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Yuan Y, Zhao J, Liu Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Tian X, Qiao W, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen L. Human milk sphingomyelin: Function, metabolism, composition and mimicking. Food Chem 2024; 447:138991. [PMID: 38520905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Human milk, which contains various nutrients, is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. Healthy human milk meets all the nutritional needs of early infant development. Polar lipids mainly exist in the milk fat globule membrane, accounting for approximately 1-2% of human milk lipids; sphingomyelin (SM) accounts for approximately 21-24% of polar lipids. SM plays an important role in promoting the development of the brain and nervous system, regulating intestinal flora, and improving skin barriers. Though SM could be synthesized de novo, SM nutrition from dietary is also important for infants. The content and composition of SM in human milk has been reported, however, the molecular mechanisms of nutritional functions of SM for infants required further research. This review summarizes the functional mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and compositional, influencing factors, and mimicking of SM in human milk, and highlights the challenges of improving maternal and infant early/long-term nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Yanpin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Liu Q, Liu Y, Qiao W, Zhao J, Cao H, Liu Y, Chen L. Advances in the composition, efficacy, and mimicking of human milk phospholipids. Food Funct 2024; 15:6254-6273. [PMID: 38787648 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipids are the essential components of human milk, contributing to the enhancement of cognitive development, regulation of immune functions, and mitigation of elevated cholesterol levels. Infant formulas supplemented with phospholipids can change the composition, content, and globule membrane structure of milk lipids, improving their digestive properties and nutritional value. However, mimicking phospholipids in infant formulas is currently limited, and the supplemented standards of phospholipid species and amounts in infant formulas are unknown. Consequently, there is a significant difference between the phospholipids in infant formulas and those in human milk. This article reviews the recent progress in human milk phospholipid research, aiming to describe the composition, content, and positive effects of human milk phospholipids, as well as summarises the dietary sources of phospholipid supplementation and the current state of human milk phospholipid mimicking in infant formulas. This review provides clear directions for research on mimicking human milk phospholipids and evaluating the nutritional functions of phospholipids in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Huiru Cao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., No. 8, Yingchang Street 100076, Yinghai Town, Daxing District, Beijing, China.
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3
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Wang M, Zhang F, Debrah AA, Khan J, Hou H, Yuan Q, Du Z. Selective extraction of phospholipids from human milk using glass fabric modified with zirconium-based metal organic framework. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464435. [PMID: 37820461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are important and complex trace lipids in milk, which have positive effects on the infants' nervous and immune system development. Herein, a new method for selective extraction of PLs using glass fabric @ MOF-808 was proposed. Based on Lewis acid-base interaction, MOF-808 containing abundant Zr-OH groups was selected as the adsorption body, and glass fabric was used as a substrate to make the adsorbent easy to remove and reuse. The influencing factors such as loading solution, extraction time, eluent and elution time were further investigated. The adsorbent showed high adsorption capacity (3.31-6.54 mg/g for PLs) and good reusability (reused at least five times). The method showed low detection limits (1.61 μg/L - 10.24 μg/L) and quantification limits (5.24 μg/L-51.21 μg/L) for eight classes of PLs. The analysis of PLs in human milk at different lactation stages by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry could obtain up to 206 PLs, indicating that the method has extremely high extraction and anti-interference capabilities. This work is the first time to introduce MOF materials to selectively extract PLs and use glass fabric as a substrate for MOF-808, which has the advantages of easy recovery and high sensitivity. It provides technical support for the discovery of more PL species and has potential applications in phospholipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Corporate Laboratory, Junlebao Dairy Group, Shijiazhuang 050221, China
| | - Augustine Atta Debrah
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jehangir Khan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiyue Hou
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingbin Yuan
- Corporate Laboratory, Junlebao Dairy Group, Shijiazhuang 050221, China.
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Comparison of glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid in mature milk from different sampled regions in the Chinese human milk project (CHMP) study. Food Chem 2023; 410:135311. [PMID: 36610088 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Milk phospholipids (PLs) are critical components of infant growth. This study aimed to discover PL in mature human milk (HM) from China (n = 201) and mainly assessed the effect caused by sampled regions. The average total PL concentration was quantified from 3.65 to 11.25 mg per g of lipid, and the major PL class identified was sphingomyelin (SM, 38.06-47.62 %), followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC, 29.61-34.39 %), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 10.54-24.46 %). In addition, the 36:2 (18:0/18:2), 38:6 (16:0/22:6), 40:1 (d18:1/22:0), and 42:2 (d18:1/24:1) were the most abundant molecular species identified in glycerophospholipid and SM molecular species respectively. Some PL molecular species were strongly related with region of sampling, like lysophosphatidylinositol 18:1 was only detected in Beijing. In conclusion, those findings showed that the PL molecular species and concentration of HM had significant regional diversity, and it will give the Chinese human milk database more accurate PL data.
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Pawar A, Zabetakis I, Gavankar T, Lordan R. Milk polar lipids: Untapped potential for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. PHARMANUTRITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2023.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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Ding D, He X, Agarry IE, Wang Y, Zhou F, Li Y, Kan J, Cai T, Chen K. Profile of Human Milk Phospholipids at Different Lactation Stages with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS: Characterization, Distribution, and Differences. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6326-6337. [PMID: 37040528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human milk phospholipids are important for the regular growth and development of infants. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 277 phospholipid molecular species in 112 human milk samples to obtain a detailed profile of human milk phospholipids along the lactation stage. MS/MS fragmentation patterns of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine were characterized in detail. Phosphatidylcholine is the most dominant group, followed by sphingomyelin. PC(18:0/18:2), SM(d18:1/24:1), PE(18:0/18:0), PS(18:0/20:4), and PI(18:0/18:2) showed the highest average concentration among all of the phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol molecular species, respectively. The fatty acids attached to the phospholipid molecules were mainly palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, and the plasmalogens decreased along the lactation stage. The increase of sphingomyelins and phosphatidylethanolamines and the decrease of phosphatidylcholines are the key changes from colostrum to transitional milk; the increase of lysophosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylethanolamines and the continuous decrease of phosphatidylcholines are the vital changes from transitional milk to mature milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Ding
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Israel Emiezi Agarry
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yuankai Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Fenglan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yunchang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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Analysis of milk with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAs a widely consumed foodstuff, milk and dairy products are increasingly studied over the years. At the present time, milk profiling is used as a benchmark to assess the properties of milk. Modern biomolecular mass spectrometers have become invaluable to fully characterize the milk composition. This review reports the analysis of milk and its components using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS). LC–MS analysis as a whole will be discussed subdivided into the major constituents of milk, namely, lipids, proteins, sugars and the mineral fraction.
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Xu X, Zhou J, Chen H, Su M, Yang Y, Su Y. Human Milk Lipid Profiles around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2519-2536. [PMID: 36083999 PMCID: PMC9776668 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported breast milk lipid concentrations may vary with geographical region, postnatal age, and year of sample collection. In this review, we summarized data on the concentrations of total fat, total phospholipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids in human milk worldwide and their variation according to lactation stage, study area, and sample collection year. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline databases for English-language papers and Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for Chinese-language papers. A total of 186 studies evaluating the human milk lipid profiles were included. According to random-effects models based on worldwide data, the summarized means (95% CIs) as percentages of total fat were 42.2% (41.1%, 43.3%) for SFAs, 36.6% (35.6%, 37.5%) for MUFAs, and 21.0% (19.3%, 22.7%) for PUFAs. However, the study heterogeneity was high for most types of fatty acids (I2 > 99%). Human milk from Western countries had higher concentrations of MUFAs and 18:1n-9 (ω-9), but lower concentrations of PUFAs, 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, and total n-6 PUFA compared with those from non-Western countries (P < 0.001-0.011). Significant lactation stage differences were observed for total fat and some individual fatty acids. The concentrations of SFAs and 16:0 were significantly negatively correlated with sampling year (P < 0.001-0.028). In contrast, a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and sampling year was observed (P < 0.001-0.035). Our results suggest that the pooling of data on human milk lipid profiles in different studies should be done with caution due to the high between-study heterogeneity. The concentration of lipids, including total fat, cholesterol, and specific fatty acids, differs in human milk according to lactation stage, geographical region, and year of sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China,CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyong Cheng
- Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute), Beijing, China
| | - Hengying Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyang Su
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Venkat M, Chia LW, Lambers TT. Milk polar lipids composition and functionality: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:31-75. [PMID: 35997253 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review describes the human and bovine milk polar lipid composition, structural organization, sources for formulation, and physiological functionality. A total of 2840 records were retrieved through Scopus, 378 were included. Bovine milk is a good source of polar lipids, where yield and composition are highly dependent on the choice of dairy streams and processing. In milk, polar lipids are organized in the milk fat globule membrane as a tri-layer encapsulating triglyceride. The overall polar lipid concentration in human milk is dependent on many factors including lactational stage and maternal diet. Here, reasonable ranges were determined where possible. Similar for bovine milk, where differences in milk lipid concentration proved the largest factor determining variation. The role of milk polar lipids in human health has been demonstrated in several areas and critical review indicated that brain, immune and effects on lipid metabolism are best substantiated areas. Moreover, insights related to the milk fat globule membrane structure-function relation as well as superior activity of milk derived polar lipid compared to plant-derived sources are emerging areas of interest regarding future research and food innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyya Venkat
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
| | - Loo Wee Chia
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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10
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Poulsen KO, Meng F, Lanfranchi E, Young JF, Stanton C, Ryan CA, Kelly AL, Sundekilde UK. Dynamic Changes in the Human Milk Metabolome Over 25 Weeks of Lactation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:917659. [PMID: 35911093 PMCID: PMC9331903 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.917659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) provides essential nutrition for ensuring optimal infant growth and development postpartum. Metabolomics offers insight into the dynamic composition of HM. Studies have reported the impact of lactation stage, maternal genotype, and gestational age on HM metabolome. However, the majority of the studies have considered changes within the first month of lactation or sampled with large intervals. This leaves a gap in the knowledge of progressing variation in HM composition beyond the first month of lactation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the HM metabolome from mothers with term deliveries varies beyond 1 month of lactation, during the period in which HM is considered fully mature. Human milk samples (n = 101) from 59 mothers were collected at weeks 1-2, 3-5, 7-9, and 20-25 postpartum and analyzed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Several metabolites varied over lactation and exhibited dynamic changes between multiple time points. Higher levels of HM oligosaccharides, cis-aconitate, O-phosphocholine, O-acetylcarnitine, gluconate, and citric acid were observed in early lactation, whereas later in lactation, levels of lactose, 3-fucosyllactose, glutamine, glutamate, and short- and medium-chain fatty acids were increased. Notably, we demonstrate that the HM metabolome is dynamic during the period of maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Overgaard Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanyu Meng
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elisa Lanfranchi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- ACIB – Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - C. Anthony Ryan
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan L. Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Liu Q, Zhao J, Liu Y, Qiao W, Jiang T, Liu Y, Yu X, Chen L. Advances in analysis, metabolism and mimicking of human milk lipids. Food Chem 2022; 393:133332. [PMID: 35661604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk lipids differ from the milk lipids of other mammals in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids. Analysis and detection technology of lipids is key to understanding milk lipids, and thus the concentrations, compositions and distribution characteristics of milk lipids are discussed. Differences between human milk lipids and their substitutes in form, composition and structure affect their digestion, absorption and function in infants. Characteristics and mimicking of human milk lipids have been intensively studied with the objective of narrowing the gap between human milk and infant formulae. Based on the existing achievements, further progress may be made by improving detection techniques, deepening knowledge of metabolic pathways and perfecting fat substitutes. This review detailed the characteristics of human milk lipids and related detection technologies with a view towards providing a clear direction for research on mimicking human milk lipids in formulae to further improve infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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12
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Thum C, Wall C, Day L, Szeto IMY, Li F, Yan Y, Barnett MPG. Changes in Human Milk Fat Globule Composition Throughout Lactation: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:835856. [PMID: 35634409 PMCID: PMC9137899 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.835856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in understanding how the relative levels of human milk fat globule (MFG) components change over the course of lactation, how they differ between populations, and implications of these changes for the health of the infant. In this article, we describe studies published over the last 30 years which have investigated components of the MFG in term milk, focusing on changes over the course of lactation and highlighting infant and maternal factors that may influence these changes. We then consider how the potential health benefits of some of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components and derived ingredients relate to compositional and functional aspects and how these change throughout lactation. The results show that the concentrations of phospholipids, gangliosides, cholesterol, fatty acids and proteins vary throughout lactation, and such changes are likely to reflect the changing requirements of the growing infant. There is a lack of consistent trends for changes in phospholipids and gangliosides across lactation which may reflect different methodological approaches. Other factors such as maternal diet and geographical location have been shown to influence human MFGM composition. The majority of research on the health benefits of MFGM have been conducted using MFGM ingredients derived from bovine milk, and using animal models which have clearly demonstrated the role of the MFGM in supporting cognitive and immune health of infants at different stages of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch Ltd, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Caroline Thum
| | - Clare Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Li Day
- AgResearch Ltd, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ignatius M. Y. Szeto
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Li
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Yalu Yan
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
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Yang MT, Lan QY, Liang X, Mao YY, Cai XK, Tian F, Liu ZY, Li X, Zhao YR, Zhu HL. Lactational Changes of Phospholipids Content and Composition in Chinese Breast Milk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081539. [PMID: 35458100 PMCID: PMC9030290 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are pivotal polar lipids in human milk and essential for infants’ growth and development, especially in the brain and cognitive development. Its content and composition are affected by multiple factors and there exist discrepancies in different studies. In this study, we determined five major phospholipids classes (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin) in 2270 human milk samples collected from 0 to 400 days postpartum in six regions of China. The high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) was performed to quantify the phospholipids. Total phospholipid median (IQR) content was in a range between 170.38 ± 96.52 mg/L to 195.69 ± 81.80 mg/L during lactation and was higher concentrated in colostrum milk and later stage of lactation (after 200 days postpartum) compared with that in the samples collected between 10 to 45 days postpartum. Variations in five major sub-class phospholipids content were also observed across lactation stages (phosphatidylethanolamine: 52.61 ± 29.05 to 59.95 ± 41.74 mg/L; phosphatidylinositol: 17.65 ± 10.68 to 20.38 ± 8.55 mg/L; phosphatidylserine: 15.98 ± 9.02 to 22.77 ± 11.17 mg/L; phosphatidylcholine: 34.13 ± 25.33 to 48.64 ± 19.73 mg/L; sphingomyelin: 41.35 ± 20.31 to 54.79 ± 35.26 mg/L). Phosphatidylethanolamine (29.18–32.52%), phosphatidylcholine (19.90–25.04%) and sphingomyelin (22.39–29.17%) were the dominant sub-class phospholipids in Chinese breast milk during the whole lactation period. These results updated phospholipids data in Chinese human milk and could provide evidence for better development of secure and effective human milk surrogates for infants without access to breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tao Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.-T.Y.); (Q.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiu-Ye Lan
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.-T.Y.); (Q.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xue Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China;
| | - Ying-Yi Mao
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Abbott Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China; (Y.-Y.M.); (X.-K.C.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao-Kun Cai
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Abbott Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China; (Y.-Y.M.); (X.-K.C.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Fang Tian
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Abbott Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China; (Y.-Y.M.); (X.-K.C.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhao-Yan Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.-T.Y.); (Q.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Abbott Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China; (Y.-Y.M.); (X.-K.C.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Yan-Rong Zhao
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Abbott Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China; (Y.-Y.M.); (X.-K.C.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-R.Z.); (H.-L.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-2082-2472 (Y.-R.Z.); +86-20-8733-1811 (H.-L.Z.)
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.-T.Y.); (Q.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-R.Z.); (H.-L.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-2082-2472 (Y.-R.Z.); +86-20-8733-1811 (H.-L.Z.)
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14
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Optimized Identification of Triacylglycerols in Milk by HPLC-HRMS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis work has developed an optimized workflow for the targeted analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in milk by liquid chromatography coupled with a Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer. First, the effects of resolution (17,500; 35,000; 70,000; 140,000) and automatic gain control target (AGC, from 2×104, 2×105, 1×106, and 3×106) have been optimized with the goal to minimize the injection time, maximize the number of scans, and minimize the mass error. Then, the flow rate of the liquid chromatography system was also optimized by maximizing the number of theoretical plates. The resulting optimized parameters consisted of a flow rate of 200 μL/min, mass resolution of 35,000, and AGC target of 2×105. Such optimal conditions were applied for targeted TAG analysis of milk fat extracts. Up to 14 target triglycerides in milk fat were identified performing a data-dependent HPLC-HRMS-MS2 experiment (t-SIM-ddMS2). The findings reported here can be helpful for MS-based lipidomic workflows and targeted milk lipid analysis.
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15
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Jiang C, Cheong LZ, Zhang X, Ali AH, Jin Q, Wei W, Wang X. Dietary Sphingomyelin Metabolism and Roles in Gut Health and Cognitive Development. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:S2161-8313(22)00073-4. [PMID: 34549256 PMCID: PMC8970835 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a widely occurring sphingolipid that is a major plasma membrane constituent. Milk and dairy products are rich SM sources, and human milk has high SM content. Numerous studies have evaluated the roles of SM in maintaining cell membrane structure and cellular signal transduction. There has been a growing interest in exploring the role of dietary SM, especially from human milk, in imparting health benefits. This review focuses on recent publications regarding SM content in several dietary sources and dietary SM metabolism. SM digestion and absorption are slow and incomplete and mainly occur in the middle sections of the small intestine. This review also evaluates the effect of dietary SM on gut health and cognitive development. Studies indicate that SM may promote gut health by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption in adults. However, there has been a lack of data supporting clinical trials. An association between milk SM and neural development is evident before childhood. Hence, additional studies and well-designed randomized controlled trials that incorporate dietary SM evaluation, SM metabolism, and its long-term functions on infants and children are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Jiang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Abdelmoneim H Ali
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Address correspondence to WW (e-mail: )
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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16
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Nilsson Å, Duan RD, Ohlsson L. Digestion and Absorption of Milk Phospholipids in Newborns and Adults. Front Nutr 2021; 8:724006. [PMID: 34490332 PMCID: PMC8417471 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.724006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk polar lipids provide choline, ethanolamine, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are needed for the growth and plasticity of the tissues in a suckling child. They may also inhibit cholesterol absorption by interacting with cholesterol during micelle formation. They may also have beneficial luminal, mucosal, and metabolic effects in both the neonate and the adult. The milk fat globule membrane contains large proportions of sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and some phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and glycosphingolipids. Large-scale technical procedures are available for the enrichment of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in milk replacement formulations and food additives. Pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and mucosal phospholipase B digest glycero-phospholipids in the adult. In the neonate, where these enzymes may be poorly expressed, pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 probably has a more important role. Mucosal alkaline SM-ase and ceramidase catalyze the digestion of SM in both the neonate and the adult. In the mucosa, the sphingosine is converted into sphingosine-1-phosphate, which is both an intermediate in the conversion to palmitic acid and a signaling molecule. This reaction sequence also generates ethanolamine. Here, we summarize the pathways by which digestion and absorption may be linked to the biological effects of milk polar lipids. In addition to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption and the generation of lipid signals in the gut, the utilization of absorbed choline and ethanolamine for mucosal and hepatic phospholipid synthesis and the acylation of absorbed lyso-PC with polyunsaturated fatty acids to chylomicron and mucosal phospholipids are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Nilsson
- Division of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rui-Dong Duan
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Division of Medicine, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Correlations of Fat Content in Human Milk with Fat Droplet Size and Phospholipid Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061596. [PMID: 33805759 PMCID: PMC8000790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat globule size and phospholipid (PL) content in human milk (HM) were investigated. HM was classified into three groups depending on fat content (A < B < C). PL content (mg/100 g HM) was significantly higher in the C group (p < 0.05), indicating its positive relationship with HM fat content. When the PL content was normalized (mg/g fat), that of group A was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and fat droplet size in group C was slightly larger, suggesting that HM fat content is affected by fat droplet numbers to a larger extent than by fat droplet size. A correlation between PC and SM content in HM was observed regardless of fat content, while correlation between PE and either PC or SM increased in the order of C > B > A, hence the composition and content of PL species in HM varied according to its fat content.
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18
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Zhao J, Liu Q, Liu Y, Qiao W, Yang K, Jiang T, Hou J, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Lin T, Li N, Chen L. Quantitative profiling of glycerides, glycerophosphatides and sphingolipids in Chinese human milk with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 346:128857. [PMID: 33373822 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human milk lipids are an important energy source and essential nutrients for the growth and development of infants. The UPLC/Q-TOF-MS was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze human milk lipids. Totally, 411 species of lipids were identified, in which the content of OPL was generally higher than that of OPO; SM (75.38 mg/L, 40.39%), PE (51.12 mg/L, 27.39%) and PC (40.10 mg/L, 21.49%) had the highest contents among polar lipids, mainly including SM42:2:2 (22.24 mg/L), PE36:2 (C18:0-C18:2, 21.39 mg/L) and PC36:2 (C18:0-C18:2, 19.80 mg/L). In human milk, TAG56:7 (137.14 mg/L), TAG56:8 (59.49 mg/L), TAG58:8 (65.90 mg/L) and TAG58:9 (49.99 mg/L) were the main sources of AA and DHA; PE was an important source of AA and DHA in polar lipids; and linoleic acyl in glycerides and phospholipids had higher contents than other polyunsaturated fatty acyls. These results provided the scientific basis for the simulation of human milk at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, PR China
| | - Juncai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hao Zhou
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Tie Lin
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China.
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19
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20
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Wright M, Dusemund B, Mortensen A, Turck D, Barmaz S, Tard A, Vianello G, Gundert‐Remy U. Opinion on the re-evaluation of lecithins (E 322) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of its re-evaluation as food additive for uses in foods for all population groups. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06266. [PMID: 33204307 PMCID: PMC7654424 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lecithins (E 322) were re-evaluated in 2017 by the former EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient sources added to Food (ANS). As follow-up to that assessment, the Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) was requested to assess the safety of lecithins (E 322) for uses as food additive in food for infants below 16 weeks of age belonging to food categories 13.1.1 and 13.1.5.1 and as carry over in line with Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. In addition, the FAF Panel was requested to address the issues identified during the re-evaluation of the food additive (E 322). The process involved the publication of a call for data to allow the interested business operators to provide the requested information to complete the risk assessment. Based on the information submitted in response to the call for data, the FAF Panel considered it feasible to amend the EU specifications, in particular for the toxic elements arsenic, lead, mercury and introduce new specifications for cadmium and microbiological criteria. The safety issue identified by the ANS Panel in 2017 concerned potential neurodevelopmental effects. For the reason that choline is a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the Panel considered it appropriate to address the safety of lecithins (E 322) as food additive in infant formula used in infants below the age of 16 weeks by comparing the concentration of choline in human milk with that in the formula. The Panel concluded that the intake of lecithins (E 322) as a food additive in infant formula belonging to FC 13.1.1 or in food for special medical purposes belonging to FC 13.1.5.1 does not raise safety concerns up to the maximum permitted level (MPL) of lecithins (E 322).
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21
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Li S, Chen Y, Han B, Xu T, Liu T, Yi H, Zhou X, Zhang L, Liu P, Ma C, Li Y, Pan J, Jiang S. Composition and variability of phospholipids in Chinese human milk samples. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Zhou L, Yang F, Zhao M, Zhang M, Liu J, Marchioni E. Determination and comparison of phospholipid profiles in eggs from seven different species using UHPLC-ESI-Triple TOF-MS. Food Chem 2020; 339:127856. [PMID: 32866698 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Egg yolk phospholipids from seven different species were purified (purity > 96%) using SPE columns, and subsequently the phospholipid profiles were identified and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple time-of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Triple TOF-MS). Eight phospholipid classes and 87 molecular species were characterized. Principal component analysis showed that the molecular species and concentration of phospholipids in pigeon and hen egg yolks had a significant difference with other eggs. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the phospholipid profiles of pigeon egg yolks were closest to hen egg yolks, followed by quail, duck, ostrich, emu and goose egg yolks. Different relative quantities of certain molecular species were different among egg yolk types; for instance, phosphatidylcholine (16:0/16:1) in goose egg yolks and phosphatidylethanolamine (16:0/18:3) in ostrich egg yolks. This study provides a basis for a better understanding of the phospholipid profiles of egg yolks, and better evaluation of the nutritional value of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Fu Yang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Minjie Zhao
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules Bioactives et Pharmacognoise, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178, CNRS/UDS), 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Minghao Zhang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jikai Liu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Eric Marchioni
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules Bioactives et Pharmacognoise, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178, CNRS/UDS), 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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Moloney C, O'Connor D, O'Regan J. Polar lipid, ganglioside and cholesterol contents of infant formulae and growing up milks produced with an alpha lactalbumin-enriched whey protein concentrate. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fontecha J, Brink L, Wu S, Pouliot Y, Visioli F, Jiménez-Flores R. Sources, Production, and Clinical Treatments of Milk Fat Globule Membrane for Infant Nutrition and Well-Being. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1607. [PMID: 32486129 PMCID: PMC7352329 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is gaining traction. The interest is two-fold; on the one hand, it is a unique trilayer structure with specific secretory function. On the other hand, it is the basis for ingredients with the presence of phospho- and sphingolipids and glycoproteins, which are being used as food ingredients with valuable functionality, in particular, for use as a supplement in infant nutrition. This last application is at the center of this Review, which aims to contribute to understanding MFGM's function in the proper development of immunity, cognition, and intestinal trophism, in addition to other potential effects such as prevention of diseases including cardiovascular disease, impaired bone turnover and inflammation, skin conditions, and infections as well as age-associated cognitive decline and muscle loss. The phospholipid composition of MFGM from bovine milk is quite like human milk and, although there are some differences due to dairy processing, these do not result in a chemical change. The MFGM ingredients, as used to improve the formulation in different clinical studies, have indeed increased the presence of phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and glycoproteins with the resulting benefits of different outcomes (especially immune and cognitive outcomes) with no reported adverse effects. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism(s) of action of MFGM remain to be elucidated and further basic investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauren Brink
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Steven Wu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yves Pouliot
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Department of Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Food Science and Technology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Wei W, Yang J, Yang D, Wang X, Yang Z, Jin Q, Wang M, Lai J, Wang X. Phospholipid Composition and Fat Globule Structure I: Comparison of Human Milk Fat from Different Gestational Ages, Lactation Stages, and Infant Formulas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13922-13928. [PMID: 31746600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We compared phospholipids (PLs), PL fatty acid (FA) composition, and milk fat globule size and structure in human milk (n = 120) from mothers of full-term and preterm infants during lactation (colostrum, transition, 1 mo, 2 mo, and 3 mo) and 8 brands of infant formulas. The absolute quantification of PLs was analyzed using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Sphingomyelin was the dominant PLs (35.01 ± 3.31%) in human milk, whereas phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the dominant PLs in infant formulas. The PL content in preterm milk increased during lactation, whereas that in term milk remained stable. Saturated FAs (mainly 16:0 and 18:0) were the most abundant (>60%) PL FA in both preterm and term milk and increased throughout lactation. The mean diameter of milk fat globules in infant formulas was much smaller than that found in human milk (200 nm vs 5.63 μm). Significant differences were observed between human milk and infant formulas with regard to PLs, suggesting that more research is needed to mimic the PL profile in infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Yang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety , COFCO Corporation , Beijing 102209 , China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety , COFCO Corporation , Beijing 102209 , China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
| | | | - Manyi Wang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety , COFCO Corporation , Beijing 102209 , China
| | - Jianqiang Lai
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
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26
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McJarrow P, Radwan H, Ma L, MacGibbon AK, Hashim M, Hasan H, Obaid RS, Naja F, Mohamed HJJ, Al Ghazal H, Fong BY. Human Milk Oligosaccharide, Phospholipid, and Ganglioside Concentrations in Breast Milk from United Arab Emirates Mothers: Results from the MISC Cohort. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2400. [PMID: 31597293 PMCID: PMC6835464 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), phospholipids (PLs), and gangliosides (GAs) are components of human breast milk that play important roles in the development of the rapidly growing infant. The differences in these components in human milk from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were studied in a cross-sectional trial. High-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry was used to determine HMO, PL, and GA concentrations in transitional (5-15 days) and mature (at 6 months post-partum) breast milk of mothers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results showed that the average HMO (12 species), PL (7 species), and GA (2 species) concentrations quantified in the UAE mothers' transitional milk samples were (in mg/L) 8204 ± 2389, 269 ± 89, and 21.18 ± 11.46, respectively, while in mature milk, the respective concentrations were (in mg/L) 3905 ± 1466, 220 ± 85, and 20.18 ± 9.75. The individual HMO concentrations measured in this study were all significantly higher in transitional milk than in mature milk, except for 3 fucosyllactose, which was higher in mature milk. In this study, secretor and non-secretor phenotype mothers showed no significant difference in the total HMO concentration. For the PL and GA components, changes in the individual PL and GA species distribution was observed between transitional milk and mature milk. However, the changes were within the ranges found in human milk from other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
| | - Lin Ma
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
| | - Alastair K.H. MacGibbon
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
| | - Mona Hashim
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Hayder Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
| | - Reyad Shaker Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | | | - Bertram Y. Fong
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
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Ingvordsen Lindahl IE, Artegoitia VM, Downey E, O'Mahony JA, O'Shea CA, Ryan CA, Kelly AL, Bertram HC, Sundekilde UK. Quantification of Human Milk Phospholipids: the Effect of Gestational and Lactational Age on Phospholipid Composition. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020222. [PMID: 30678181 PMCID: PMC6412285 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) provides infants with macro- and micronutrients needed for growth and development. Milk phospholipids are important sources of bioactive components, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and choline, crucial for neural and visual development. Milk from mothers who have delivered prematurely (<37 weeks) might not meet the nutritional requirements for optimal development and growth. Using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, 31 phospholipid (PL) species were quantified for colostrum (<5 days postpartum), transitional (≥5 days and ≤2 weeks) and mature milk (>2 weeks and ≤15 weeks) samples from mothers who had delivered preterm (n = 57) and term infants (n = 22), respectively. Both gestational age and age postpartum affected the PL composition of HM. Significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) of phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM) and total PL were found in preterm milk throughout lactation, as well as significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.002) of several phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), PC and SM species. Multivariate analysis revealed that PLs containing LC-PUFA contributed highly to the differences in the PL composition of preterm and term colostrum. Differences related to gestation decreased as the milk matured. Thus, gestational age may impact the PL content of colostrum, however this effect of gestation might subside in mature milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eimear Downey
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - James A O'Mahony
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Carol-Anne O'Shea
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan L Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Hanne C Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 5792 Årslev, Denmark.
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Cheong LZ, Jiang C, He X, Song S, Lai OM. Lipid Profiling, Particle Size Determination, and in Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Lipolysis of Mature Human Milk and Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12042-12050. [PMID: 30362342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dairy technologists has attempted to produce "improved" infant formulas mimicking human milk by supplementation with bovine MFGM and/or phospholipids-enriched materials. The present study investigated and compared the lipid profile and particle sizes of mature human milk and infant formula fat globules (IF 1, IF 2, IF 3, and IF 4) and elucidated the relationship between physicochemical properties and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal lipolysis rate of the different milk samples. Despite having larger micron-sized fat globules, mature human milk demonstrated the highest gastrointestinal lipolysis rate with higher release of medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids. In comparison, IF 3, which contained the lowest phospholipids content, demonstrated the lowest gastrointestinal lipolysis rate. Higher gastrointestinal lipolysis rate of mature human milk fat as compared to infant formula fats might be due to the presence of MFGM interfacial layer (phospholipids) surrounding the fat droplets which govern lipase activity on lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Xiaoqian He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Shuang Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
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29
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Jiang C, Ma B, Song S, Lai OM, Cheong LZ. Fingerprinting of Phospholipid Molecular Species from Human Milk and Infant Formula Using HILIC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS and Discriminatory Analysis by Principal Component Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7131-7138. [PMID: 29902005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid composition in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fluctuates during the entire lactation period in order to suit the growing needs of newborn infants. The present study elucidated and relatively quantified phospholipid molecular species extracted from human milk (HM), mature human milk (MHM), and infant formulas (with or without MFGM supplementation) using hydrophilic liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS) system. Principal component analysis was used to clarify the differences between phospholipid composition in HM, MHM, and infant formulas. HM and MHM contained high concentrations of sphingomyeline (HM: 107.61 μg/mL, MHM: 227.18 μg/mL), phosphatidylcholine (HM: 59.96 μg/mL, MHM: 50.77 μg/mL), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (HM: 25.24 μg/mL, MHM: 31.76 μg/mL). Significant concentrations (<300 ng/mL) of arachidonic, eicosapentanoic, and docosahexanoic acids were found to esterify to PE in HM and MHM. Meanwhile, all infant formulas were found to contain high concentrations of phosphatidic acids indicating the possibility of degradation of the fortified MFGM either during processing or storage of the infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Baokai Ma
- School of Life and Sciences , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Shuang Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Bimolecular Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
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30
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Liu Z, Rochfort S, Cocks B. Milk lipidomics: What we know and what we don't. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:70-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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