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Di Meo MC, Salzano A, Zotti T, Palladino A, Giaquinto D, Maruccio L, Romanucci R, Rocco M, Zarrelli A, D'Occhio MJ, Campanile G, Varricchio E. Plasma fatty acid profile in Italian Holstein-Friesian dairy cows supplemented with natural polyphenols from the olive plant Olea Europaea L. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100298. [PMID: 37252208 PMCID: PMC10220399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing with natural functional feed on the plasma fatty acid profile of lactating Italian Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Thirty cows in mid-lactation received the natural olive extract PHENOFEED DRY (500 mg/cow/day) which mainly comprises hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and verbascoside. The total content of polyphenols and the antioxidant power of standard feed, enriched feed and pure extract was evaluated respectively by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH assay, and a characterization in HPLC-UV (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet) of bioactive molecules present in the extract PHENOFEED DRY was performed. PHENOFEED DRY was provided for 60 days, and the plasma profile of fatty acids was determined by Gas Chromatography. The administration of enriched feed resulted in an increase in the ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from 3:1 to 4:1 (p<0.001). This was not influenced by the calving order. The addition of polyphenols helped to keep monounsaturated (MUFA) and saturated (SFA) levels constant and results in a significant increase in polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid after 15 days of administration. The Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio was in the optimal range. The findings show that inclusion of natural functional food such as plant polyphenols helps to maintain a healthy blood fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, Benevento, BN 82100, Italy
| | - Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, NA 80137, Italy
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, Benevento, BN 82100, Italy
| | - Antonio Palladino
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Daniela Giaquinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, NA 80137, Italy
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, NA 80137, Italy
| | - Riccardo Romanucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, NA 80137, Italy
| | - Mariapina Rocco
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, Benevento, BN 82100, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, NA 80126, Italy
| | - Michael J. D'Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, NA 80137, Italy
| | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, Benevento, BN 82100, Italy
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Kyriakaki P, Zisis F, Pappas AC, Mavrommatis A, Tsiplakou E. Effects of PUFA-Rich Dietary Strategies on Ruminants' Mammary Gland Gene Network: A Nutrigenomics Review. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010044. [PMID: 36676968 PMCID: PMC9861346 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the inclusion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in ruminants' diets appears to be a well-documented strategy to enrich milk with PUFAs, several gene networks that regulate milk synthesis and mammary gland homeostasis could be impaired. The objective of this literature review is to assess the effects of nutritional strategies focused on enriching milk with PUFAs on gene networks regulating mammary gland function and lipogenesis, as well as the impact of feed additives and bioactive compounds with prominent antioxidant potential on immune-oxidative transcriptional profiling, as a part of mammary gland homeostasis and health. The findings support the conclusion that PUFAs' inclusion in ruminants' diets more strongly downregulate the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene compared to other key genes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland. Additionally, it was revealed that seed oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids have no such strong impact on networks that regulate lipogenic homeostasis compared to marine oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Furthermore, ample evidence supports that cows and sheep are more prone to the suppression of lipogenesis pathways compared to goats under the impact of dietary marine PUFAs. On the other hand, the inclusion of feed additives and bioactive compounds with prominent antioxidant potential in ruminants' diets can strengthen mammary gland immune-oxidative status. Considering that PUFA's high propensity to oxidation can induce a cascade of pro-oxidant incidences, the simultaneous supplementation of antioxidant compounds and especially polyphenols may alleviate any side effects caused by PUFA overload in the mammary gland. In conclusion, future studies should deeply investigate the effects of PUFAs on mammary gland gene networks in an effort to holistically understand their impact on both milk fat depression syndrome and homeostatic disturbance.
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Milk Yield and Milk Fatty Acids from Crossbred F1 Dairy Cows Fed on Tropical Grasses and Supplemented with Different Levels of Concentrate. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192570. [PMID: 36230310 PMCID: PMC9559261 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to determine milk fatty acids (FA) from crossbred F1 dairy cows fed on tropical grasses and supplemented with different levels of concentrate. Milk yield and milk composition were not affected while very mild effects were found in milk fatty acids. Overall, this study shows that adding up to 450 g/kg of concentrate to crossbred F1 dairy cows fed on tropical grasses does not have negative effects on milk yield and milk quality. Therefore, under these production conditions, farmers can avoid the use of concentrate, rely on tropical grasses, and reduce feeding costs. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine milk fatty acids from crossbred F1 dairy cows fed on tropical grasses and supplemented with different levels of concentrate. Twelve dairy cows (50% Holstein × 50% Brahman) with 60 days of lactation grazing tropical grasses were assigned to a Switchback design, with three periods of 15 days with different concentrate levels: 0, 150, 300 and 450 g /kg. Milk samples were obtained on the last five days of each experimental period. Milk yield and milk composition were not affected. Cows fed with 300 g/kg of concentrate had higher contents of C15:0 (p = 0.004), C22:0 (p = 0.031), and C24:0 (p = 0.013). C17:1 cis9 was higher (p = 0.039) with 150 g/kg and lowest with 450 g/kg. C18:1 cis9 was higher (p = 0.042) with 150 g/kg. C18:2n6trans was higher (p = 0.05) with 300 g/kg and lower (p = 0.018) with 450 g/kg. This study shows that adding up to 450 g/kg of concentrate to crossbred F1 dairy cows fed on tropical grasses does not have negative effects on milk yield and milk quality. Therefore, under these production conditions, farmers can rely on tropical grasses and reduce feeding costs.
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Keim JP, Rodriguez JR, Balocchi OA, Pulido RG, Sepúlveda-Varas P, Pacheco D, Berthiaume R, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Effect of dietary inclusion of winter brassica crops on milk production, feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, and plasma fatty acid profile in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10699-10713. [PMID: 34253367 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study determined feeding behavior, dry matter (DM) intake (DMI), rumen fermentation, and milk production responses of lactating dairy cows fed with kale (Brassica oleracea) or swede (Brassica napus ssp. napobrassica). Twelve multiparous lactating dairy cows (560 ± 22 kg of body weight, 30 ± 4 kg of milk/d, and 60 ± 11 d in milk at the beginning of the experiment; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The control diet comprised 10 kg of grass silage DM/d, 4 kg of ryegrass herbage DM/d, and 8.8 kg of concentrate DM/d. Then, 25% of herbage, silage, and concentrate (DM basis) was replaced with either kale or swede. Cows offered kale had decreased total DMI compared with cows fed the control and swede diets, whereas inclusion of swede increased eating time. Milk production, composition, and energy-corrected milk:DMI ratio were not affected. Cows fed with kale had a greater rumen acetate:propionate ratio, whereas swede inclusion increased the relative percentage of butyrate. Estimated microbial N was not affected by dietary treatments, but N excretion was reduced with inclusion of kale, improving N utilization. Cows fed kale tended to have increased nonesterified fatty acids and showed presence of Heinz-Ehrlich bodies, whereas hepatic enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were not affected by dietary treatments. In plasma, compared with the control, swede and kale reduced total saturated fatty acids and increased total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total n-3 fatty acids. Overall, feeding cows with winter brassicas had no negative effect on production responses. However, mechanisms to maintain milk production were different. Inclusion of swede increased the time spent eating and maintained DMI with a greater relative rumen percentage of butyrate and propionate, whereas kale reduced DMI but increased triacylglycerides mobilization, which can negatively affect reproductive performance. Thus, the inclusion of swede may be more suitable for feeding early-lactating dairy cows during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Keim
- Institute of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - José R Rodriguez
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Oscar A Balocchi
- Institute of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Rubén G Pulido
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Pilar Sepúlveda-Varas
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - David Pacheco
- Animal Science Group, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Robert Berthiaume
- Consultant expert in forage systems, 390 Moulton Hill, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0A8, Canada
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gr⊘nnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Long-Term Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Olive Oil and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil on the Rumen Microbiome of Dairy Cows. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061121. [PMID: 34067293 PMCID: PMC8224598 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids increase energy density in dairy cow diets and in some cases can increase beneficial fatty acids (FA) in milk and dairy products. However, the degree of FA saturation may affect the rumen microbiome. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of feeding saturated (hydrogenated vegetable oil; HVO) or unsaturated (olive oil; OO) fatty acid (FA) sources on the rumen microbiome of dairy cows. For 63 days, 15 mid-lactating cows were fed with either a basal diet (no fat supplement), or the basal diet supplemented with 3% dry matter (DM), either HVO or OO. Rumen contents were collected on days 21, 42 and 63 for 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results reveal dominance of the phyla Firmicutes (71.5%) and Bacteroidetes (26.2%), and their respective prevalent genera Succiniclasticum (19.4%) and Prevotella (16.6%). Succiniclasticum increased with both treatments at all time points. Prevotella was reduced on day 42 in both diets. Bacterial diversity alpha or beta were not affected by diets. Predicted bacterial functions by CowPI showed changes in energy and protein metabolism. Overall, 3% DM of lipid supplementation over 63 days can be used in dairy cow diets without major impacts on global bacterial community structure.
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Loor JJ, Garnsworthy PC. Short-Term Variations of C18:1 Trans Fatty Acids in Plasma Lipoproteins and Ruminal Fermentation Parameters of Non-Lactating Cows Subjected to Ruminal Pulses of Oils. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030788. [PMID: 33808977 PMCID: PMC7999329 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate short-term variations of trans fatty acids (TFA) in plasma lipoproteins and ruminal fermentation parameters of non-lactating cows subjected to ruminal pulses of vegetable oils. Three non-lactating, non-pregnant Holstein cows, each with a ruminal cannula, were arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three-day pulsing periods and four-day washout intervals between treatments. Cows were treated with single ruminal pulses of: (1) control (skimmed milk (SM); 500 mL); (2) soybean oil (SO; 250 g/d in 500 mL of SM) and (3) partially-hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO; 250 g/d in 500 mL of SM). Time changes after infusion in TFA contents were only observed for plasma C18:1 trans-4, trans-5 and trans-12, and high-density lipoprotein fraction C18:1 trans-9. After ruminal pulses, concentration of acetate decreased linearly; molar concentrations of propionate and valerate increased linearly; molar concentrations of butyrate and isovalerate changed quadratically and were greater at 1 h than at other times. There was an accumulation of several C18:1 TFA in plasma and lipoproteins, especially on the third day of pulsing. Overall, naturally occurring C18:1 TFA isomers (produced during ruminal biohydrogenation of SO) and preformed TFA (supplied by PHVO) elicited differential TFA partitioning and transport in plasma and lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Philip C. Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Ibáñez RA, Rodríguez JR, Alvarado-Gillis C, Keim JP. Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Sensory Characteristics of Chanco-Style Cheese from Early Lactation Dairy Cows Fed Winter Brassica Crops. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010107. [PMID: 33430319 PMCID: PMC7825774 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Brassica crops such as kales and swedes can be supplied to cow diets during winter. Little is known about the effects of feeding those forage brassicas to lactating cows on cheese nutritional characteristics. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of including kale or swedes in the diet of pasture-fed lactating dairy cows on chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) profile and sensory characteristics of Chanco-style cheese. Kale or swedes can be used in the diet of pasture-fed lactating dairy cows without negative effects on milk production, milk composition and cheese composition. However, with regard to cheese FA profiles, those elaborated from milks from kale and swedes increased total contents of saturated fatty acids. Abstract Brassica crops such as kale and swede can be supplied to cow diets during winter, however little is known about the effects of feeding those forage brassicas to lactating cows on cheese nutritional characteristics of milk and cheese. This study evaluated the effect of including kale or swede in pasture-fed lactating dairy cow diets on chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) profile, and sensory characteristics of Chanco-style cheese. Twelve early-lactation cows were used in a replicated (n = 4) 3 × 3 square Latin square design. The control diet consisted of (DM basis) 10.0 kg of grass silage, 4.0 kg of fresh grass pasture, 1.5 kg soybean meal, 1.0 kg of canola meal, and 4.0 kg of cereal-based concentrate. The other treatments replaced 25% of the diet with swede or kale. Milk yield, milkfat, and milk protein were similar between treatments as were cheese moisture, fat, and protein. Swede and kale increased total saturated cheese FA while thrombogenic index was greater in swede, but color homogeneity and salty flavor were greater while ripe cheese aroma less than for kale. Kale or swede can be used in the diet of pasture-fed lactating dairy cows without negative effects on milk production, milk composition, or cheese composition. However, kale and swede increased total cheese saturated FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (R.A.I.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.-B.-P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Rodrigo A. Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (R.A.I.)
- Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - José Ramón Rodríguez
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
| | - Christian Alvarado-Gillis
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Instituto de Producción Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
| | - Juan P. Keim
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Instituto de Producción Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
- Correspondence: (E.V.-B.-P.); (J.P.K.)
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Villamil RA, Guzmán MP, Ojeda-Arredondo M, Cortés LY, Gil Archila E, Giraldo A, Mondragón AI. Cheese fortification through the incorporation of UFA-rich sources: A review of recent (2010-2020) evidence. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05785. [PMID: 33553712 PMCID: PMC7851337 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheese is a widely consumed dairy product with high saturated fatty acids (SFA) content, and with other high nutritional quality components. Due to the link of SFA and different diseases, many studies have replaced the cheese fat content with unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) rich sources to improve its nutritional quality. The fat replacement has physicochemical, textural, and sensory effects on dairy matrix. To the food science is mandatory to know which technological strategies of milk processing improve the quality of the end products. The most relevant results reveal that fish oil (FO) and flaxseed oil (FSO) have been the most researched UFA-rich sources, microencapsulation has been the most studied incorporation technology because it allows the oil entrapment with minimal effects on the cheese quality, and non-thermal technologies allow greater UFA fortification in cheese, improving its nutritional quality. Finally, the development of fortified cheeses with UFA-rich sources has been found as an innovative strategy to obtain high quality products with functional potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby-Alejandra Villamil
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 #No. 40 - 62, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
| | - Maria-Paula Guzmán
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 #No. 40 - 62, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
| | - Myriam Ojeda-Arredondo
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 #No. 40 - 62, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
| | - Lilia Yadira Cortés
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 #No. 40 - 62, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth Gil Archila
- Chemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 #No. 40 - 62, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
| | - Andrés Giraldo
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 #No. 40 - 62, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
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Bionaz M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Busato S. Advances in fatty acids nutrition in dairy cows: from gut to cells and effects on performance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:110. [PMID: 33292523 PMCID: PMC7667790 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High producing dairy cows generally receive in the diet up to 5-6% of fat. This is a relatively low amount of fat in the diet compared to diets in monogastrics; however, dietary fat is important for dairy cows as demonstrated by the benefits of supplementing cows with various fatty acids (FA). Several FA are highly bioactive, especially by affecting the transcriptome; thus, they have nutrigenomic effects. In the present review, we provide an up-to-date understanding of the utilization of FA by dairy cows including the main processes affecting FA in the rumen, molecular aspects of the absorption of FA by the gut, synthesis, secretion, and utilization of chylomicrons; uptake and metabolism of FA by peripheral tissues, with a main emphasis on the liver, and main transcription factors regulated by FA. Most of the advances in FA utilization by rumen microorganisms and intestinal absorption of FA in dairy cows were made before the end of the last century with little information generated afterwards. However, large advances on the molecular aspects of intestinal absorption and cellular uptake of FA were made on monogastric species in the last 20 years. We provide a model of FA utilization in dairy cows by using information generated in monogastrics and enriching it with data produced in dairy cows. We also reviewed the latest studies on the effects of dietary FA on milk yield, milk fatty acid composition, reproduction, and health in dairy cows. The reviewed data revealed a complex picture with the FA being active in each step of the way, starting from influencing rumen microbiota, regulating intestinal absorption, and affecting cellular uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues, making prediction on in vivo nutrigenomic effects of FA challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Chaves BW, Valles GAF, Scheibler RB, Schafhauser Junior J, Nornberg JL. Milk yield of cows submitted to different levels of olive pomace in the diet. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.51158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of olive trees is expanding in Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul in order to meet the demand for olive oil, the main product of the industrialization of olives. However, from the extraction, there is a significant generation of waste. This residue has high moisture and an appropriate destination is necessary given its environmental and economic importance. The chemical composition of the residue is similar to other products used in animal feed, such as corn silage or sorghum, in relation to DM, CP and NDF, the differential being high levels of EE and ADL. In order to evaluate the replacement of corn silage by the extraction residue of olive oil (olive pomace), eight Holstein dairy cow, between 90 and 100 days of lactation, were used, making a double Latin square (4x4). Analyzes were made regarding animals, feed and milk product in order to verify the feasibility of the substitution. The inclusion of olive pomace, conserved as silage, to replace corn silage, in the diet of lactating cows up to 15% (dry basis) does not alter milk production, as well as its composition and feed efficiency.
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Cancino-Padilla N, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Morales MS, Leskinen H, Garnsworthy PC, Loor JJ, Romero J. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid sources on expression of lipid-related genes in bovine milk somatic cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14850. [PMID: 32908177 PMCID: PMC7481231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of contrasting sources of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA on expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in dairy cows. During 63 days, fifteen lactating cows were assigned to a control or basal diet containing no added lipid (n = 5 cows); and treatment diets supplemented with SO (n = 5 cows; unrefined soybean oil; 2.9% of DM) or FO (n = 5 cows; fish oil manufactured from salmon oil; 2.9% of DM). Plasma for fatty acid (FA) analysis and milk somatic cells (MSC) were obtained from all cows at the beginning of the study (day 0) and on days 21, 42 and 63. Plasma was used to determine FA transport dynamics. Compared with control and FO, plasma from SO had increased contents of C18:1 cis-9, C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 and total monounsaturated FA. On the other hand, compared with control and SO, FO increased plasma contents of C20:3 n-3, C20:3 n-6, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3 and total polyunsaturated FA. Moreover, plasma C18:3 n-3 and C20:5 n-3 increased over time for all diets. Compared with control, SO downregulated ACACA, INSIG1, and DGAT1, whereas FO downregulated ACACA, PPARGC1, LPIN1 and FABP3 on day 63, in MSC. At different time-points, SO and FO downregulated genes related to synthesis and intracellular transport of FA, synthesis of triglycerides, and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306., Santiago, 6904411, Chile.
| | - Nathaly Cancino-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306., Santiago, 6904411, Chile
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306., Santiago, 6904411, Chile
| | - María Sol Morales
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Philip C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Alimentos, Unidad de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Neofytou MC, Miltiadou D, Sfakianaki E, Constantinou C, Symeou S, Sparaggis D, Hager-Theodorides AL, Tzamaloukas O. The use of ensiled olive cake in the diets of Friesian cows increases beneficial fatty acids in milk and Halloumi cheese and alters the expression of SREBF1 in adipose tissue. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8998-9011. [PMID: 32747111 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of ensiled olive cake, a by-product of olive oil production, on milk yield and composition and on fatty acid (FA) profile of milk and Halloumi cheese from cows. Furthermore, the effect of olive cake on the expression of selected genes involved in mammary and adipose lipid metabolism was assessed in a subset of animals. A total of 24 dairy cows in mid lactation were allocated into 2 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic feeding treatments, named the control (CON) diet and the olive cake (OC) diet, in which part of the forages (alfalfa, barley hay, and barley straw) were replaced with ensiled OC as 10% of dry matter according to a 2 × 2 crossover design with two 28-d experimental periods. At the end of the second experimental period, mammary and perirenal adipose tissue samples were collected from 3 animals per group for gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The expression of 11 genes, involved in FA synthesis (ACACA, FASN, G6PDH), FA uptake or translocation (VLDLR, LPL, SLC2A1, CD36, FABP3), FA saturation (SCD1), and transcriptional regulation (SREBF1, PPARG), was evaluated. No significant differences were observed between groups concerning milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, and protein yield (kg/d), whereas milk fat yield (kg/d) increased in the OC group. Dietary supplementation with ensiled OC modified the FA profile of milk and Halloumi cheese produced. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of de novo synthesized FA, saturated FA, and the atherogenic index, whereas long-chain and monounsaturated FA concentration was increased in both milk and cheese. Among individual saturated FA, only stearic acid was elevated, whereas among individual monounsaturated FA, increments of oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) and the sum of C18:1 trans-10 and trans-11 acids were demonstrated in milk and Halloumi cheese produced. Although no diet effect was reported on total polyunsaturated FA, the concentration of CLA cis-9,trans-11 was increased in both milk and Halloumi cheese fat of the OC group. The expression of the genes tested was unaffected apart from an observed upregulation of SREBF1 mRNA expression in perirenal fat from cows fed the OC diet. Milk FA differences observed were not associated with alterations in mammary expression of genes involved in FA synthesis, uptake, translocation, and regulation of lipogenesis. Overall, the inclusion of ensiled OC in cow diets for a 4-wk period improved, beneficially for human health, the lipid profile of bovine milk and Halloumi cheese produced without adversely affecting milk yield and composition or the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism of mammary and adipose tissues in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Neofytou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, PO Box 50329, Cyprus 3036
| | - D Miltiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, PO Box 50329, Cyprus 3036
| | - E Sfakianaki
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - C Constantinou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, PO Box 50329, Cyprus 3036
| | - S Symeou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, PO Box 50329, Cyprus 3036
| | - D Sparaggis
- Agricultural Research Institute, Nicosia, PO Box 22016, Cyprus 1516
| | - A L Hager-Theodorides
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - O Tzamaloukas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, PO Box 50329, Cyprus 3036.
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13
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Seguel G, Keim JP, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Ibáñez RA, Alvarado-Gilis C. Effect of forage brassicas in dairy cow diets on the fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of Chanco and Ricotta cheeses. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:228-241. [PMID: 31704005 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In humid temperate regions, forage turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa) and forage rape (Brassica napus ssp. biennis) are common fodder crops used for dairy cattle during the summer season. However, there is little scientific information regarding the use of brassicas and their effect on the fatty acid (FA) profile in blood, milk, and milk products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of forage brassica supplementation in dairy cows on the FA profile of blood plasma, milk, and cheese, and on the sensory characteristics of Chanco and Ricotta cheeses. Twelve multiparous dairy cows (Holstein Friesian) were housed and submitted to a 3 × 3 replicated (n = 3) Latin square design with 3 treatments (control, turnip, or rape) in 3 periods of 21 d each (14 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of measurements). The control diet consisted of 16.20 kg of grass silage (Lolium perenne), 2.25 kg of soybean bran, and 2.25 kg of commercial concentrate, all on a dry matter (DM) basis. In the treatments with forage brassicas, 24.15% of the total DM was replaced by turnip or rape; thus, they consisted of 12.25 kg of silage, 2.25 kg of soybean bran, 1.2 kg of concentrate, and 5 kg of turnip or rape (DM basis). A principal components analysis was performed on the results of the cheese sensory evaluation. Supplementation with turnip or rape modified the profile of FA in blood plasma and milk, increasing the saturated fraction, mainly short- and medium-chain FA, and decreasing the mono- and polyunsaturated FA. In the sensory evaluation, diet did not affect any of the 18 attributes evaluated. However, in the principal components analysis, cheeses made with milk from animals fed turnip and rape were differentiated by increased odor, flavor, spiciness, bitterness, and acidity. Overall, brassicas can be used as an alternative forage source with no negative effects on sensory characteristics of cheeses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Seguel
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 5110566
| | - Juan Pablo Keim
- Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 5110566
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C. P. 6904411 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C. P. 6904411 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C. P. 6904411 Santiago, Chile; Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - Christian Alvarado-Gilis
- Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 5110566.
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14
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Cancino-Padilla N, Morales MS, Leskinen H, Garnsworthy PC, Loor JJ, Romero J. Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oils on Mammary Lipid-Related Genes in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010057. [PMID: 31892210 PMCID: PMC7023335 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study analyzed effects of vegetable oils fed to dairy cows on abundance of genes related to lipid metabolism in milk somatic cells (MSC). During 63 days (9 weeks), 15 cows were allocated to 3 treatments: a control diet with no added lipid and the same diet supplemented with olive oil (OO, 30 g/kg DM) or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO, 30 g/kg DM). Dietary oil supplementation (3% DM) had a modest nutrigenomic effect on biological functions such as acetate and FA activation and intra-cellular transport, lipid droplet formation, and transcription regulation in MSC. Results suggest that long-term dietary monounsaturated and saturated lipids could alter mRNA abundance in MSC from mid-lactating cows. Abstract This study analyzed effects of vegetable oils fed to dairy cows on abundance of genes related to lipid metabolism in milk somatic cells (MSC). During 63 days, 15 cows were allocated to 3 treatments: a control diet with no added lipid the same diet supplemented with olive oil (OO, 30 g/kg DM) or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO, 30 g/kg DM). On days 21, 42 and 63, MSC were obtained from all cows. Relative abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism in MSC from cows fed control on days 42 and 63 was compared with relative abundance at day 21 to evaluate fold-changes. Those genes without changes over the time were selected to analyze effects of OO and HVO. Compared with control, on day 42, PLIN2 and THRSP were upregulated by OO. Compared with control, on day 21, HVO up regulated ACACA, down regulated FABP3, and on day 63 THRSP and FABP4 were down regulated. Dietary oil supplementation (3% DM) had a modest nutrigenomic effect on different biological functions such as acetate and FA activation and intra-cellular transport, lipid droplet formation, and transcription regulation in MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (N.C.-P.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-32-60-98
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (N.C.-P.)
| | - Nathaly Cancino-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (N.C.-P.)
| | - María Sol Morales
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile;
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Philip C. Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Alimentos, Unidad de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Avda. El Libano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490, Chile;
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15
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Bionaz M, Sciarresi-Arechabala P, Cancino-Padilla N, Morales MS, Romero J, Leskinen H, Garnsworthy PC, Loor JJ. Long-Term Effects of Dietary Olive Oil and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil on Expression of Lipogenic Genes in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030074. [PMID: 31540163 PMCID: PMC6789855 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the long-term transcriptomic effects of lipogenic genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of dairy cows supplemented with unsaturated (olive oil; OO) and saturated (hydrogenated vegetable oil; HVO) lipids. Cows were fed a control diet with no added lipid, or diets containing OO or HVO (n = 5 cows/group) for 63 days. SAT was obtained from the tail-head area at the onset of the study and after 21, 42, and 63 days of supplementation. Treatments had minor effects on expression of measured genes. Both fat supplements reduced expression of PPARG, HVO decreased transcription of the desaturase FADS2 and lipid droplet formation PLIN2, and OO increased transcription of FABP3. Both lipid treatments decreased expression of the transcription regulator SREBF1 and its chaperone (SCAP) during the first 21 days of treatment. Our data indicated that long-term feeding of OO and HVO have a relatively mild effect on expression of lipogenic genes in SAT of mid-lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago Casilla-306, Chile.
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegardsvej 3, C DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Pietro Sciarresi-Arechabala
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile. Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
| | - Nathaly Cancino-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago Casilla-306, Chile.
| | - María Sol Morales
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile. Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
| | - Jaime Romero
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Santiago 7810000, Chile.
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen FI, Finland.
| | - Philip C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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16
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Cancino-Padilla N, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Vyhmeister S, Morales MS, Leskinen H, Romero J, Garnsworthy PC, Ibáñez RA. Effect of Feeding Cows with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Sources on Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Ice Cream. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080568. [PMID: 31426475 PMCID: PMC6720294 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of dairy cows’ diets with different fatty acid (FA) sources on milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. Supplementation (3% dry matter (DM)) of diets with soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO) did not have detrimental effects on milk production, milk composition, or ice cream physicochemical and sensory characteristics. From a human standpoint, SO and FO improved the FA profile of milk. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of dairy cows with different fatty acid sources (soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO)) on milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. During 63 days, fifteen Holstein cows averaging 198 ± 35 days in milk were assigned to three groups: control diet with no added lipid (n = 5 cows); and supplemented diets with SO (n = 5 cows; unrefined SO; 30 g/kg DM) or FO (n = 5 cows; FO from unrefined salmon oil; 30 g/kg DM). Milk production, milk fat, and milk protein were not affected by treatments. Saturated fatty acids in milk fat were decreased with SO and FO compared with control. C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 was increased with SO whereas C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, C20:3n-3, C20:3n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were the highest with FO. Draw temperature and firmness were higher in SO compared to control and FO ice creams. Melting resistance was higher in FO compared with control and SO ice creams. Supplementation of cow diets with SO and FO did not have detrimental effects on milk production, or ice cream physicochemical and sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nathaly Cancino-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefanie Vyhmeister
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - María Sol Morales
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Chile
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Jaime Romero
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philip C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
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17
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Castellani F, Vitali A, Bernardi N, Marone E, Grotta L, Martino G. Lipolytic volatile compounds in dairy products derived from cows fed with dried olive pomace. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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