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Benjamin E, Wolf LA. "Nurses are every bit of the flow:" Emergency department nurses' conceptualization of patient flow management. Nurs Forum 2022; 57:1407-1414. [PMID: 36398596 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To validate and refine Benjamin and Jacelon's 2021 definition of patient flow management using the experience and knowledge of practicing emergency department nurses. BACKGROUND Patient flow requires complex, real-time decision-making to match patients to limited resources and facilitate their movement through care processes. A literature-based concept analysis of patient flow management was first performed in 2021, but the voice of nurses is largely absent from existing patient flow research. DESIGN This study employed an expanded concept analysis methodology, as articulated by Kathleen Cowles. DATA SOURCE Focus groups of nine emergency nurses were conducted. RESULTS Emergency nurses' conceptualization of patient flow management differs from the definition as it has emerged through patient flow literature. Patient flow management is a nurse-driven process that relies on nursing knowledge and the work of all emergency nurses, including bedside nurses. Emergency nurses perceive the ultimate goal of patient flow management to be the collective safety of patients, and they work to promote patient safety within their own scope of responsibility. CONCLUSION Understanding patient flow management as a nurse-driven process emphasizes the importance of nurse training and capacity to effective patient flow. Future research should explore the role of emergency nurses as active directors, rather than passive components, of patient flow. More work is needed to investigate this complex nursing task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Benjamin
- Elaine Marieb College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa A Wolf
- Elaine Marieb College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Emergency Nursing Research, Emergency Nurses Association, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA
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2
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Verhagen MJ, de Vos MS, Sujan M, Hamming JF. The problem with making Safety-II work in healthcare. BMJ Qual Saf 2022; 31:402-408. [PMID: 35304422 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2021-014396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merel J Verhagen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marit S de Vos
- Directorate of Quality and Patient Safety, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Sujan
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Human Factors Everywhere, Woking, UK
| | - Jaap F Hamming
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Gifford R, van der Vaart T, Molleman E, van der Linden MC. Working together in emergency care? How professional boundaries influence integration efforts and operational performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS & PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ijopm-10-2021-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeEmergency care delivery is a process requiring input from various healthcare professionals within the hospital. To deliver efficient and effective emergency care, professionals must integrate rapidly at multiple interfaces, working across functional, spatial and professional boundaries. Yet, the interdisciplinary nature of emergency care presents a challenge to the optimization of patient flow, as specialization and functional differentiation restrict integration efforts. This study aims to question what boundaries exist at the level of professionals and explores how these boundaries may come to influence integration and operational performance.Design/methodology/approachTo provide a more holistic understanding of the inherent challenges to integration at the level of professionals and in contexts where professionals play a key role in determining operational performance, the authors carried out an in-depth case study at a busy, Level 1 trauma center in The Netherlands. In total, 28 interviews were conducted over an 18-month period.FindingsThe authors reveal the existence of structural, relational and cultural barriers between (medical) professionals from different disciplines. The study findings demonstrate how relational and cultural boundaries between professionals interrupt flows and delay service processes.Originality/valueThis study highlights the importance of interpersonal and cultural dynamics for internal integration and operational performance in emergency care processes. The authors unveil how the presence of professional boundaries creates opportunity for conflict and delays at important interfaces within the emergency care process, and can ultimately accumulate, disrupting patient flow and increasing lead times.
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4
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Black GB, van Os S, Machen S, Fulop NJ. Ethnographic research as an evolving method for supporting healthcare improvement skills: a scoping review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:274. [PMID: 34865630 PMCID: PMC8647364 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between ethnography and healthcare improvement has been the subject of methodological concern. We conducted a scoping review of ethnographic literature on healthcare improvement topics, with two aims: (1) to describe current ethnographic methods and practices in healthcare improvement research and (2) to consider how these may affect habit and skill formation in the service of healthcare improvement. METHODS We used a scoping review methodology drawing on Arksey and O'Malley's methods and more recent guidance. We systematically searched electronic databases including Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL for papers published between April 2013 - April 2018, with an update in September 2019. Information about study aims, methodology and recommendations for improvement were extracted. We used a theoretical framework outlining the habits and skills required for healthcare improvement to consider how ethnographic research may foster improvement skills. RESULTS We included 283 studies covering a wide range of healthcare topics and methods. Ethnography was commonly used for healthcare improvement research about vulnerable populations, e.g. elderly, psychiatry. Focussed ethnography was a prominent method, using a rapid feedback loop into improvement through focus and insider status. Ethnographic approaches such as the use of theory and focus on every day practices can foster improvement skills and habits such as creativity, learning and systems thinking. CONCLUSIONS We have identified that a variety of ethnographic approaches can be relevant to improvement. The skills and habits we identified may help ethnographers reflect on their approaches in planning healthcare improvement studies and guide peer-review in this field. An important area of future research will be to understand how ethnographic findings are received by decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra van Os
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Naomi J Fulop
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, London, UK
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Mashao K, Heyns T, White Z. Areas of delay related to prolonged length of stay in an emergency department of an academic hospital in South Africa. Afr J Emerg Med 2021; 11:237-241. [PMID: 33747758 PMCID: PMC7966966 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, length of stay of patients in emergency departments remains a challenge. Remaining in the emergency department for >12 h increases health care costs, morbidity and mortality rates and leads to crowding and lower patient satisfaction.The aim of this research was to describe the areas of delay related to prolonged length of stay in the emergency department of an academic hospital. Methods A quantitative retrospective study was done. The Input-Throughput-Output model was used to identify the areas of patients' journey through the emergency department. The possible areas of delay where then described. Using systematic sampling, a total of 100 patient files managed in an emergency department of an academic hospital in South Africa were audited over a period of 3 months. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis was used to analyse data. Results The mean length of stay of patients in the emergency department was 73 h 49 min. The length of stay per phase was: input (3 h 17 min), throughput (16 h 25 min) and output (54 h 7 min). A strong significant relationship found between the length of stay and the time taken between disposition decision (throughput phase) disposition decision to admission or discharge of patients from the ED (output phase) (p < 0.05). Conclusion The output phase was identified as the longest area of delay in this study, with the time taken between disposition decision to admission or discharge of patients from the ED (patients waiting for inpatient beds) as the main significant area of delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapari Mashao
- University of Pretoria, Department of Nursing Science, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanya Heyns
- University of Pretoria, Department of Nursing Science, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zelda White
- University of Pretoria, Department of Human Nutrition, Pretoria, South Africa
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6
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Sy A, Moglia B, Aragunde G, Derossi P. Emergency care under the magnifying glass: a review of ethnographic studies in the scientific literature on hospital emergency services. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00026120. [PMID: 33503159 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00026120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents a review of ethnographic studies in the scientific literature on hospital emergency services, with the objective of systematizing the studies and their principal findings, referring to the health-disease-healthcare process in hospital emergency services from an ethnographic perspective. An integrative literature review was performed of studies published in Argentine and international indexed journals and in the following electronic databases: PubMed, VHL, Scopus, Redalyc, and SciELO. The corpus of the analysis consisted of a total of 69 articles, which were submitted to content analysis, having identified the following analytical dimensions: quality of care, communication and bonds, subjectivity, application of information technologies, methodological reflection, patients' experiences and practices, decision-making, and violence. The results allowed identifying a process that differs from guidelines and protocols, in which healthcare workers' subjective aspects, communication and interpersonal relations, and working conditions shape, orient, and condition the treatment and care provided in the hospital. The article thus highlights the approach to subjective aspects in health studies, to understand not only health workers' perspectives and experiences but also the persistent barriers to providing better quality of care, complexifying a problem ignored by a large share of the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahi Sy
- Instituto de Salud Colectiva, Universidad Nacional de Lanús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brenda Moglia
- Instituto de Salud Colectiva, Universidad Nacional de Lanús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisele Aragunde
- Instituto de Salud Colectiva, Universidad Nacional de Lanús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Derossi
- Instituto de Salud Colectiva, Universidad Nacional de Lanús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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McInnes E, Dale S, Craig L, Phillips R, Fasugba O, Schadewaldt V, Cheung NW, Cadilhac DA, Grimshaw JM, Levi C, Considine J, McElduff P, Gerraty R, Fitzgerald M, Ward J, D’Este C, Middleton S. Process evaluation of an implementation trial to improve the triage, treatment and transfer of stroke patients in emergency departments (T 3 trial): a qualitative study. Implement Sci 2020; 15:99. [PMID: 33148343 PMCID: PMC7640433 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-020-01057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation of evidence-based protocols for stroke management in the emergency department (ED) for the appropriate triage, administration of tissue plasminogen activator to eligible patients, management of fever, hyperglycaemia and swallowing, and prompt transfer to a stroke unit were evaluated in an Australian cluster-randomised trial (T3 trial) conducted at 26 emergency departments. There was no reduction in 90-day death or dependency nor improved processes of ED care. We conducted an a priori planned process influential factors that impacted upon protocol uptake. METHODS Qualitative face-to-face interviews were conducted with purposively selected ED and stroke clinicians from two high- and two low-performing intervention sites about their views on factors that influenced protocol uptake. All Trial State Co-ordinators (n = 3) who supported the implementation at the 13 intervention sites were also interviewed. Data were analysed thematically using normalisation process theory as a sensitising framework to understand key findings, and compared and contrasted between interviewee groups. RESULTS Twenty-five ED and stroke clinicians, and three Trial State Co-ordinators were interviewed. Three major themes represented key influences on evidence uptake: (i) Readiness to change: reflected strategies to mobilise and engage clinical teams to foster cognitive participation and collective action; (ii) Fidelity to the protocols: reflected that beliefs about the evidence underpinning the protocols impeded the development of a shared understanding about the applicability of the protocols in the ED context (coherence); and (iii) Boundaries of care: reflected that appraisal (reflexive monitoring) by ED and stroke teams about their respective boundaries of clinical practice impeded uptake of the protocols. CONCLUSIONS Despite initial high 'buy-in' from clinicians, a theoretically informed and comprehensive implementation strategy was unable to overcome system and clinician level barriers. Initiatives to drive change and integrate protocols rested largely with senior nurses who had to overcome contextual factors that fell outside their control, including low medical engagement, beliefs about the supporting evidence and perceptions of professional boundaries. To maximise uptake of evidence and adherence to intervention fidelity in complex clinical settings such as ED cost-effective strategies are needed to overcome these barriers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12614000939695 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McInnes
- Nursing Research Institute - St Vincent’s Health Network Sydney, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic University, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Level 4, Daniel Mannix Building, Brunswick Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Simeon Dale
- Nursing Research Institute - St Vincent’s Health Network Sydney, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic University, Level 5, deLacy Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia
| | - Louise Craig
- Nursing Research Institute - St Vincent’s Health Network Sydney, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic University, Level 5, deLacy Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia
| | - Rosemary Phillips
- Nursing Research Institute - St Vincent’s Health Network Sydney, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic University, Level 5, deLacy Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia
| | - Oyebola Fasugba
- Nursing Research Institute - St Vincent’s Health Network Sydney, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic University, Level 2, Signadou Building, Australian Catholic University, 223 Antill Street, Watson, Australian Capital Territory 2602 Australia
| | - Verena Schadewaldt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
- Formerly: Nursing Research Institute - St Vincent’s Health Network Sydney, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| | - N. Wah Cheung
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Dominique A. Cadilhac
- Stroke and Ageing Research, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Jeremy M. Grimshaw
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital – General Campus, Centre for Practice-Changing Research (CPCR), 501 Smyth Road, Room 1286, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8 L6 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8 M5 Canada
| | - Chris Levi
- The Sydney Partnership for Health Education Research & Enterprise (SPHERE), University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales Australia
| | - Julie Considine
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Patrick McElduff
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales Australia
| | - Richard Gerraty
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 Australia
- Neurosciences Clinical Institute, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, Victoria 3121 Australia
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 Australia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeanette Ward
- Nulungu Research Institute, University of Notre Dame Australia, Broome, Western Australia Australia
| | - Catherine D’Este
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200 Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308 Australia
| | - Sandy Middleton
- Nursing Research Institute - St Vincent’s Health Network Sydney, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic University, Level 5, deLacy Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia
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Forero R, Nahidi S, de Costa J, Fatovich D, FitzGerald G, Toloo S, McCarthy S, Mountain D, Gibson N, Mohsin M, Man WN. Perceptions and experiences of emergency department staff during the implementation of the four-hour rule/national emergency access target policy in Australia: a qualitative social dynamic perspective. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:82. [PMID: 30700302 PMCID: PMC6354365 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-3877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Four-Hour Rule or National Emergency Access Target policy (4HR/NEAT) was implemented by Australian State and Federal Governments between 2009 and 2014 to address increased demand, overcrowding and access block (boarding) in Emergency Departments (EDs). This qualitative study aimed to assess the impact of 4HR/NEAT on ED staff attitudes and perceptions. This article is part of a series of manuscripts reporting the results of this project. Methods The methodology has been published in this journal. As discussed in the methods paper, we interviewed 119 participants from 16 EDs across New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), Western Australia (WA) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), in 2015–2016. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, imported to NVivo 11 and analysed using content and thematic analysis. Results Three key themes emerged: Stress and morale, Intergroup dynamics, and Interaction with patients. These provided insight into the psycho-social dimensions and organisational structure of EDs at the individual, peer-to-peer, inter-departmental, and staff-patient levels. Conclusion Findings provide information on the social interactions associated with the introduction of the 4HR/NEAT policy and the intended and unintended consequences of its implementation across Australia. These themes allowed us to develop several hypotheses about the driving forces behind the social impact of this policy on ED staff and will allow for development of interventions that are rooted in the rich context of the staff’s experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Forero
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool BC, NSW, 1871, Australia. .,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Shizar Nahidi
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool BC, NSW, 1871, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Josephine de Costa
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool BC, NSW, 1871, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Fatovich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Discipline of Emergency Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Gerry FitzGerald
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sam Toloo
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally McCarthy
- Emergency Department, Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David Mountain
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Discipline of Emergency Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Nick Gibson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Mohsin
- Psychiatry Research and Teaching UNit, Liverpool Hospital, NSW Health, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wing Nicola Man
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool BC, NSW, 1871, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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Nahidi S, Forero R, Man N, Mohsin M, Fitzgerald G, Toloo G(S, McCarthy S, Gibson N, Fatovich D, Mountain D. Impact of the Four‐Hour Rule/National Emergency Access Target policy implementation on emergency department staff: A qualitative perspective of emergency department management changes. Emerg Med Australas 2018; 31:362-371. [DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shizar Nahidi
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolThe University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Roberto Forero
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolThe University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nicola Man
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolThe University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Mohammed Mohsin
- Psychiatry Research and Teaching UnitSouth Western Sydney Local Health District Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of PsychiatryFaculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Gerard Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Social WorkQueensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Ghasem (Sam) Toloo
- School of Public Health and Social WorkQueensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Sally McCarthy
- Prince of Wales Clinical SchoolThe University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Emergency Care InstituteAgency for Clinical Innovation Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nick Gibson
- School of Nursing and MidwiferyEdith Cowan University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Daniel Fatovich
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency MedicineHarry Perkins Institute of Medical Research Perth Western Australia Australia
- Emergency DepartmentRoyal Perth Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
- Division of Emergency MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - David Mountain
- Division of Emergency MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
- Emergency DepartmentSir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
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Bobb MR, Ahmed A, Van Heukelom P, Tranter R, Harland KK, Firth BM, Fry R, Schneider K, Dierks KK, Miller SL, Mohr NM. Key High-efficiency Practices of Emergency Department Providers: A Mixed-methods Study. Acad Emerg Med 2018; 25:795-803. [PMID: 29265539 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine specific provider practices associated with high provider efficiency in community emergency departments (EDs). METHODS A mixed-methods study design was utilized to identify key behaviors associated with efficiency. Stage 1 was a convenience sample of 16 participants (ED medical directors, nurses, advanced practice providers, and physicians) identified provider efficiency behaviors during semistructured interviews. Ninety-nine behaviors were identified and distilled by a group of three ED clinicians into 18 themes. Stage 2 was an observational study of 35 providers was performed in four (30,000- to 55,000-visit) community EDs during two 4-hour periods and recorded in minute-by-minute observation logs. In Stage 3, each behavior or practice from Stage 1 was assigned a score within each observation period. Behaviors were tested for association with provider efficiency (relative value units/hour) using linear univariate generalized estimating equations with an identity link, clustered on ED site. RESULTS Five ED provider practices were found to be positively associated with efficiency: average patient load, using name of team member, conversations with health care team, visits to patient rooms, and running the board. Two behaviors, "inefficiency practices," demonstrated significant negative correlations: non-work-related tasks and documentation on patients no longer in the ED. CONCLUSIONS Average patient load, running the board, conversations with team member, and using names of team members are associated with enhanced provider productivity. Identification of behaviors associated with efficiency can be utilized by medical directors, clinicians, and trainees to improve personal efficiency or counsel team members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Bobb
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
| | - Azeemuddin Ahmed
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
- Department of Management and Organizations University of Iowa Tippie College of Business Iowa City IA
| | - Paul Van Heukelom
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
| | - Rachel Tranter
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
| | - Karisa K. Harland
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
| | - Brady M. Firth
- Department of Management and Organizations University of Iowa Tippie College of Business Iowa City IA
| | - Randy Fry
- Office of Operational Excellence University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City IA
| | - Katherine Schneider
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City IA
| | - Kathryn K. Dierks
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
- Genesis Health Group Davenport IA
| | - Sarah L. Miller
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
| | - Nicholas M. Mohr
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
- Department of Anesthesia Division of Critical Care University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City IA
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11
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Commentary on “Organizing Refugee Camps: Respected Space and Listening Posts”. ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT DISCOVERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.5465/amd.2018.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Forero R, Nahidi S, De Costa J, Mohsin M, Fitzgerald G, Gibson N, McCarthy S, Aboagye-Sarfo P. Application of four-dimension criteria to assess rigour of qualitative research in emergency medicine. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:120. [PMID: 29454350 PMCID: PMC5816375 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-2915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main objective of this methodological manuscript was to illustrate the role of using qualitative research in emergency settings. We outline rigorous criteria applied to a qualitative study assessing perceptions and experiences of staff working in Australian emergency departments. Methods We used an integrated mixed-methodology framework to identify different perspectives and experiences of emergency department staff during the implementation of a time target government policy. The qualitative study comprised interviews from 119 participants across 16 hospitals. The interviews were conducted in 2015–2016 and the data were managed using NVivo version 11. We conducted the analysis in three stages, namely: conceptual framework, comparison and contrast and hypothesis development. We concluded with the implementation of the four-dimension criteria (credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability) to assess the robustness of the study, Results We adapted four-dimension criteria to assess the rigour of a large-scale qualitative research in the emergency department context. The criteria comprised strategies such as building the research team; preparing data collection guidelines; defining and obtaining adequate participation; reaching data saturation and ensuring high levels of consistency and inter-coder agreement. Conclusion Based on the findings, the proposed framework satisfied the four-dimension criteria and generated potential qualitative research applications to emergency medicine research. We have added a methodological contribution to the ongoing debate about rigour in qualitative research which we hope will guide future studies in this topic in emergency care research. It also provided recommendations for conducting future mixed-methods studies. Future papers on this series will use the results from qualitative data and the empirical findings from longitudinal data linkage to further identify factors associated with ED performance; they will be reported separately. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-018-2915-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Forero
- The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School and the Ingham Institute for Applied Research, Liverpool Hospital, UNSW, Liverpool, NSW, 1871, Australia.
| | - Shizar Nahidi
- The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School and the Ingham Institute for Applied Research, Liverpool Hospital, UNSW, Liverpool, NSW, 1871, Australia
| | - Josephine De Costa
- The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School and the Ingham Institute for Applied Research, Liverpool Hospital, UNSW, Liverpool, NSW, 1871, Australia
| | - Mohammed Mohsin
- Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Liverpool Hospital, NSW Health, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gerry Fitzgerald
- School - Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nick Gibson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sally McCarthy
- Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Emergency Care Institute (ECI), NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation (ACI), Sydney, Australia
| | - Patrick Aboagye-Sarfo
- Clinical Support Directorate, System Policy & Planning Division, Department of Health WA, Perth, WA, Australia
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Murray M, McCarthy S. Review article: A systematic review of emergency department incident classification frameworks. Emerg Med Australas 2017; 30:293-308. [PMID: 29024416 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As in any part of the hospital system, safety incidents can occur in the ED. These incidents arguably have a distinct character, as the ED involves unscheduled flows of urgent patients who require disparate services. To aid understanding of safety issues and support risk management of the ED, a comparison of published ED specific incident classification frameworks was performed. A review of emergency medicine, health management and general medical publications, using Ovid SP to interrogate Medline (1976-2016) was undertaken to identify any type of taxonomy or classification-like framework for ED related incidents. These frameworks were then analysed and compared. The review identified 17 publications containing an incident classification framework. Comparison of factors and themes making up the classification constituent elements revealed some commonality, but no overall consistency, nor evolution towards an ideal framework. Inconsistency arises from differences in the evidential basis and design methodology of classifications, with design itself being an inherently subjective process. It was not possible to identify an 'ideal' incident classification framework for ED risk management, and there is significant variation in the selection of categories used by frameworks. The variation in classification could risk an unbalanced emphasis in findings through application of a particular framework. Design of an ED specific, ideal incident classification framework should be informed by a much wider range of theories of how organisations and systems work, in addition to clinical and human factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Murray
- Emergency Care Institute, Agency for Clinical Innovation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally McCarthy
- Emergency Care Institute, Agency for Clinical Innovation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Bergs J, Vandijck D, Hoogmartens O, Heerinckx P, Van Sassenbroeck D, Depaire B, Marneffe W, Verelst S. Emergency department crowding: Time to shift the paradigm from predicting and controlling to analysing and managing. Int Emerg Nurs 2017; 24:74-7. [PMID: 27170954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Kirk JW, Nilsen P. Implementing evidence-based practices in an emergency department: contradictions exposed when prioritising a flow culture. J Clin Nurs 2016; 25:555-65. [PMID: 26818380 PMCID: PMC4738684 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background An emergency department is typically a place of high activity where practitioners care for unanticipated presentations, which yields a flow culture so that actions that secure available beds are prioritised by the practitioners. Objectives How does the flow culture in an emergency department influence nurses’ use of a research‐based clinical guideline and a nutrition screening routine. Methods Ethnographic fieldwork was carried out over three months. The first author followed nurses, medical secretaries and doctors in the emergency department. Data were also collected by means of semi‐structured interviews. An activity system analysis, as described in the Cultural Historical Activity Theory, was conducted to identify various contradictions that could exist between different parts of the activity system. Results The main contradiction identified was that guidelines and screening routines provided a flow stop. Four associated contradictions were identified: insufficient time to implement guidelines; guilty conscience due to perceived nonadherence to evidence‐based practices; newcomers having different priorities; and conflicting views of what constituted being a professional. Conclusion We found that research‐supported guidelines and screening routines were not used if they were perceived to stop the patient flow, suggesting that the practice was not fully evidence based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette W Kirk
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Development and Quality, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Education, Aarhus University, Emdrup, Denmark
| | - Per Nilsen
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Kirk JW, Sivertsen DM, Petersen J, Nilsen P, Petersen HV. Barriers and facilitators for implementing a new screening tool in an emergency department: A qualitative study applying the Theoretical Domains Framework. J Clin Nurs 2016; 25:2786-97. [PMID: 27273150 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to identify the factors that were perceived as most important as facilitators or barriers to the introduction and intended use of a new tool in the emergency department among nurses and a geriatric team. BACKGROUND A high incidence of functional decline after hospitalisation for acute medical illness has been shown in the oldest patients and those who are physically frail. In Denmark, more than 35% of older medical patients acutely admitted to the emergency department are readmitted within 90 days after discharge. A new screening tool for use in the emergency department aiming to identify patients at particularly high risk of functional decline and readmission was developed. DESIGN Qualitative study based on semistructured interviews with nurses and a geriatric team in the emergency department and semistructured single interviews with their managers. METHODS The Theoretical Domains Framework guided data collection and analysis. Content analysis was performed whereby new themes and themes already existing within each domain were described. RESULTS Six predominant domains were identified: (1) professional role and identity; (2) beliefs about consequences; (3) goals; (4) knowledge; (5) optimism and (6) environmental context and resources. The content analysis identified three themes, each containing two subthemes. The themes were professional role and identity, beliefs about consequences and preconditions for a successful implementation. CONCLUSIONS Two different cultures were identified in the emergency department. These cultures applied to different professional roles and identity, different actions and sense making and identified how barriers and facilitators linked to the new screening tool were perceived. RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE The results show that different cultures exist in the same local context and influence the perception of barriers and facilitators differently. These cultures must be identified and addressed when implementation is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette W Kirk
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark. .,Department of Development and Quality, University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark. .,Department of Education, Aarhus University, Emdrup, Denmark.
| | - Ditte M Sivertsen
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Janne Petersen
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Nilsen
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helle V Petersen
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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McConnell D, McCance T, Melby V. Exploring person-centredness in emergency departments: A literature review. Int Emerg Nurs 2016; 26:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clarke DE, Boyce-Gaudreau K, Sanderson A, Baker JA. ED Triage Decision-Making With Mental Health Presentations: A “Think Aloud” Study. J Emerg Nurs 2015; 41:496-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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L’organisation des services d’urgences : un enjeu face à la surcharge. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13341-014-0420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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