Novel pyrene-BODIPY dyes based on cyclotriphosphazene scaffolds: Synthesis, photophysical and spectroelectrochemical properties

Progress in the Field of Cyclophosphazenes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the realm of cyclophosphazenes, encompassing their preparation methodologies, distinctive properties, and diverse applications. The synthesis approaches are explored, highlighting advancements in the preparation of these cyclic compounds. The discussion extends to the distinctive properties exhibited by cyclophosphazenes, including thermal stability characteristics, and other relevant features. Furthermore, we examine the broad spectrum of applications for cyclophosphazenes in various fields, such as coatings, adhesives, composites, extractants, metal complexes, organometallic chemistry, medicine, and inorganic chemistry. This review aims to offer insights into the evolving landscape of cyclophosphazenes and their ever-expanding roles in contemporary scientific and technological arenas. Future possibilities are emphasized, and significant research data shortages are identified.

Luminous Insights: Exploring Organic Fluorescent "Turn-On" Chemosensors for Metal-Ion (Cu+2, Al+3, Zn+2, Fe+3) Detection

There are several metal ions that are vital for the growth of the environmental field as well as for the biological field but only up to the maximum limit. If they are present in excess, it could be hazardous for the human health. With the growing technology, a series of various detection techniques are employed in order to recognize those metal ions, some of them include voltammetry, electrochemical methods, inductively couples, etc. However, these techniques are expensive, time consuming, requires large storage, advanced instrumentation, and a skilled person to operate. So, here comes the need of a sensor and it is defined as a miniature device which detects the substance of interest by giving response in the form of energy change. So, from past few decades, many sensors have been formulated for detecting metal ions with some basic characteristics like selectivity, specificity, sensitivity, high accuracy, lower detection limit, and response time. Detecting various metal ions by employing chemosensors involves different techniques such as fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemical, and colorimetry. The fluorescence technique has certain advantages over the other techniques. This review mainly focuses on the chemosensors that show a signal in the form of fluorescence to detect Al+3, Zn+2, Cu+2, and Fe+3 ions.

Perylene-Based Chromophore as a Versatile Dye for Light Amplification

One of the challenges for modern optoelectronics is to find versatile, easily adaptable components for novel laser-based technologies. A very attractive perylene-derivative chromophore in different organic matrices for high-performance light amplification is discussed and outlined. Our approach demonstrates the outstandingly compatible laser dye and a viable strategy to provide an effective optical gain for stimulated emission enhancement. Through structural control, we produce simple optical devices embedded in organic matrices, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), nematic liquid crystalline (NLC) mixture, and a hybrid emulsion system (poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA + NLC mesophase). Importantly, we investigate and compare the spectroscopy of differently constructed organic systems in terms of stimulated-emission thresholds and light amplification process efficiency. Moreover, we report the effects of tunability for LC cells by an applied external electric field stimulus. Future directions of laser systems are outlined with an emphasis on the role of the perylene derivative. The studies meet current challenges in the field of modern organic technologies dedicated to various optoelectronic systems, including touch screens, displays, and Li-Fi networks.

Development of dipodal fluorescence sensor of iron for real samples based on pyrene modified anthracene

A novel pyrene modified anthracene dipodal sensor was prepared by a simple synthetic method for the sensitive determination of iron ions in real samples. The chemical characterization analyses including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were carried out to characterize the target fluorescent sensor. Photophysical and electrochemical behaviors of the sensor were studied by the absorption, excitation-emission matrix analysis, steady-state fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, and cyclic and square wave voltammetry, respectively. The fluorescent sensor properties were evaluated via Ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. According to obtained results, the fluorescence signal of the sensor was selectively quenched with interaction with Fe³⁺ ions. The spectrofluorimetric determination of iron, in real water and medicine samples were successfully carried out under optimized experimental conditions. A detection limit and linear working range were calculated as 0.265 μM and 0.275-55.000 μM, respectively which demonstrated the ability of the simple and sensitive sensor for slight amounts of iron. The obtained detection limit for iron determination with the presented novel fluorescent sensor was less than nearly 20 times the tolerance limit (5.40 µM) in drinking water that was determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The accuracy of the newly developed method was evaluated by Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and spike/recovery test which demonstrated that the developed fluorescent sensor has high accuracy for fast, easy and accessible determination of iron at 95% confidence level.

A highly sensitive "ON-OFF-ON" dual optical sensor for the detection of Cu(II) ion and triazole pesticides based on novel BODIPY-substituted cavitand

The synthesis with full structural characterization including elemental analysis and 1H, 13C, 11B and 19F NMR, FT-IR and MALDI-TOF spectral data, along with the florescence sensing behavior of a new resorcin[4]arene cavitand 3 bearing multiple BODIPY sites achieved by the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is being reported. The spatial orientation of multiple BODIPY-1,2,3-triazole arms based on the macrocyclic rigid core is of great interest since the resulting structure has been utilized as a fluorescent chemosensor for numerous metal cations. In particular, a remarkable decrease in the fluorescence emission towards Cu(ii) ions, i.e., "turn-off" response, has been obtained giving rise to an optical sensor for the detection of triazole fungicides, namely tebuconazole, triadimenol, triadimefon, i.e. "turn-on" response. Such a molecular system, hence, can be feasibly applied as a dual optical sensor, i.e. "a turn-on-off-on" system, for dangerous contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides.

Fully Conjugated Pyrene-BODIPY and Pyrene-BODIPY-Ferrocene Dyads and Triads: Synthesis, Characterization, and Selective Noncovalent Interactions with Nanocarbon Materials

Several pyrene-boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) and pyrene-BODIPY-ferrocene derivatives with a fully conjugated pyrene fragment appended to the α-position(s) of the BODIPY core have been prepared by Knoevenagel condensation reaction and characterized by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as X-ray crystallography. The redox properties of new donor-acceptor BODIPY dyads and triads were studied by electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)) and spectroelectrochemical approaches. Formation of weakly bonded noncovalent complexes between the new pyrene-BODIPYs and nanocarbon materials (C₆₀, C₇₀, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), and graphene) was studied by UV-vis, steady-state fluorescent, and time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. UV-vis and fluorescent spectroscopy are indicative of the much stronger and selective interaction between new dyes and (6,5)-SWCNT as well as graphene compared to that of C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes. In agreement with these data, transient absorption spectroscopy provided no evidence for any significant change in excited-state lifetime or photoinduced charge transfer between pyrene-BODIPYs and C₆₀ or C₇₀ fullerenes when the pyrene-BODIPY chromophores were excited into the lowest-energy singlet excited state. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations suggest that the pyrene fragments are fully conjugated into the π-system of BODIPY core, which correlates well with the experimental data.

ESIPT on/off switching and crystallization-enhanced emission properties of new design phenol-pyrazole modified cyclotriphosphazenes

Cyclophosphazene-based high-efficiency excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) active and inactive molecules were prepared depending on the different bonding patterns of the difunctional phenol-pyrazol reagent.

Fluorescence determination of trace level of cadmium with pyrene modified nanocrystalline cellulose in food and soil samples

Cadmium is one of the most toxic metal that accumulates in the human body via food chain, industrial/agricultural activites. It also has negative effects in organs such as the brain, liver and central nervous system. Therefore, International Agency for Research on Cancer is classified cadmium as "carcinogenic to humans" (group 1). In this work, novel pyrene modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NP-1) was designed as a fluorescence sensor for selective determination of Cd²⁺ in food and soil samples. FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, TEM and TGA were used for structural, morphological characterizations and thermal properties of NP-1. The experimental conditions such as selectivity, pH, sensor concentration, photostability, time and interaction mechanism were examined and optimized. The LOD was determined as 0.09 μM (10.70 μg/L) which was lower than WHO's permissible limit of cadmium in plant with 0.10-60.00 μM linear working range. Validation of the present method was performed by spike/recovery test and ICP-MS, then fluorescence determination of Cd²⁺ in food and soil samples was succesfully applied. The results indicated that the proposed method based on "turn-on" fluorescence of NP-1 was a simple, sensitive and reliable for rapid determination of Cd²⁺ in real samples with high applicability and stability.

Molecular Conformational Effect on Optical Properties and Fluoride Induced Color Changes in Triarylborane-Vinylbithiophene-BODIPY Conjugates

Three new triads [bis(mesityl)boryl (Mes₂B)-vinylbithiophene-BODIPY] bearing zero (1), two (2), and four (3) methyl groups on the BODIPY core are synthesized, and their optical properties are reported. The vinyl linker between the thiophene rings in the spacer moiety improved the electronic communication between the boryl and BODIPY units. It displayed a bathochromic shift in the absorption and emission spectra compared to the Mes₂B-bithiophene-BODIPY triad reported elsewhere. These compounds exhibit intriguing multiple-emission features due to an incomplete energy transfer from donor borane to the acceptor BODIPY unit. These compounds' photoluminescence color can be conveniently fine-tuned by fluoride binding at the coordinatively unsaturated tricoordinate boron center. Triad 3, with a rigid molecular structure, showed a sharp emission band, whereas triads 1 and 2, with flexible molecular structures, displayed broad emission bands with a robust bathochromic shift, ascribed to their excited state structural reorganizations. These triads selectively bind fluoride ions and show colorimetric responses, which can be seen with an unaided eye. DFT computational studies were performed to rationalize the optical signatures of these compounds.