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Zhang L, Lin Q, Zhang J, Shi Y, Pan L, Hou Y, Peng X, Li W, Wang J, Zhou P. Qualitative and Quantitative Changes of Oligosaccharides in Human and Animal Milk over Lactation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15553-15568. [PMID: 37815401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in human and animal milk oligosaccharides over lactation. In total, 89, 97, 115, and 71 oligosaccharides were identified in human, bovine, goat, and camel milk. The number of common oligosaccharides between camel and human milk was the highest (16 and 17 in transitional and mature milk). With respect to the absolute concentration of eight oligosaccharides (2'-FL, 3-FL, α3'-GL, LNT, LNnT, 3'-SL, 6'-SL, and DSL), 2'-FL, 3'-FL, LNT, and LNnT were much higher in human than three animal species. 3'-SL had a similar concentration in bovine colostrum (322.2 μg/mL) and human colostrum (321.0 μg/mL), followed by goat colostrum (105.1 μg/mL); however, it had the highest concentration in camel mature milk (304.5 μg/mL). The ratio of 6'-SL and 3'-SL (1.77) in goat colostrum was similar to that in human colostrum (1.68), followed by bovine colostrum (0.13). In terms of changes of eight oligosaccharides over lactation, they all decreased with the increase of lactation in bovine and goat milk; however, α3'-GL, 2'-FL, and 3-FL increased in camel species, and LNT increased first and then decreased over lactation in human milk. This study provides a better understanding of the variation of milk oligosaccharides related to lactation and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Pan
- Ausnutria Dairy (China) Company, Limited, Changsha, Hunan 410200, People's Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Hou
- Ausnutria Hyproca Nutrition Company, Limited, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Ausnutria Dairy (China) Company, Limited, Changsha, Hunan 410200, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Ausnutria Dairy (China) Company, Limited, Changsha, Hunan 410200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ausnutria Dairy (China) Company, Limited, Changsha, Hunan 410200, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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Nutritional Profile, Processing and Potential Products: A Comparative Review of Goat Milk. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat milk contains an abundance of different macro and micro-nutrients. Compared with other milk, goat milk is a viable option due to its low allergy levels and is preferred for infants with cow milk allergies. A wide variety of goat milk-based products, including yoghurt, ice cream, fermented milk, and cheese, are available on the market. They are produced using effective processing technology and are known to exhibit numerous health benefits after consumption. However, goat milk consumption is limited in many nations (compared with cow, buffalo, camel, and sheep milk) due to a lack of awareness of its nutritional composition and the significance of its different byproducts. This review provides a detailed explanation of the various macronutrients that may be present, with special attention paid to each component, its purpose, and the health benefits it offers. It also compares goat milk with milk from other species in terms of its superiority and nutritional content, as well as the types, production methods, health advantages, and other beneficial properties of the various goat milk products that are currently available on the market.
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Unusual free oligosaccharides in human bovine and caprine milk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10790. [PMID: 35750794 PMCID: PMC9232581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Free oligosaccharides are abundant macronutrients in milk and involved in prebiotic functions and antiadhesive binding of viruses and pathogenic bacteria to colonocytes. Despite the importance of these oligosaccharides, structural determination of oligosaccharides is challenging, and milk oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathways remain unclear. Oligosaccharide structures are conventionally determined using a combination of chemical reactions, exoglycosidase digestion, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Most reported free oligosaccharides are highly abundant and have lactose at the reducing end, and current oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathways in human milk are proposed based on these oligosaccharides. In this study, a new mass spectrometry technique, which can identify linkages, anomericities, and stereoisomers, was applied to determine the structures of free oligosaccharides in human, bovine, and caprine milk. Oligosaccharides that do not follow the current biosynthetic pathways and are not synthesized by any discovered enzymes were found, indicating the existence of undiscovered biosynthetic pathways and enzymes.
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Mank M, Hauner H, Heck AJR, Stahl B. Targeted LC-ESI-MS 2 characterization of human milk oligosaccharide diversity at 6 to 16 weeks post-partum reveals clear staging effects and distinctive milk groups. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6887-6907. [PMID: 32794008 PMCID: PMC7496073 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many molecular components in human milk (HM), such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), assist in the healthy development of infants. It has been hypothesized that the functional benefits of HM may be highly dependent on the abundance and individual fine structures of contained HMOs and that distinctive HM groups can be defined by their HMO profiles. However, the structural diversity and abundances of individual HMOs may also vary between milk donors and at different stages of lactations. Improvements in efficiency and selectivity of quantitative HMO analysis are essential to further expand our understanding about the impact of HMO variations on healthy early life development. Hence, we applied here a targeted, highly selective, and semi-quantitative LC-ESI-MS2 approach by analyzing 2 × 30 mature human milk samples collected at 6 and 16 weeks post-partum. The analytical approach covered the most abundant HMOs up to hexasaccharides and, for the first time, also assigned blood group A and B tetrasaccharides. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed and allowed for automatic grouping and assignment of human milk samples to four human milk groups which are related to the maternal Secretor (Se) and Lewis (Le) genotypes. We found that HMO diversity varied significantly between these four HM groups. Variations were driven by HMOs being either dependent or independent of maternal genetic Se and Le status. We found preliminary evidence for an additional HM subgroup within the Se- and Le-positive HM group I. Furthermore, the abundances of 6 distinct HMO structures (including 6'-SL and 3-FL) changed significantly with progression of lactation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mank
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Nutritional Medicine Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Oligosaccharides in goats' milk-based infant formula and their prebiotic and anti-infection properties. Br J Nutr 2020; 122:441-449. [PMID: 31196229 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900134x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains an abundant supply and diverse array of oligosaccharides that are known to impart significant health benefits to the nursing infant including establishment and maintenance of a healthy gut microflora, immune development and protection against gastrointestinal infections. When breastfeeding is not possible or insufficient, infant formulas are commonly used as an alternative. However, limited information is available about the presence of naturally occurring oligosaccharides in these infant formulas and their likely health benefits. The present study examined the presence of naturally occurring oligosaccharides in commercial goats' milk-based stage 1 and stage 2 infant formulas and their prebiotic and anti-infection properties. LC/MS was used to detect and quantify oligosaccharides and their prebiotic potential was assessed by their ability, at concentrations present in reconstituted ready-to-use infant formula, to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12, B. longum BB536, Lactobacillus acidophilus 4461 and L. casei 2607 in vitro. For anti-infection properties, the ability of goat milk oligosaccharides to prevent the adhesion of Escherichia coli NCTC 10418 and a Salmonella typhimurium isolate to Caco-2 cells was investigated. The results showed the presence of fourteen quantifiable oligosaccharides in stage 1 and stage 2 goats' milk-based infant formula. This was similar to the number of oligosaccharides detected in the fresh goats' milk. Of these, five were structurally similar to those found in human milk. These oligosaccharides were shown to significantly enhance the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and reduce the adhesion of E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. typhimurium to Caco-2 cells. Together, these results suggest that oligosaccharides naturally present in goats' milk-based infant formula exhibit strong prebiotic and anti-pathogen adhesion properties and may confer gut health benefits to infants.
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Song B, Zhang S, Pang X, Sari RN, Liu L, Wang J, Lv J. Comparative analysis of oligosaccharides in Guanzhong and Saanen goat milk by using LC-MS/MS. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115965. [PMID: 32122499 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides play an important role in promoting healthy growth of infants. Goat milk was one of the alternative sources for producing oligosaccharides. An in-depth understanding the composition and the quantity of oligosaccharides in goat milk was needed for its better utilization. In the present study, oligosaccharides were identified and quantified by using UPLC-MS/MS. The elution condition of UPLC was optimized leading to successful identification of 64 oligosaccharides in goat milk. Furthermore, the method to absolutely quantify 6 oligosaccharides in goat milk had been developed. The oligosaccharides in Guanzhong, local breed in China and Saanen goat milk, were compared by using this method. Five oligosaccharides were significantly different between two breeds. The amount of 6'-sialyllactose was 3.3 times higher in Guanzhong goat milk than that in Saanen goat milk. Guanzhong goat milk could be a potential good source for producing sialylated oligosaccharides, especially 6'-sialyllactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ratna Nurmalita Sari
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Sousa YR, Medeiros LB, Pintado MME, Queiroga RC. Goat milk oligosaccharides: Composition, analytical methods and bioactive and nutritional properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wang J, Lei B, Yan J, Li J, Zhou X, Ren F, Guo H. Donkey milk oligosaccharides influence the growth-related characteristics of intestinal cells and induce G2/M growth arrest via the p38 pathway in HT-29 cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:4823-4833. [PMID: 31318010 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02584c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Donkey milk is considered to be a valuable nutritional source. Deeper knowledge of the constituents of donkey milk is necessary. As multifunctional components of milk, oligosaccharides have been reported to have the potential to support intestine development. We studied the composition and content of donkey milk oligosaccharides (DMOs). Sialylated oligosaccharides were found to be the primary oligosaccharides in DMOs, consisting of 3'-sialyllactose (SL) and 6'-SL. The amount of 3'-SL and 6'-SL in donkey milk was 18.3 ± 0.7 mg L-1 and 33.1 ± 0.7 mg L-1, respectively. Moreover, we found that DMOs induced differentiation, promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in HT-29, Caco-2 and HIEC cells in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that DMOs promote maturation of intestinal epithelial cells. The mechanism of the DMOs' effects on HT-29 cells was associated with activation of the p38 pathway and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Our research will help understand the biological functions of DMOs and assess their potential roles in infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Oliveira D, Puri R, Fenelon MA, O'Mahony JA. Delactosed permeate as a dairy processing co‐product with major potential value: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Oliveira
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University College Cork Room 234, Food Science Building Cork Ireland
- Dairy Processing Technology Centre University College Cork Room 234, Food Science Building Cork Ireland
| | - Ritika Puri
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University College Cork Room 234, Food Science Building Cork Ireland
- Dairy Processing Technology Centre University College Cork Room 234, Food Science Building Cork Ireland
| | - Mark A. Fenelon
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996 Ireland
| | - James A. O'Mahony
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University College Cork Room 234, Food Science Building Cork Ireland
- Dairy Processing Technology Centre University College Cork Room 234, Food Science Building Cork Ireland
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12
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Ma L, McJarrow P, Jan Mohamed HJB, Liu X, Welman A, Fong BY. Lactational changes in the human milk oligosaccharide concentration in Chinese and Malaysian mothers' milk. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Zhou S, Hang Y, Wang J, Fang R. Enzyme activity and phosphate uptake in the small intestine of Sprague Dawley rats improved by supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2018; 4:300-304. [PMID: 30175258 PMCID: PMC6116332 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was to identify the effects of prebiotics supplemented in infant formula on enzyme activity and phosphate uptake in the small intestine of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Forty-eight healthy SD rats at 15 days old (a week before weaning) with similar weight were randomly divided into 3 groups: A (control group), B, C, with 16 rats per group. Rats in groups A, B, C were fed a standard infant formula, the standard infant formula supplemented with oligosaccharides, and the standard infant formula supplemented with polysaccharides, respectively. The feeding test was conducted for 28 d. Compared with group A, the results showed the following: 1) the activities of sucrose and lactase in the small intestine were significantly increased in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05); 2) the relative expressions of lactase gene in the anterior and posterior segments of the small intestine were significantly increased by 1.68 and 2.26 in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05), and the relative expression of Mgam gene in the posterior segment of the small intestine was significantly increased by 0.99 in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05); 3) the relative expressions of Na/Pi-IIb gene in the anterior and posterior segments of the small intestine were significantly increased by 1.85 and 2.28 in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics can promote enzyme activity in the small intestine by increasing the relative expression of enzyme gene or by decreasing intestinal injury, and can increase the relative expression of Na/Pi-IIb gene. The effect of polysaccharides is better than that of oligosaccharides.
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Zhao C, Wu Y, Liu X, Liu B, Cao H, Yu H, Sarker SD, Nahar L, Xiao J. Functional properties, structural studies and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lee H, Cuthbertson DJ, Otter DE, Barile D. Rapid Screening of Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides in a Whey Permeate Product and Domestic Animal Milks by Accurate Mass Database and Tandem Mass Spectral Library. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6364-74. [PMID: 27428379 PMCID: PMC5832056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A bovine milk oligosaccharide (BMO) library, prepared from cow colostrum, with 34 structures was generated and used to rapidly screen oligosaccharides in domestic animal milks and a whey permeate powder. The novel library was entered into a custom Personal Compound Database and Library (PCDL) and included accurate mass, retention time, and tandem mass spectra. Oligosaccharides in minute-sized samples were separated using nanoliquid chromatography (nanoLC) coupled to a high resolution and sensitive quadrupole-Time of Flight (Q-ToF) MS system. Using the PCDL, 18 oligosaccharides were found in a BMO-enriched product obtained from whey permeate processing. The usefulness of the analytical system and BMO library was further validated using milks from domestic sheep and buffaloes. Through BMO PCDL searching, 15 and 13 oligosaccharides in the BMO library were assigned in sheep and buffalo milks, respectively, thus demonstrating significant overlap between oligosaccharides in bovine (cow and buffalo) and ovine (sheep) milks. This method was shown to be an efficient, reliable, and rapid tool to identify oligosaccharide structures using automated spectral matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Don E. Otter
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel: +1-530-752-0976. Fax: +1-530-752-4759.
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Nanofiltration Enrichment of Milk Oligosaccharides (MOS) in Relation to Process Parameters. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Altas MC, Kudryashov E, Buckin V. Ultrasonic Monitoring of Enzyme Catalysis; Enzyme Activity in Formulations for Lactose-Intolerant Infants. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4714-23. [PMID: 27018312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper introduces ultrasonic technology for real-time, nondestructive, precision monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in solutions and in complex opaque media. The capabilities of the technology are examined in a comprehensive analysis of the effects of a variety of diverse factors on the performance of enzyme β-galactosidase in formulations for reduction of levels of lactose in infant milks. These formulations are added to infant's milk bottles prior to feeding to overcome the frequently observed intolerance to lactose (a milk sugar), a serious issue in healthy development of infants. The results highlight important impediments in the development of these formulations and also illustrate the capability of the described ultrasonic tools in the assessment of the performance of enzymes in complex reaction media and in various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida C Altas
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Evgeny Kudryashov
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Vitaly Buckin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Characterization of goat colostrum oligosaccharides by nano-liquid chromatography on chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1428:143-53. [PMID: 26427327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A detailed qualitative and quantitative characterization of goat colostrum oligosaccharides (GCO) has been carried out for the first time. Defatted and deproteinized colostrum samples, previously treated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to remove lactose, were analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (Nano-LC-Chip-Q-TOF MS). Up to 78 oligosaccharides containing hexose, hexosamine, fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid or N-glycolylneuraminic acid monomeric units were identified in the samples, some of them detected for the first time in goat colostra. As a second step, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) methodology was developed for the separation and quantitation of the main GCO, both acidic and neutral carbohydrates. Among other experimental chromatographic conditions, mobile phase additives and column temperature were evaluated in terms of retention time, resolution, peak width and symmetry of target carbohydrates. Narrow peaks (wh: 0.2-0.6min) and good symmetry (As: 0.8-1.4) were obtained for GCO using an acetonitrile:water gradient with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide at 40°C. These conditions were selected to quantify the main oligosaccharides in goat colostrum samples. Values ranging from 140 to 315mgL(-1) for neutral oligosaccharides and from 83 to 251mgL(-1) for acidic oligosaccharides were found. The combination of both techniques resulted to be useful to achieve a comprehensive characterization of GCO.
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Thum C, Cookson A, McNabb WC, Roy NC, Otter D. Composition and enrichment of caprine milk oligosaccharides from New Zealand Saanen goat cheese whey. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Capillary electrophoresis of sialylated oligosaccharides in milk from different species. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1409:288-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Altmann K, Wutkowski A, Kämpfer S, Klempt M, Lorenzen PC, Clawin-Rädecker I. Comparison of the efficiency of different NF membranes for the enrichment of milk oligosaccharides from bovine milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Oliveira
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG); Unidade de Bioenergia; Edifício K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22 Lisboa 1649-036 Portugal
| | - R Andrew Wilbey
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Luísa B Roseiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG); Unidade de Bioenergia; Edifício K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22 Lisboa 1649-036 Portugal
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Claps S, Di Napoli M, Sepe L, Caputo A, Rufrano D, Di Trana A, Annicchiarico G, Fedele V. Sialyloligosaccharides content in colostrum and milk of two goat breeds. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Claeys W, Verraes C, Cardoen S, De Block J, Huyghebaert A, Raes K, Dewettinck K, Herman L. Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Meyrand M, Dallas DC, Caillat H, Bouvier F, Martin P, Barile D. Comparison of milk oligosaccharides between goats with and without the genetic ability to synthesize α s1-casein. Small Rumin Res 2013; 113:411-420. [PMID: 24587592 DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (OS)-free complex carbohydrates-confer unique health benefits to the nursing neonate. Though human digestive enzymes cannot degrade these sugars, they provide nourishment to specific commensal microbes and act as decoys to prevent the adhesion of pathogenic micro-organisms to gastrointestinal cells. At present, the limited quantities of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) impede research on these molecules and their potential applications in functional food formulations. Considerable progress has been made in the study of OS structures; however, the synthetic pathways leading to their synthesis in the mammary gland are poorly understood. Recent studies show that complex OS with fucose and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (key structural elements of HMO bioactivity) exist in goat milk. Polymorphisms in the CSN1S1 locus, which is responsible for synthesis of αs1-casein, affect lipid and casein micelle structure in goat milk. The present study sought to determine whether CSN1S1 polymorphisms also influence goat milk oligosaccharide (GMO) production and secretion. The GMO compositions of thirty-two goat milk samples, half of which were from genotype A/A (αs1-casein producers) and half from genotype O/O (αs1-casein non-producers), were determined with nanoflow liquid chromatography high-accuracy mass spectrometry. This study represents the most exhaustive characterization of GMO to date. A systematic and comprehensive GMO library was created, consolidating information available in the literature with the new findings. Nearly 30 GMO, 11 of which were novel, were confirmed via tandem mass spectrometric analyses. Six fucosylated OS were identified; 4 of these matched HMO compositions and three were identified for the first time in goat milk. Importantly, multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the OS profiles of the A/A and O/O genotype milks could be discriminated by the fucosylated OS. Quantitative analysis revealed that the goat milk samples contained 1.17 g/L of OS; however, their concentration in milks from A/A and O/O genotypes was not different. This study provides evidence of a genetic influence on specific OS biosynthesis but not total OS production. The presence of fucosylated GMO suggests that goat milk represents a potential source of bioactive milk OS suitable as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meyrand
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - D C Dallas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - H Caillat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux (SAGA), 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - F Bouvier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UE332 Domaine de Bourges, F-18390 Osmoy, France
| | - P Martin
- INRA, UMR1313 - Génétique animale et Biologie intégrative (GABI), Equipe « Lait, Génome & Santé » (LGS), 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D Barile
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
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Aldredge DL, Geronimo MR, Hua S, Nwosu CC, Lebrilla CB, Barile D. Annotation and structural elucidation of bovine milk oligosaccharides and determination of novel fucosylated structures. Glycobiology 2013; 23:664-76. [PMID: 23436288 PMCID: PMC3641798 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) are recognized by the dairy and food industries, as well as by infant formula manufacturers, as novel, high-potential bioactive food ingredients. Recent studies revealed that bovine milk contains complex oligosaccharides structurally related to those previously thought to be present in only human milk. These BMOs are microbiotic modulators involved in important biological activities, including preventing pathogen binding to the intestinal epithelium and serving as nutrients for a selected class of beneficial bacteria. Only a small number of BMO structures are fully elucidated. To better understand the potential of BMOs as a class of biotherapeutics, their detailed structure analysis is needed. This study initiated the development of a structure library of BMOs and a comprehensive evaluation of structure-related specificity. The bovine milk glycome was profiled by high-performance mass spectrometry and advanced separation techniques to obtain a comprehensive catalog of BMOs, including several novel, lower abundant neutral and fucosylated oligosaccharides that are often overlooked during analysis. Structures were identified using isomer-specific tandem mass spectroscopy and targeted exoglycosidase digestions to produce a BMO library detailing retention time, accurate mass and structure to allow their rapid identification in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Säwén E, Hinterholzinger F, Landersjö C, Widmalm G. Conformational flexibility of the pentasaccharide LNF-2 deduced from NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4577-85. [PMID: 22572908 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important as prebiotics since they stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine and act as receptor analogues that can inhibit the binding of pathogens. The conformation and dynamics of the HMO Lacto-N-fucopentaose 2 (LNF-2), α-L-Fucp-(1 → 4)[β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)]-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1 → 3)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-D-Glcp, having a Lewis A epitope, has been investigated employing NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. 1D (1)H,(1)H-NOESY experiments were used to obtain proton-proton cross-relaxation rates from which effective distances were deduced and 2D J-HMBC and 1D long-range experiments were utilized to measure trans-glycosidic (3)J(CH) coupling constants. The MD simulations using the PARM22/SU01 force field for carbohydrates were carried out for 600 ns with explicit water as solvent which resulted in excellent sampling for flexible glycosidic torsion angles. In addition, in vacuo MD simulations were performed using an MM3-2000 force field, but the agreement was less satisfactory based on an analysis of heteronuclear trans-glycosidic coupling constants. LNF-2 has a conformationally well-defined region consisting of the terminal branched part of the pentasaccharide, i.e., the Lewis A epitope, and a flexible β-D-GlcpNAc-(1 → 3)-β-D-Galp-linkage towards the lactose unit, which is situated at the reducing end. For this β-(1 → 3)-linkage a negative ψ torsion angle is favored, when experimental NMR data is combined with the MD simulation in the analysis. In addition, flexibility on a similar time scale, i.e., on the order of the global overall molecular reorientation, may also be present for the ϕ torsion angle of the β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-D-Glcp-linkage as suggested by the simulation. It was further observed from a temperature variation study that some (1)H NMR chemical shifts of LNF-2 were highly sensitive and this study indicates that Δδ/ΔT may be an additional tool for revealing conformational dynamics of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Säwén
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hickey RM. The role of oligosaccharides from human milk and other sources in prevention of pathogen adhesion. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mijan MA, Lee YK, Kwak HS. Classification, Structure, and Bioactive Functions of Oligosaccharides in Milk. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.5.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Fong B, Ma K, McJarrow P. Quantification of bovine milk oligosaccharides using liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9788-95. [PMID: 21790206 DOI: 10.1021/jf202035m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are important components of milk with bioefficacy as prebiotics, anti-infectives, and immune system modulators and as a possible source of sialic acid for neural function. Bovine milk oligosaccharides are lower in concentration and lack the diversity of human milk oligosaccharides but could be a commercial source of milk oligosaccharides for pediatric foods. For this development, an ability to quantify the oligosaccharides is required. This study validated a hydrophilic interaction chromatography high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (HILIC HPLC-HRSRM-MS) method for measuring six different oligosaccharides in bovine milk, bovine colostrum, and infant formulas. The extraction resulted in a high recovery (90-103%) with a repeatability coefficient of variation ranging from 2 to 9% for the two dominant oligosaccharides, 3'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose, and ranging from 1 to 17% for the much lower concentration oligosaccharides, 6'-sialyllactosamine, disialyllactose, and N-acetylgalactosaminyllactose. The sixth oligosaccharide, 3'-sialyllactosamine, was not detected in any of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Fong
- Fonterra Research Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand.
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Mills S, Ross R, Hill C, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C. Milk intelligence: Mining milk for bioactive substances associated with human health. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Drouillard S, Mine T, Kajiwara H, Yamamoto T, Samain E. Efficient synthesis of 6'-sialyllactose, 6,6'-disialyllactose, and 6'-KDO-lactose by metabolically engineered E. coli expressing a multifunctional sialyltransferase from the Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1394-9. [PMID: 20231015 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the efficient conversion of lactose into 3'-sialyllactose by high cell density cultures of a genetically engineered Escherichia coli strain expressing the Neisseria meningitidis gene for alpha-(2-->3)-sialyltransferase [Fierfort, N.; Samain, E. J. Biotechnol. 2008, 134, 261-265.]. First attempts to use a similar strategy to produce 6'-sialyllactose with a strain expressing alpha-(2-->6)-sialyltransferase from the Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224 led to the production of a trisaccharide that was identified as KDO-lactose (2-keto-3-deoxy-manno-octonyllactose). This result showed that alpha-(2-->6)-sialyltransferase was able to use CMP-KDO as sugar donor and preferentially used CMP-KDO over CMP-Neu5Ac. By reducing the expression level of the sialyltransferase gene and increasing that of the neuABC genes, we have been able to favour the formation of 6'-sialyllactose and to prevent the formation of KDO-lactose. However, in this case, a third lactose derivative, which was identified as 6,6'-disialyllactose, was also produced. Formation of 6,6'-disialyllactose was mainly observed under conditions of lactose shortage. On the other hand, when the culture was continuously fed with an excess of lactose, 6'-sialyllactose was almost the only product detected and its final concentration was higher than 30g/L of culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Drouillard
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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URASHIMA T, KOMODA M, ASAKUMA S, UEMURA Y, FUKUDA K, SAITO T, OFTEDAL OT. Structural determination of the oligosaccharides in the milk of a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridatyla). Anim Sci J 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MARTINEZ-FEREZ ANTONIO, GUADIX ANTONIO, ZAPATA-MONTOYA JOSEE, GUADIX EMILIAM. Influence of transmembrane pressure on the separation of caprine milk oligosaccharides from protein by cross-flow ultrafiltration. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Osthoff G, Dickens L, Urashima T, Bonnet S, Uemura Y, van der Westhuizen J. Structural characterization of oligosaccharides in the milk of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana africana). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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