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Abedini A, Salimi M, Mazaheri Y, Sadighara P, Alizadeh Sani M, Assadpour E, Jafari SM. Assessment of cheese frauds, and relevant detection methods: A systematic review. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100825. [PMID: 37780280 PMCID: PMC10534187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy products are widely consumed in the world due to their nutritional and functional characteristics. This group of food products are consumed by all age groups due to their health-giving properties. One of these products is cheese which has a high price compared to other dairy products. Because of this, it can be prone to fraud all over the world. Fraud in food products threatens the world's food safety and can cause serious damage to human health. There are many concerns among food authorities in the world about the fraud of food products. FDA, WHO, and the European Commission provide different legislations and definitions for fraud. The purpose of this review is to identify the most susceptible cheese type for fraud and effective methods for evaluating fraud in all types of cheeses. For this, we examined the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. Mozzarella cheese had the largest share among all cheeses in terms of adulteration due to its many uses. Also, the methods used to evaluate different types of cheese frauds were PCR, Spectrometry, stable isotope, image analysis, electrophoretic, ELISA, sensors, sensory analysis, near-infrared and NMR. The methods that were most used in detecting fraud were PCR and spectrometry methods. Also, the least used method was sensory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Abedini
- Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahla Salimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Mazaheri
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Assadpour
- Food Industry Research Co., Gorgan, Iran
- Food and Bio-Nanotech International Research Center (Fabiano), Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Li L, Wang J, Li M, Yang Y, Wang Z, Miao J, Zhao Z, Yang J. Detection of the adulteration of camel milk powder with cow milk by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fraudulent species substitution in e-commerce of protected denomination origin (pdo) products. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fekete T, Šnirc M, Belej Ľ, Židek R, Golian J, Haščík P, Zeleňáková L, Zajác P. Authentication of caprine milk and cheese by commercial qPCR assay. POTRAVINARSTVO 2017. [DOI: 10.5219/780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate potential adulteration of commercial caprine milks and cheeses with bovine milk using commercial qPCR assay. The assay comprised of bovine-, ovine- and caprine-specific primers and TaqMan probe and mammalian internal control. Specificity, sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility and efficiency of the bovine assay were tested as well. Specificity was verified by running reaction on the DNA of other milk-producing species (caprine and ovine) and made-up bovine-caprine (v/v) milk mixes. In both experiments, a bovine DNA fragment was amplified whereas no amplification was obtained from the other species. Sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility and efficiency were tested on 10-fold dilution series of 10 ng bovine DNA. The assay has shown good linearity (R2 = 0.983) within whole range, with efficiency of 86% and excellent reproducibility (SD around the CT for the technical replicates <0.5). The sensitivity was adequate, as calculated LOD and LOQ were 1.44 pg and 2.94 pg of bovine DNA, respectively. Finally, the assay was used to authenticate 5 caprine milk samples and 5 caprine cheese samples, purchased from local supermarkets. Totally, 1 milk sample has shown the fluorescence signal, which exceeded baseline in cycle 39.01 ±0.69. However, the signal was above LOD and LOQ suggesting that there could not be unambiguously declared any adulteration with bovine milk. Amplification of bovine-specific DNA was not observed in the other samples indicating products were not adulterated. The commercial qPCR assay has proved that real-time PCR assays, as well as DNA-based techniques in a general, are the excellent and reliable tools for fighting with frauds in the food industry and protecting the public health.
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Šnirc M, Fekete T, Belej Ľ, Židek R, Golian J, Haščík P, Zajác P, Čapla J. Detection of ovine milk adulteration using taqman real-time pcr assay. POTRAVINARSTVO 2017. [DOI: 10.5219/782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety, quality and composition have become the subjects of increasing public concern. To prevent fraud and enhance quality assurance, credible analysis of dairy products is crucial. Bovine milk is more widely available and cheaper than milk of sheep and goat. Bovine milk is also processed in large quantities to produce a range of dairy produce. DNA-based methods have proven to be more reliable, because of the stability of DNA under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure, and chemical treatment used during the processing of some food products. The commercial InnuDETECT cheese assay based on the principle TaqMan real-time PCR systems have been tested for the identification and quantification of bovine DNA in ovine milk samples. DNA was extracted using the InnuPREP DNA Mini Kit and quantified by the QuantiFluor dsDNA system. The assay showed good linearity, with correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.983 and efficiency of 86%. The internal control amplified fragment from different mammalian species (cow, sheep and goat), with similar CT values. Detection of bovine DNA in milk mixtures was achieved even in samples containing 0.5% of bovine milk. The InnuDETECT cheese assay has been successfully used to measure bovine DNA in ovine milk, and will prove useful for bovine species identification and quantitative authentication of animal-derived products.
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Liao J, Liu Y, Ku T, Liu M, Huang Y. Qualitative and quantitative identification of adulteration of milk powder using DNA extracted with a novel method. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1657-1663. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bloch MS, Paunescu D, Stoessel PR, Mora CA, Stark WJ, Grass RN. Labeling milk along its production chain with DNA encapsulated in silica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10615-10620. [PMID: 25295707 DOI: 10.1021/jf503413f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The capability of tracing a food product along its production chain is important to ensure food safety and product authenticity. For this purpose and as an application example, recently developed Silica Particles with Encapsulated DNA (SPED) were added to milk at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 ppb (μg per kg milk). Thereby the milk, as well as the milk-derived products yoghurt and cheese, could be uniquely labeled with a DNA tag. Procedures for the extraction of the DNA tags from the food matrixes were elaborated and allowed identification and quantification of previously marked products by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with detection limits below 1 ppb of added particles. The applicability of synthetic as well as naturally occurring DNA sequences was shown. The usage of approved food additives as DNA carrier (silica = E551) and the low cost of the technology (<0.1 USD per ton of milk labeled with 10 ppb of SPED) display the technical applicability of this food labeling technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S Bloch
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Rodrigues N, Givisiez P, Queiroga R, Azevedo P, Gebreyes W, Oliveira C. Milk adulteration: Detection of bovine milk in bulk goat milk produced by smallholders in northeastern Brazil by a duplex PCR assay. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2749-52. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jung YK, Jhon DY, Kim KH, Hong YH. Quantitative Detection of Cow Milk in Goat Milk Mixtures by Real-Time PCR. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.6.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Bottero MT, Dalmasso A. Animal species identification in food products: Evolution of biomolecular methods. Vet J 2011; 190:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pizzano R, Nicolai MA, Manzo C, Addeo F. Authentication of dairy products by immunochemical methods: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-011-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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