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Choi KO, Hur YY, Park SJ, Lee DH, Kim SJ, Im D. Relationships between Instrumental and Sensory Quality Indices of Shine Muscat Grapes with Different Harvesting Times. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162482. [PMID: 36010479 PMCID: PMC9407084 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of instrumental quality indices on the sensory properties of Shine Muscat grapes harvested 16, 18, 20, and 22 weeks after full bloom (WAFB) were investigated. The berries harvested at 20 and 22 WAFB gained higher sweetness scores than those harvested at 16 and 18 WAFB, showing similar trends to that of total soluble solids (TSS) content. The sourness, astringency, and firmness scores were not significantly different among the samples. The flavor score showed a trend similar to that of sweetness perception. The higher flavor score in the berries harvested at 20 and 22 WAFB seemed to be derived from the development of floral aroma compounds, including linalool and its derivatives, with ripening. Consumer acceptance was highly correlated with sweetness and flavor perceptions. It was concluded that the TSS content and development of floral aroma compounds are the key quality parameters for Shine Muscat grapes, satisfying consumer acceptability in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dongjun Im
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-6744; Fax: +82-63-238-6705
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Daniels AJ, Poblete-Echeverría C, Nieuwoudt HH, Botha N, Opara UL. Classification of Browning on Intact Table Grape Bunches Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled With Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:768046. [PMID: 34782830 PMCID: PMC8589818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Table grape browning is a complex physiological disorder that occurs during cold storage. There is a need to investigate novel and innovative ways to manage the problem that hampers the progressive and sustainable growth of table grape industries. Given the complex nature of the browning phenomenon, techniques such as near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can be utilized for the non-destructive classification of different browning phenotypes. In this study, NIR coupled with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to classify bunches as either clear or as having chocolate browning and friction browning based on the spectra obtained from intact 'Regal Seedless' table grape bunches that were cold-stored over different periods. Friction browning appears as circular spots close to the pedicel area that are formed when table grape berries move against each other, and chocolate browning appears as discoloration, which originates mostly from the stylar-end of the berry, although the whole berry may appear brown in severe instances. The evaluation of the models constructed using PLS-DA was done using the classification error rate (CER), specificity, and sensitivity and for the models constructed using ANN, the kappa score was used. The CER for chocolate browning (25%) was better than that of friction browning (46%) for weeks 3 and 4 for both class 0 (absence of browning) and class 1 (presence of browning). Both the specificity and sensitivity of class 0 and class 1 for friction browning were not as good as that of chocolate browning. With ANN, the kappa score was tested to classify table grape bunches as clear or having chocolate browning or friction browning and showed that chocolate browning could be classified with a strong agreement during weeks 3 and 4 and weeks 5 and 6 and that friction browning could be classified with a moderate agreement during weeks 3 and 4. These results open up new possibilities for the development of quality checks of packed table grape bunches before export. This has a significant impact on the table grape industry for it will now be possible to evaluate bunches non-destructively during packaging to determine the possibility of these browning types being present when reaching the export market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries J. Daniels
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carlos Poblete-Echeverría
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Hélène H. Nieuwoudt
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nicolene Botha
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Modelling and Digital Science, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Umezuruike Linus Opara
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Abstract
Ripeness estimation of fruits and vegetables is a key factor for the optimization of field management and the harvesting of the desired product quality. Typical ripeness estimation involves multiple manual samplings before harvest followed by chemical analyses. Machine vision has paved the way for agricultural automation by introducing quicker, cost-effective, and non-destructive methods. This work comprehensively surveys the most recent applications of machine vision techniques for ripeness estimation. Due to the broad area of machine vision applications in agriculture, this review is limited only to the most recent techniques related to grapes. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art algorithms by covering a wide range of applications. The potential of current machine vision techniques for specific viticulture applications is also analyzed. Problems, limitations of each technique, and future trends are discussed. Moreover, the integration of machine vision algorithms in grape harvesting robots for real-time in-field maturity assessment is additionally examined.
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Boatswain Jacques AA, Adamchuk VI, Park J, Cloutier G, Clark JJ, Miller C. Towards a Machine Vision-Based Yield Monitor for the Counting and Quality Mapping of Shallots. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:627067. [PMID: 34046434 PMCID: PMC8146908 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.627067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to field crops such as cereals, cotton, hay and grain, specialty crops often require more resources, are usually more sensitive to sudden changes in growth conditions and are known to produce higher value products. Providing quality and quantity assessment of specialty crops during harvesting is crucial for securing higher returns and improving management practices. Technical advancements in computer and machine vision have improved the detection, quality assessment and yield estimation processes for various fruit crops, but similar methods capable of exporting a detailed yield map for vegetable crops have yet to be fully developed. A machine vision-based yield monitor was designed to perform size categorization and continuous counting of shallots in-situ during the harvesting process. Coupled with a software developed in Python, the system is composed of a video logger and a global navigation satellite system. Computer vision analysis is performed within the tractor while an RGB camera collects real-time video data of the crops under natural sunlight conditions. Vegetables are first segmented using Watershed segmentation, detected on the conveyor, and then classified by size. The system detected shallots in a subsample of the dataset with a precision of 76%. The software was also evaluated on its ability to classify the shallots into three size categories. The best performance was achieved in the large class (73%), followed by the small class (59%) and medium class (44%). Based on these results, the occasional occlusion of vegetables and inconsistent lighting conditions were the main factors that hindered performance. Although further enhancements are envisioned for the prototype system, its modular and novel design permits the mapping of a selection of other horticultural crops. Moreover, it has the potential to benefit many producers of small vegetable crops by providing them with useful harvest information in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Boatswain Jacques
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Viacheslav I Adamchuk
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Jaesung Park
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | | | - James J Clark
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connor Miller
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Torres-Sánchez J, Mesas-Carrascosa FJ, Santesteban LG, Jiménez-Brenes FM, Oneka O, Villa-Llop A, Loidi M, López-Granados F. Grape Cluster Detection Using UAV Photogrammetric Point Clouds as a Low-Cost Tool for Yield Forecasting in Vineyards. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093083. [PMID: 33925169 PMCID: PMC8125571 DOI: 10.3390/s21093083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Yield prediction is crucial for the management of harvest and scheduling wine production operations. Traditional yield prediction methods rely on manual sampling and are time-consuming, making it difficult to handle the intrinsic spatial variability of vineyards. There have been significant advances in automatic yield estimation in vineyards from on-ground imagery, but terrestrial platforms have some limitations since they can cause soil compaction and have problems on sloping and ploughed land. The analysis of photogrammetric point clouds generated with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) imagery has shown its potential in the characterization of woody crops, and the point color analysis has been used for the detection of flowers in almond trees. For these reasons, the main objective of this work was to develop an unsupervised and automated workflow for detection of grape clusters in red grapevine varieties using UAV photogrammetric point clouds and color indices. As leaf occlusion is recognized as a major challenge in fruit detection, the influence of partial leaf removal in the accuracy of the workflow was assessed. UAV flights were performed over two commercial vineyards with different grape varieties in 2019 and 2020, and the photogrammetric point clouds generated from these flights were analyzed using an automatic and unsupervised algorithm developed using free software. The proposed methodology achieved R2 values higher than 0.75 between the harvest weight and the projected area of the points classified as grapes in vines when partial two-sided removal treatment, and an R2 of 0.82 was achieved in one of the datasets for vines with untouched full canopy. The accuracy achieved in grape detection opens the door to yield prediction in red grape vineyards. This would allow the creation of yield estimation maps that will ease the implementation of precision viticulture practices. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that UAV photogrammetric point clouds have been used for grape clusters detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Torres-Sánchez
- Grupo Imaping, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible-CSIC, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (F.M.J.-B.); (F.L.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Luis-Gonzaga Santesteban
- Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (L.-G.S.); (O.O.); (A.V.-L.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Oihane Oneka
- Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (L.-G.S.); (O.O.); (A.V.-L.); (M.L.)
| | - Ana Villa-Llop
- Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (L.-G.S.); (O.O.); (A.V.-L.); (M.L.)
| | - Maite Loidi
- Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (L.-G.S.); (O.O.); (A.V.-L.); (M.L.)
| | - Francisca López-Granados
- Grupo Imaping, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible-CSIC, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (F.M.J.-B.); (F.L.-G.)
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Tuccio L, Cavigli L, Rossi F, Dichala O, Katsogiannos F, Kalfas I, Agati G. Fluorescence-Sensor Mapping for the in Vineyard Non-Destructive Assessment of Crimson Seedless Table Grape Quality. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20040983. [PMID: 32059448 PMCID: PMC7070766 DOI: 10.3390/s20040983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-destructive tools for the in situ evaluation of vine fruit quality and vineyard management can improve the market value of table grape. We proposed a new approach based on a portable fluorescence sensor to map the ripening level of Crimson Seedless table grape in five different plots in the East, Central-North and South of the Macedonia Region of Greece. The sensor provided indices of ripening and color such as SFRR and ANTHRG correlated to the chlorophyll and anthocyanin berry contents, respectively. The mean ANTHRG index was significantly different among all the plots examined due to the occurrence of different environmental conditions and/or asynchronous ripening processes. The indices presented moderate, poor in some cases, spatial variability, probably due to a significant vine-to-vine, intra-vine and intra-bunch variability. The cluster analysis was applied to the plot with the most evident spatial structure (at Kilkis). Krigged maps of the SFRR, ANTHRG and yield were classified by k-means clustering in two-zones that differed significantly in their mean values. ANTHRG and SFRR were inversely correlated over 64% of the plot. SFRR appeared to be a potential useful proxy of yield since it was directly correlated to yield over 66% of the plot. The grape color (ANTHRG) was slightly higher over the low-yield zones with respect to the high-yield zones. Our study showed that the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll indices detected in the field on Crimson Seedless table grape by a portable fluorescence sensor can help in defining the best harvest time and the best areas for harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Tuccio
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.T.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Lucia Cavigli
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.T.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.T.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Olga Dichala
- American Farm School, 54 Marinou Antypa Street, P.O. Box 23, 55102 Thessaloniki, Greece; (O.D.); (F.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Fotis Katsogiannos
- American Farm School, 54 Marinou Antypa Street, P.O. Box 23, 55102 Thessaloniki, Greece; (O.D.); (F.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Ilias Kalfas
- American Farm School, 54 Marinou Antypa Street, P.O. Box 23, 55102 Thessaloniki, Greece; (O.D.); (F.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.T.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-5225-306
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Underhill AN, Hirsch CD, Clark MD. Evaluating and Mapping Grape Color Using Image-Based Phenotyping. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:8086309. [PMID: 33313563 PMCID: PMC7706331 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8086309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grape berry color is an economically important trait that is controlled by two major genes influencing anthocyanin synthesis in the skin. Color is often described qualitatively using six major categories; however, this is a subjective rating that often fails to describe variation within these six classes. To investigate minor genes influencing berry color, image analysis was used to quantify berry color using different color spaces. An image analysis pipeline was developed and utilized to quantify color in a segregating hybrid wine grape population across two years. Images were collected from grape clusters immediately after harvest and segmented by color to determine the red, green, and blue (RGB); hue, saturation, and intensity (HSI); and lightness, red-green, and blue-yellow values (L∗a∗b∗) of berries. QTL analysis identified known major QTL for color on chromosome 2 along with several previously unreported smaller-effect QTL on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 18, and 19. This study demonstrated the ability of an image analysis phenotyping system to characterize berry color and to more effectively capture variability within a population and identify genetic regions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Underhill
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - C. D. Hirsch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - M. D. Clark
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Orlandi G, Calvini R, Pigani L, Foca G, Vasile Simone G, Antonelli A, Ulrici A. Electronic eye for the prediction of parameters related to grape ripening. Talanta 2018; 186:381-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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StalkNet: A Deep Learning Pipeline for High-Throughput Measurement of Plant Stalk Count and Stalk Width. FIELD AND SERVICE ROBOTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67361-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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