
- N. Copernicus University
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Olga Impert
- Faculty of Chemistry
- N. Copernicus University
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | | | | | | | - Alicja Franke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Achim Zahl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Ralph Puchta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Computer Chemistry Center
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry
- N. Copernicus University
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
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Huang H, Zhang P, Chen Y, Qiu K, Jin C, Ji L, Chao H. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of labile intercalative ruthenium(ii) complexes for anticancer drug screening. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13135-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(tpy)(N^N)Cl]+ were synthesized for anticancer evolution. Ru2–Ru4 were dual-mode DNA-binding complexes and exhibited higher DNA binding affinity, better cellular uptake efficiency and higher anticancer activity than Ru1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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van Rixel VH, Busemann A, Göttle AJ, Bonnet S. Preparation, stability, and photoreactivity of thiolato ruthenium polypyridyl complexes: Can cysteine derivatives protect ruthenium-based anticancer complexes? J Inorg Biochem 2015; 150:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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