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Gonzalo-Nadal V, Kohl A, Rocchi M, Brennan B, Hughes J, Nichols J, Da Silva Filipe A, Dunlop JI, Fares M, Clark JJ, Tandavanitj R, Patel AH, Cloquell-Miro A, Bongers J, Deacon J, Kaczmarska A, Stalin C, Liatis T, Irving J, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Suspected tick-borne flavivirus meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs from the UK: six cases (2021). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:132-143. [PMID: 37956993 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus are neurotropic flaviviruses transmitted by ticks. Epidemiologically, tick-borne encephalitis is endemic in Europe whereas louping ill's predominant geographical distribution is the UK. Rarely, these flaviviruses affect dogs causing neurological signs. This case series aimed to describe the clinical, clinicopathological, and imaging findings, as well as the outcomes in six dogs with meningoencephalitis and/or meningomyelitis caused by a flavivirus in the UK in 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS Observational retrospective case-series study. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records of dogs with positive serological or immunohistochemical results from three different institutions from spring to winter 2021. RESULTS Six dogs were included in the study. All dogs presented an initial phase of pyrexia and/or lethargy followed by progressive signs of spinal cord and/or intracranial disease. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral and symmetrical lesions affecting the grey matter of the thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, and thoracic or lumbar intumescences with none or mild parenchymal and meningeal contrast enhancement. Serology for tick-borne encephalitis virus was positive in five dogs with the presence of seroconversion in two dogs. The viral distinction between flaviviruses was not achieved. One dog with negative serology presented positive immunohistochemistry at post-mortem examination. Three dogs survived but presented neurological sequelae. Three dogs were euthanased due to the rapid progression of the clinical signs or static neurological signs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These cases raise awareness of the presence of tick-borne encephalitis as an emergent disease or the increased prevalence of louping ill virus affecting dogs in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gonzalo-Nadal
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, UK
| | - B Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - J I Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Fares
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J J Clark
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Tandavanitj
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Cloquell-Miro
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Bongers
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Moorview Vets, Cramlington, UK
| | | | - A Kaczmarska
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Stalin
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Moorview Vets, Cramlington, UK
| | - T Liatis
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - J Irving
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
- Harper & Keele Veterinary School, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - R Gutierrez-Quintana
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Starkey T, Ionescu MC, Tilby M, Little M, Burke E, Fittall MW, Khan S, Liu JKH, Platt JR, Mew R, Tripathy AR, Watts I, Williams ST, Appanna N, Al-Hajji Y, Barnard M, Benny L, Burnett A, Bytyci J, Cattell EL, Cheng V, Clark JJ, Eastlake L, Gerrand K, Ghafoor Q, Grumett S, Harper-Wynne C, Kahn R, Lee AJX, Lomas O, Lydon A, Mckenzie H, Panneerselvam H, Pascoe JS, Patel G, Patel V, Potter VA, Randle A, Rigg AS, Robinson TM, Roylance R, Roques TW, Rozmanowski S, Roux RL, Shah K, Sheehan R, Sintler M, Swarup S, Taylor H, Tillett T, Tuthill M, Williams S, Ying Y, Beggs A, Iveson T, Lee SM, Middleton G, Middleton M, Protheroe A, Fowler T, Johnson P, Lee LYW. A population-scale temporal case-control evaluation of COVID-19 disease phenotype and related outcome rates in patients with cancer in England (UKCCP). Sci Rep 2023; 13:11327. [PMID: 37491478 PMCID: PMC10368624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at increased risk of hospitalisation and mortality following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, the SARS-CoV-2 phenotype evolution in patients with cancer since 2020 has not previously been described. We therefore evaluated SARS-CoV-2 on a UK populationscale from 01/11/2020-31/08/2022, assessing case-outcome rates of hospital assessment(s), intensive care admission and mortality. We observed that the SARS-CoV-2 disease phenotype has become less severe in patients with cancer and the non-cancer population. Case-hospitalisation rates for patients with cancer dropped from 30.58% in early 2021 to 7.45% in 2022 while case-mortality rates decreased from 20.53% to 3.25%. However, the risk of hospitalisation and mortality remains 2.10x and 2.54x higher in patients with cancer, respectively. Overall, the SARS-CoV-2 disease phenotype is less severe in 2022 compared to 2020 but patients with cancer remain at higher risk than the non-cancer population. Patients with cancer must therefore be empowered to live more normal lives, to see loved ones and families, while also being safeguarded with expanded measures to reduce the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Starkey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Michael Tilby
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Emma Burke
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sam Khan
- University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - James R Platt
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds, UK
| | - Rosie Mew
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Youssra Al-Hajji
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jola Bytyci
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qamar Ghafoor
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon Grumett
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Lomas
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Lydon
- Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, UK
| | - Hayley Mckenzie
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Jennifer S Pascoe
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Vanessa A Potter
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Anne S Rigg
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Roylance
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tom W Roques
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - René L Roux
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ketan Shah
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Remarez Sheehan
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Sintler
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Mark Tuthill
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Williams
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yuxin Ying
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tim Iveson
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Siow Ming Lee
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gary Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Protheroe
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Fowler
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Lennard Y W Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Cunnea P, Curry EW, Christie EL, Nixon K, Kwok CH, Pandey A, Wulandari R, Thol K, Ploski J, Morera-Albert C, McQuaid S, Lozano-Kuehne J, Clark JJ, Krell J, Stronach EA, McNeish IA, Bowtell DDL, Fotopoulou C. Spatial and temporal intra-tumoral heterogeneity in advanced HGSOC: Implications for surgical and clinical outcomes. Cell Rep Med 2023:101055. [PMID: 37220750 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Limited evidence exists on the impact of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) on tumor evolution, clinical outcomes, and surgical operability. We perform systematic multi-site tumor mapping at presentation and matched relapse from 49 high-tumor-burden patients, operated up front. From SNP array-derived copy-number data, we categorize dendrograms representing tumor clonal evolution as sympodial or dichotomous, noting most chemo-resistant patients favor simpler sympodial evolution. Three distinct tumor evolutionary patterns from primary to relapse are identified, demonstrating recurrent disease may emerge from pre-existing or newly detected clones. Crucially, we identify spatial heterogeneity for clinically actionable homologous recombination deficiency scores and for poor prognosis biomarkers CCNE1 and MYC. Copy-number signature, phenotypic, proteomic, and proliferative-index heterogeneity further highlight HGSOC complexity. This study explores HGSOC evolution and dissemination across space and time, its impact on optimal surgical cytoreductive effort and clinical outcomes, and its consequences for clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cunnea
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Edward W Curry
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Christie
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Nixon
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chun Hei Kwok
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ratri Wulandari
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kerstin Thol
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jennifer Ploski
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cristina Morera-Albert
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Jingky Lozano-Kuehne
- Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - James J Clark
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jonathan Krell
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David D L Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Imperial College NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.
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4
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Lee LYW, Ionescu MC, Starkey T, Little M, Tilby M, Tripathy AR, Mckenzie HS, Al-Hajji Y, Appanna N, Barnard M, Benny L, Burnett A, Cattell EL, Clark JJ, Khan S, Ghafoor Q, Panneerselvam H, Illsley G, Harper-Wynne C, Hattersley RJ, Lee AJ, Lomas O, Liu JK, McCauley A, Pang M, Pascoe JS, Platt JR, Patel G, Patel V, Potter VA, Randle A, Rigg AS, Robinson TM, Roques TW, Roux RL, Rozmanowski S, Taylor H, Tuthill MH, Watts I, Williams S, Beggs A, Iveson T, Lee SM, Middleton G, Middleton M, Protheroe A, Fittall MW, Fowler T, Johnson P. COVID-19: Third dose booster vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough coronavirus infection, hospitalisations and death in patients with cancer: A population-based study. Eur J Cancer 2022; 175:1-10. [PMID: 36084618 PMCID: PMC9276646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People living with cancer and haematological malignancies are at an increased risk of hospitalisation and death following infection with acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Coronavirus third dose vaccine boosters are proposed to boost waning immune responses in immunocompromised individuals and increase coronavirus protection; however, their effectiveness has not yet been systematically evaluated. METHODS This study is a population-scale real-world evaluation of the United Kingdom's third dose vaccine booster programme for cancer patients from 8th December 2020 to 7th December 2021. The cancer cohort comprises individuals from Public Health England's national cancer dataset, excluding individuals less than 18 years. A test-negative case-control design was used to assess the third dose booster vaccine effectiveness. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to compare risk in the cancer cohort relative to the general population. RESULTS The cancer cohort comprised of 2,258,553 tests from 361,098 individuals. Third dose boosters were evaluated by reference to 87,039,743 polymerase chain reaction coronavirus tests. Vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough infections, symptomatic infections, coronavirus hospitalisation and death in cancer patients were 59.1%, 62.8%, 80.5% and 94.5%, respectively. Lower vaccine effectiveness was associated with a cancer diagnosis within 12 months, lymphoma, recent systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT) or radiotherapy. Patients with lymphoma had low levels of protection from symptomatic disease. In spite of third dose boosters, following multivariable adjustment, individuals with cancer remain at an increased risk of coronavirus hospitalisation and death compared to the population control (OR 3.38, 3.01, respectively. p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Third dose boosters are effective for most individuals with cancer, increasing protection from coronavirus. However, their effectiveness is heterogenous and lower than the general population. Many patients with cancer will remain at the increased risk of coronavirus infections even after 3 doses. In the case of patients with lymphoma, there is a particularly strong disparity of vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough infection and severe disease. Breakthrough infections will disrupt cancer care and treatment with potentially adverse consequences on survival outcomes. The data support the role of vaccine boosters in preventing severe disease, and further pharmacological intervention to prevent transmission and aid viral clearance to limit the disruption of cancer care as the delivery of care continues to evolve during the coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Y W Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham.
| | | | - Thomas Starkey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Martin Little
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Michael Tilby
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Arvind R Tripathy
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Hayley S Mckenzie
- Oncology Department, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emma L Cattell
- Department of Cancer, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust
| | - James J Clark
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London
| | - Sam Khan
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester
| | - Qamar Ghafoor
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | | | | | | | - Alvin Jx Lee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London; University College London Hospitals NHS Trust
| | - Oliver Lomas
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Justin Kh Liu
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds
| | | | | | - Jennifer S Pascoe
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - James R Platt
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds
| | - Grisma Patel
- Cancer Division, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London
| | | | - Vanessa A Potter
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire
| | | | - Anne S Rigg
- Department of Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Tom W Roques
- Cancer Services, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - René L Roux
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | | | - Mark H Tuthill
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Sarah Williams
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Andrew Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Tim Iveson
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton
| | - Siow M Lee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London; University College London Hospitals NHS Trust; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London
| | - Gary Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham; Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Andrew Protheroe
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | | | - Peter Johnson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire; Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton
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5
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Lee LYW, Starkey T, Ionescu MC, Little M, Tilby M, Tripathy AR, Mckenzie HS, Al-Hajji Y, Barnard M, Benny L, Burnett A, Cattell EL, Charman J, Clark JJ, Khan S, Ghafoor Q, Illsley G, Harper-Wynne C, Hattersley RJ, Lee AJX, Leonard PC, Liu JKH, Pang M, Pascoe JS, Platt JR, Potter VA, Randle A, Rigg AS, Robinson TM, Roques TW, Roux RL, Rozmanowski S, Tuthill MH, Watts I, Williams S, Iveson T, Lee SM, Middleton G, Middleton M, Protheroe A, Fittall MW, Fowler T, Johnson P. Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 breakthrough infections in patients with cancer (UKCCEP): a population-based test-negative case-control study. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:748-757. [PMID: 35617989 PMCID: PMC9126559 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with cancer are at increased risk of hospitalisation and death following infection with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we aimed to conduct one of the first evaluations of vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with cancer at a population level. METHODS In this population-based test-negative case-control study of the UK Coronavirus Cancer Evaluation Project (UKCCEP), we extracted data from the UKCCEP registry on all SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results (from the Second Generation Surveillance System), vaccination records (from the National Immunisation Management Service), patient demographics, and cancer records from England, UK, from Dec 8, 2020, to Oct 15, 2021. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with cancer in the UKCCEP registry were identified via Public Health England's Rapid Cancer Registration Dataset between Jan 1, 2018, and April 30, 2021, and comprised the cancer cohort. We constructed a control population cohort from adults with PCR tests in the UKCCEP registry who were not contained within the Rapid Cancer Registration Dataset. The coprimary endpoints were overall vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough infections after the second dose (positive PCR COVID-19 test) and vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough infections at 3-6 months after the second dose in the cancer cohort and control population. FINDINGS The cancer cohort comprised 377 194 individuals, of whom 42 882 had breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections. The control population consisted of 28 010 955 individuals, of whom 5 748 708 had SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 69·8% (95% CI 69·8-69·9) in the control population and 65·5% (65·1-65·9) in the cancer cohort. Vaccine effectiveness at 3-6 months was lower in the cancer cohort (47·0%, 46·3-47·6) than in the control population (61·4%, 61·4-61·5). INTERPRETATION COVID-19 vaccination is effective for individuals with cancer, conferring varying levels of protection against breakthrough infections. However, vaccine effectiveness is lower in patients with cancer than in the general population. COVID-19 vaccination for patients with cancer should be used in conjunction with non-pharmacological strategies and community-based antiviral treatment programmes to reduce the risk that COVID-19 poses to patients with cancer. FUNDING University of Oxford, University of Southampton, University of Birmingham, Department of Health and Social Care, and Blood Cancer UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Y W Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Thomas Starkey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Martin Little
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Tilby
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Arvind R Tripathy
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayley S Mckenzie
- Oncology Department, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Youssra Al-Hajji
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Emma L Cattell
- Department of Cancer, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
| | - Jackie Charman
- National Disease Registration Service, NHS Digital, London, UK
| | - James J Clark
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Khan
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Qamar Ghafoor
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Catherine Harper-Wynne
- Kent Oncology Centre, University of Kent and Kent and Medway Medical School, Maidstone, UK
| | - Rosie J Hattersley
- Department of Oncology, Torbay Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, UK
| | - Alvin J X Lee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust and University College London, London, UK
| | - Pauline C Leonard
- Cancer Services, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Romford, UK
| | - Justin K H Liu
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew Pang
- Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Jennifer S Pascoe
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - James R Platt
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Vanessa A Potter
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Anne S Rigg
- Department of Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim M Robinson
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom W Roques
- Cancer Services, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - René L Roux
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark H Tuthill
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabella Watts
- Department of Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah Williams
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tim Iveson
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Siow Ming Lee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust and University College London, London, UK; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust and University College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Protheroe
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Johnson
- NHS England, London, UK; Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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6
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Clark JJ, Linder CM. Evaluation of a novel communication and consultation skills model (WISE COACH) on dog owner perceptions of veterinarians and projected spending on veterinary care. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:257-268. [PMID: 34843437 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.02.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of a novel communication and consultation skills model (WISE COACH [WC]) on dog owner perceptions of veterinarians and projected spending on veterinary care. SAMPLE 1,200 US dog owners who had visited a veterinarian within the prior 18 months. PROCEDURES Video recordings of 2 staged client consultations were made, with the veterinarian following the WC recommendations in one video and not following them in the other (control). Participants were randomly assigned to view one of the videos and completed an online survey to assess their perceptions and projected spending. Qualitative responses were coded to identify themes. RESULTS The veterinarian was rated significantly higher in the WC video than in the control video for the characteristics first impression, skilled and knowledgeable, cares about me, cares about my pet, and communicates clearly, and was rated significantly lower for the characteristic rushed or abrupt. Participants who viewed the WC video were significantly more likely to follow the veterinarian's recommendations, return to see the veterinarian, and recommend the veterinarian. They were also approximately 1.4 times as likely to approve the full recommended treatment plan, and their projected total spending was approximately 15% higher than projected spending for participants who viewed the control video. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results showed improved client perceptions, client retention, quality of patient care, and financial metrics when the veterinarian followed the WC recommendations. Further study is needed to determine whether this model may also improve veterinarian well-being by improving client relationships and decreasing resistance to recommendations.
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Boatswain Jacques AA, Adamchuk VI, Park J, Cloutier G, Clark JJ, Miller C. Towards a Machine Vision-Based Yield Monitor for the Counting and Quality Mapping of Shallots. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:627067. [PMID: 34046434 PMCID: PMC8146908 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.627067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to field crops such as cereals, cotton, hay and grain, specialty crops often require more resources, are usually more sensitive to sudden changes in growth conditions and are known to produce higher value products. Providing quality and quantity assessment of specialty crops during harvesting is crucial for securing higher returns and improving management practices. Technical advancements in computer and machine vision have improved the detection, quality assessment and yield estimation processes for various fruit crops, but similar methods capable of exporting a detailed yield map for vegetable crops have yet to be fully developed. A machine vision-based yield monitor was designed to perform size categorization and continuous counting of shallots in-situ during the harvesting process. Coupled with a software developed in Python, the system is composed of a video logger and a global navigation satellite system. Computer vision analysis is performed within the tractor while an RGB camera collects real-time video data of the crops under natural sunlight conditions. Vegetables are first segmented using Watershed segmentation, detected on the conveyor, and then classified by size. The system detected shallots in a subsample of the dataset with a precision of 76%. The software was also evaluated on its ability to classify the shallots into three size categories. The best performance was achieved in the large class (73%), followed by the small class (59%) and medium class (44%). Based on these results, the occasional occlusion of vegetables and inconsistent lighting conditions were the main factors that hindered performance. Although further enhancements are envisioned for the prototype system, its modular and novel design permits the mapping of a selection of other horticultural crops. Moreover, it has the potential to benefit many producers of small vegetable crops by providing them with useful harvest information in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Boatswain Jacques
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Viacheslav I Adamchuk
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Jaesung Park
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | | | - James J Clark
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connor Miller
- Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Laboratory (PASS), Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Clark JJ, Dwyer D, Pinwill N, Clark P, Johnson P, Hackshaw A. The effect of clinical decision making for initiation of systemic anticancer treatments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in England: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 2020; 22:66-73. [PMID: 33253639 PMCID: PMC7833889 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer services worldwide had to adapt in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to minimise risk to patients and staff. We aimed to assess the national impact of COVID-19 on the prescribing of systemic anticancer treatment in England, immediately after lockdown and after the introduction of new treatments to reduce patient risk. Methods We did a retrospective analysis using data from a central National Health Service England web database mandated for clinicians to register intention to start all new systemic anticancer treatments approved for use in England since 2016. We analysed the monthly number of treatment registrations in April, 2020, after the implementation of societal lockdown on March 23, 2020, and after implementation of treatment options to reduce patient risk such as oral or less immunosuppressive drugs, in May and June, 2020. We compared the number of registrations in April–June, 2020, with the mean number of registrations and SD during the previous 6 months of unaffected cancer care (September, 2019, to February, 2020). We calculated the percentage change and absolute difference in SD units for the number of registrations overall, by tumour type, and by type and line of therapy. Findings In April, 2020, 2969 registrations were recorded, representing 1417 fewer registrations than in the control period (monthly mean 4386; 32% reduction, absolute difference 4·2 SDs, p<0·0001). In May, 2020, total registrations increased to 3950, representing a 10% reduction compared with the control period (absolute difference 1·3 SDs, p<0·0001). In June, 2020, 5022 registrations were recorded, representing a 15% increase compared with the control period (absolute difference 1·9 SDs; p<0·0001]). Interpretation After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in systemic anticancer treatment initiation in England. However, following introduction of treatment options to reduce patient risk, registrations began to increase in May, 2020, and reached higher numbers than the pre-pandemic mean in June, 2020, when other clinical and societal risk mitigation factors (such as telephone consultations, facemasks and physical distancing) are likely to have contributed. However, outcomes of providing less treatment or delaying treatment initiation, particularly for advanced cancers and neoadjuvant therapies, require continued assessment. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Commercial Medicines Directorate, NHS England & NHS Improvement, Skipton House, London, UK
| | - Nina Pinwill
- Commercial Medicines Directorate, NHS England & NHS Improvement, Skipton House, London, UK
| | - Peter Clark
- Commercial Medicines Directorate, NHS England & NHS Improvement, Skipton House, London, UK
| | - Peter Johnson
- Medical Directorate, NHS England & NHS Improvement, Skipton House, London, UK; Cancer Research UK Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Allan Hackshaw
- Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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9
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Abstract
Introduction: Despite the recent advances in the treatment of malignant melanoma with immunotherapy and BRAF/MEK targeted agents, advanced disease still beholds a poor prognosis for a significant proportion of patients. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors have been investigated as novel melanoma therapeutics throughout a range of phase 1 and 2 trials, as single agents and in combination with established treatments. Areas covered: This article summarizes the rationale for, and development of CDK inhibitors in melanoma, with their evolution from pan-CDK inhibitors to highly specific agents, throughout clinical trials and finally their potential future use. Expert opinion: Whilst CDK inhibitors have been practice changing in breast cancer management, their efficacy is yet to be proven in melanoma. Combination with BRAF/MEK inhibitors has been hindered by dose-limiting toxicities, but their role may yet to be found within the spectrum of biomarker-derived personalized melanoma management. The effect that CDK inhibitors can have as an adjunct to immunotherapy also remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Julve
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - James J Clark
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - Mark P Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London , London, UK
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10
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Walker R, Clark JJ, Monahan EC, Shechet A, Agharkar BS, Kheibari A, Victor Iii G. Developmental impairments in moral competence as mitigation in capital cases. Behav Sci Law 2018; 36:437-456. [PMID: 30004137 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article we propose a mitigation approach in those capital murder cases where traditional mitigation themes such as mental illness or low IQ are not present. To avoid prosecution characterization of these defendants as simply evil or antisocial personalities, we suggest reframing the issue as one of moral incompetence, based not on character defect but rather stemming from profoundly neglectful or abusive parenting. Under this reframing, defense teams would present evidence about the many antecedents of poor moral competence, its origins in neglect or abuse, its neurophysiological basis, and, most importantly, its potential for change. Evaluation in such cases would pay close attention to early childhood and family characteristics. We also recommend presentation of research findings showing how moral competence can be improved in adulthood, given appropriate guidance and support. This approach to mitigation is consistent with much of the developmental literature. But juror responses to these mitigation themes are as yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Walker
- College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Science and Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James J Clark
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Art Shechet
- Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy, Frankfort, KY, USA
| | - Bhushan S Agharkar
- Private practice psychiatrist, and Clinical faculty, Emory University and Morehouse Schools of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Athena Kheibari
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Grant Victor Iii
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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11
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Abstract
Research ethics provide important and necessary standards related to the conduct and dissemination of research. To better understand the current state of research ethics discourse in social work, a systematic literature search was undertaken and numbers of publications per year were compared between STEM, social science, and social work disciplines. While many professions have embraced the need for discipline-specific research ethics subfield development, social work has remained absent. Low publication numbers, compared to other disciplines, were noted for the years (2006-2016) included in the study. Social work published 16 (1%) of the 1409 articles included in the study, contributing 3 (>1%) for each of the disciplines highest producing years (2011 and 2013). Comparatively, psychology produced 75 (5%) articles, psychiatry produced 64 (5%) articles, and nursing added 50 (4%) articles. The STEM disciplines contributed 956 (68%) articles between 2006 and 2016, while social science produced 453 (32%) articles. Examination of the results is provided in an extended discussion of several misconceptions about research ethics that may be found in the social work profession. Implications and future directions are provided, focusing on the need for increased engagement, education, research, and support for a new subfield of social work research ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Ferguson
- a College of Social Work , Florida State University , Tallahassee , USA
| | - James J Clark
- a College of Social Work , Florida State University , Tallahassee , USA
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12
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Howard PB, El-Mallakh P, Rayens MK, Clark JJ. Patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes as quality indicators for mental health services. Int Psychiatry 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/s1749367600006810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the patient has emerged as the central focus in evaluations of mental health services (Buckley, 1993). Whereas evaluation research in the 1980s emphasised the structure and process of mental health care, current evaluation research incorporates client-based measurements of treatment outcomes, such as symptom reduction, functional status and quality of life (Chisholm et al, 1997; Campbell, 1998). In addition, patient satisfaction with mental health services is increasingly used as an outcome dimension and an indicator of service quality (Center for Mental Health Services, 1996; Teague et al, 1997; Howard et al, 2003).
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13
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Schindler AG, Meabon JS, Pagulayan KF, Hendrickson RC, Meeker KD, Cline M, Li G, Sikkema C, Wilkinson CW, Perl DP, Raskind MR, Peskind ER, Clark JJ, Cook DG. Blast-related disinhibition and risk seeking in mice and combat Veterans: Potential role for dysfunctional phasic dopamine release. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:23-34. [PMID: 28619545 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) caused by exposure to high explosives has been called the "signature injury" of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. There is a wide array of chronic neurological and behavioral symptoms associated with blast-induced mTBI. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we used a battlefield-relevant mouse model of blast-induced mTBI and in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to investigate whether the mesolimbic dopamine system contributes to the mechanisms underlying blast-induced behavioral dysfunction. In mice, blast exposure increased novelty seeking, a behavior closely associated with disinhibition and risk for subsequent maladaptive behaviors. In keeping with this, we found that veterans with blast-related mTBI reported greater disinhibition and risk taking on the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). In addition, in mice we report that blast exposure causes potentiation of evoked phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Taken together these findings suggest that blast-induced changes in the dopaminergic system may mediate aspects of the complex array of behavioral dysfunctions reported in blast-exposed veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Schindler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - J S Meabon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - K F Pagulayan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - R C Hendrickson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - K D Meeker
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - M Cline
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - G Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - C Sikkema
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - C W Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - D P Perl
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - M R Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - E R Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - J J Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - D G Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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14
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Demirkus M, Precup D, Clark JJ, Arbel T. Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Probabilistic Graphical Model with Multiple Feature Fusion for Binary Facial Attribute Classification in Real-World Face Videos. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2016; 38:1185-1203. [PMID: 26415152 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2015.2481396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature shows that facial attributes, i.e., contextual facial information, can be beneficial for improving the performance of real-world applications, such as face verification, face recognition, and image search. Examples of face attributes include gender, skin color, facial hair, etc. How to robustly obtain these facial attributes (traits) is still an open problem, especially in the presence of the challenges of real-world environments: non-uniform illumination conditions, arbitrary occlusions, motion blur and background clutter. What makes this problem even more difficult is the enormous variability presented by the same subject, due to arbitrary face scales, head poses, and facial expressions. In this paper, we focus on the problem of facial trait classification in real-world face videos. We have developed a fully automatic hierarchical and probabilistic framework that models the collective set of frame class distributions and feature spatial information over a video sequence. The experiments are conducted on a large real-world face video database that we have collected, labelled and made publicly available. The proposed method is flexible enough to be applied to any facial classification problem. Experiments on a large, real-world video database McGillFaces [1] of 18,000 video frames reveal that the proposed framework outperforms alternative approaches, by up to 16.96 and 10.13%, for the facial attributes of gender and facial hair, respectively.
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15
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Abstract
When looking at a scene, observers feel that they see its entire structure in great detail and can immediately notice any changes in it However, when brief blank fields are placed between alternating displays of an original and a modified scene, a striking failure of perception is induced Identification of changes becomes extremely difficult, even when changes are large and made repeatedly Identification is much faster when a verbal cue is provided showing that poor visibility is not the cause of this difficulty Identification is also faster for objects considered to be important in the scene These results support the idea that observers never form a complete, detailed representation of their surroundings In addition, the results indicate that attention is required to perceive change, and that in the absence of localized motion signals attention is guided on the basis of high-level interest
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Kevin O'Regan
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Experimentale, CNRS, Universit$eA Ren$eA Descartes, Paris, France
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17
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Findlay LJ, El-Mallakh P, Howard PB, Hatcher J, Clark JJ. Health Behavior Decision-making in African-American Adults Diagnosed with Schizophrenia. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2015; 36:493-504. [PMID: 26309168 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2014.1002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the factors that influence health behavior decision-making among people with schizophrenia. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the processes used by 10 African-American adults with schizophrenia when making health behavior decisions and identification of perceived barriers and facilitators to health. Three phases of health behavior decision-making were identified: Recognizing Complex Components of Health, Personalizing Components of Health, and Tracking Health Status. Findings may guide clinicians' efforts to improve the health status of patients, as well as influence future research in understanding health behavior decision-making among vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J Findlay
- a University of Kentucky, College of Nursing , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
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18
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Haji-Abolhassani A, Clark JJ. An inverse Yarbus process: predicting observers' task from eye movement patterns. Vision Res 2014; 103:127-42. [PMID: 25175112 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we develop a probabilistic method to infer the visual-task of a viewer given measured eye movement trajectories. This method is based on the theory of hidden Markov models (HMM) that employs a first order Markov process to predict the coordinates of fixations given the task. The prediction confidence level of each task-dependent model is used in a Bayesian inference formulation, whereby the task with the maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability is selected. We applied this technique to a challenging dataset consisting of eye movement trajectories obtained from subjects viewing monochrome images of real scenes tasked with answering questions regarding the scenes. The results show that the HMM approach, combined with a clustering technique, can be a reliable way to infer visual-task from eye movements data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Haji-Abolhassani
- Centre for Intelligent Machines, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - James J Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Machines, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
We develop a probabilistic framework to infer the ongoing task in visual search by revealing what the subject is looking for during a search process. Based on the level of difficulty, two types of tasks, easy and difficult, are investigated in this work, and individual models are customized for them according to their specific dynamics. We use Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to serve as a model for the human cognitive process that is responsible for directing the center of gaze (COG) according to the task at hand during visual search and generating task-dependent eye trajectories. This generative model, then, is used to estimate the likelihood term in a Bayesian inference formulation to infer the task given the eye trajectory. In the easy task, focus of attention (FOA) often lands on targets, whereas in the difficult one, in addition to the on-target foci of attention, deployment of attention on nontarget objects happens very often. Therefore, we suggest a single-state and a multi-state HMM to serve as the cognitive process model of attention for the easy and difficult tasks, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Haji-Abolhassani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Sprang G, Craig CD, Clark JJ, Vergon K, Tindall MS, Cohen J, Gurwitch R. Factors affecting the completion of trauma-focused treatments: What can make a difference? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1534765612445931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Failure and defeat create despair, but can also create new ways to imagine our therapeutic work with people. This essay explores one approach to understanding this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- School of Social Work, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0108, USA.
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23
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Clark JJ. James J. Clark on John Kleinig's "Framing failure". Subst Use Misuse 2012. [PMID: 23186416 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.723488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- School of Social Work, College of Allied Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0108, USA.
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Clark JJ. James J. Clark on Stan Einstein's "Drug user treatment blindness". Subst Use Misuse 2012. [PMID: 23186468 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.725628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- School of Social Work, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA.
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Abstract
This article is essentially the story of the development, implementation, and testing of a treatment protocol designed specifically for rural individuals who are substance misusers. Although the treatment protocol that emerged from this process seemed to be valuable for clients, the researchers were not able to establish with statistical significance that it was better than conventional treatment. In some ways, this was a failure. This article explores some of the possible reasons why new treatment approaches, tested in real clinical situations, may have difficulty establishing their effectiveness. The factors involved are many and complex.
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Clark JJ, Sprang G, Freer B, Whitt-Woosley A. 'Better than nothing' is not good enough: challenges to introducing evidence-based approaches for traumatized populations. J Eval Clin Pract 2012; 18:352-9. [PMID: 21143348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Focus group data were generated by a larger, mixed-methods investigation on treatment practices among therapists working with significantly traumatized populations in a primarily rural, underdeveloped region of the USA. This paper explores reasons behind low utilization of evidence-based practices (EBPs) that putatively would benefit poor communities where these behavioural health care providers serve. METHODS Eight focus groups of 45 licensed and certified behavioural health professionals were conducted over a 6-month period of time in 2006. Sites were selected based on Beale code designations with representation from urban, rural, and rural with urban influence providers. Potential respondents were selected from licensing board membership rosters and invited to participate in the study. Focus groups were facilitated by trained interviewers using a semi-structured interview schedule that focused on how participants defined, assessed, and understood trauma, as well as the information therapists utilized to determine interventions for clients with trauma histories. RESULTS Focus group transcripts were analysed using qualitative data reduction methods and six major themes emerged regarding the limited use of EBPs: complexity of trauma identification, issues with manualized assessment, role of treatment settings, conditions for innovation success and failure, untangling cultural effects, and defining successful treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION These findings shed light on the endurance of insufficient behavioural health infrastructures despite therapists' access to scientifically validated treatments for trauma spectrum and co-morbid mental disorders suffered by children and adults. Such insights have implications for the success of global dissemination of validated behavioural health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- University of Kentucky Center for Study of Violence Against Children, Lexington, KY 40509, USA.
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Abstract
Research ethics, especially the protection of research study participants, has been an enduring concern of investigators and scholars of victims of violence. Previous work has analyzed the overt and hidden risks of harm to study participants through poorly designed and implemented protocols, cross-cultural insensitivity, unjust exclusion of certain victim types, and neglect to ensure safety of research staff. This article extends this work by calling for greater attention to exploiting participants and victims as a class of persons. The need for this wider view derives from concern about the academic research environment with its emphasis on research, publication, and extramural funding. The authors argue that compliance with federal regulations and IRB directives is necessary but insufficient to conduct truly ethical research. Recognition of the unique pressures that researchers face in the context of the economically competitive university is required to delineate and manage exploitation risks. Such pressures have sometimes led to the rush from print to practices and policies with unintended harmful results for victims of violence as a class of persons. The authors suggest a number of strategies for researchers to define and manage the dangers of engaging in this type of unethical conduct.
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Skaff S, Clark JJ. Spectral color constancy using a maximum entropy approach. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2011; 28:2385-2399. [PMID: 22048306 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.28.002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a solution to the spectral color constancy problem. The method is based on a statistical model for the surface reflectance spectrum and applies a maximum entropy constraint. Unlike prior methods based on linear models, the solution process does not require a set of basis functions to be defined, nor does it require a database of spectra to be specified in advance. Experiments on simulated and real data show that spectral estimation using the maximum entropy approach is feasible and performs similarly to existing spectral methods in spite of the lower level of a priori information required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Skaff
- Xerox Research Center Webster, Xerox Corporation, Webster, New York 14580, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a unique single incision modification of the Nuss procedure and compare results to a historical cohort of standard Nuss patients. METHODS A retrospective review of 32 patients who underwent the Nuss procedure at a tertiary academic medical center over a 4-year period (2007-2010). Fourteen consecutive patients who underwent the modified technique (MN) were compared to the previous 18 patients who underwent the standard procedure (SN). We evaluated for differences between group demographics, operative variables, and postoperative course. The major technical modification was performing the entire procedure through a single right lateral thoracic incision. The dissection for bar placement on the left side of the chest was performed in a subcutaneous, pre-sternal and pre-muscular plane from the right-sided incision. The bar was placed from the right side and positioned in the standard fashion. Thoracoscopy was preformed via the same incision using a 45-degree thoracoscope and multiple trocar positions. The bar was anchored to the chest wall with a unilateral bar stabilizer. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the study groups in any of the patient, operative or postoperative care parameters. CONCLUSION The single incision modified Nuss procedure is as safe and efficacious as the standard technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Clark
- Hawaii Residency Program, Honolulu, USA.
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Feng L, Wu C, Tam L, Sutherland AJ, Clark JJ, Rosenfeld PE. Dioxin furan blood lipid and attic dust concentrations in populations living near four wood treatment facilities in the United States. J Environ Health 2011; 73:34-46. [PMID: 21306093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate historical exposure from wood treatment facilities, attic dust samples were collected from residential structures and blood samples were collected from current and past residents of four communities surrounding wood treatment facilities throughout the United States. The pattern of dioxin/furan congeners detected in both attic dust and blood samples was found to be consistent with exposure to contaminants generated during the wood treatment process. Levels in the U.S. population of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin toxic equivalents (2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs) for all 17 carcinogenic dioxin/furan congeners as well as octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) adjusted to its TEQ value and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD) adjusted to its TEQ value were compared to the TEQ levels in the combined data set for all four communities and in the data sets for each individual community. TEQ concentrations in these communities were found to be significantly greater than in the general U.S. population. The levels of dioxins in attic dust were compared to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's regional screening levels and found to far exceed the levels that are regarded as safe for the general population. These findings reveal that a very significant potential for contaminant-related health risks exists in communities surrounding wood treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feng
- Soil Water Air Protection Enterprise (SWAPE), Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA.
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Abstract
The paper adopts the philosophical stance that colors are real and can be identified with spectral models based on the photoreceptor signals. A statistical setting represents spectral profiles as probability density functions. This permits the use of analytic tools from the field of information geometry to determine a new kind of color space and structure deriving therefrom. In particular, the metric of the color space is shown to be the Fisher information matrix. A maximum entropy technique for spectral modeling is proposed that takes into account measurement noise. Theoretical predictions provided by our approach are compared with empirical colorfulness and color similarity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Machines, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Riley SE, Stromberg AJ, Clark JJ. Relationship between caregiver hopefulness and satisfaction with their children's mental health services. Community Ment Health J 2009; 45:307-15. [PMID: 19296218 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-009-9188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Relationships among the Youth Services Survey for Families (YSSF) Indicators, selected demographic and clinical variables, and caregiver-rated hopefulness and children's problem severity were examined in a random sample of 1,500 caregivers of Medicaid-enrolled youth in a satisfaction study with Kentucky's 14 community mental health centers. Multiple linear regressions revealed that caregiver services and caregiver hopefulness were excellent predictors of two and three YSSF Indicators, respectively. Providers need to respond to caregiver concerns when developing support services and understand the mechanisms associated with these services' effectiveness. Tracking changes in caregiver and youth hopefulness during treatment may improve services and retention and bridge the gap between research and the important construct of hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Riley
- Department of Sociology and Social Services, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA.
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33
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Clark JJ, Borden W. A New Language for Child Psychotherapy: A Response to Jerald Kay. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15325020903004855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Sprang G, Kaak HO, Staton-Tindall M, Clark JJ, Hubbard K, Whitt-Woosley A, Mau A, Combs A, Risk H. A Response From the Field: Perspectives on Translating Neuroscience to Clinical Practice. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15325020903004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Abstract
This paper describes a simple, yet powerful ultrasound scatterer distribution model. The model extends a 1-D generalized Poisson process to multiple dimensions using a Hilbert curve. The model is intuitively tuned by spatial density and regularity parameters which reliably predict the first and second-order statistics of varied synthetic imagery.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the major findings of psychotherapy research and discusses the possible implications of these findings for substance user treatment researchers and practitioners. While the centrality of relationship for human change processes was historically understood, twentieth century research tended to see relationship and person variables as secondary to operationalized "mechanisms of action" unique to particular psychotherapies. Interestingly, recent meta-analytic investigations have uncovered the weakness of randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparison investigations that have, until recently, represented the "gold standard" for the field. There has been a resurgent interest in the "common factors" that appear to be important across many effective psychotherapies. In addition, psychiatric anthropologists have contributed important information about the problems of client noncompliance with mental health treatment that parallel quantitative investigations. Substance misuse researchers have also found that client characteristics, especially clients' readiness to engage treatment, are important to investigate. The importance of the "therapeutic alliance" and the characteristics of clients and clinicians have become central areas for study, rather than variables to be controlled or excluded. Emphasis on these factors may represent the future for research in psychotherapy and substance user treatment, especially if researchers and community practitioners can join together to overcome methodological feasibility and dissemination problems that plague effectiveness research. However, the continued attractiveness of comparative studies and treatment efficacy studies may represent longstanding epistemological assumptions and responses to economic incentives that will be difficult to challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0027, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Scholarly and clinical discussions of the legal issues facing infant mental health professionals typically focus on the seemingly intractable differences in philosophies, goals, and approaches inherent in the law and the mental health professions. We argue that forensically informed approaches to practice with very young children can potentially enhance many mental health and child welfare outcomes. This article describes the relatively new conceptual frameworks known as "therapeutic jurisprudence" and "jurisprudent therapy." Using these conceptual frameworks, we analyze representative problems that are typical in infant mental health practice with maltreated children through case examples drawn from their evaluations of children and families in the child protection and legal systems. Demonstrations of how such dilemmas can be approached with enhanced analytic decision-making and practice approaches are presented. We argue that applying such jurisprudent therapy approaches opens up fresh perspectives for evidence-based practices that facilitate creative, rigorous, and intellectually stimulating clinical work.
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Abstract
This study measured service satisfaction, perceptions of service quality and general health, and overall quality of care among 787 adult recipients of Medicaid mental health services. Methods included cross-sectional retrospective design and stratified random sampling technique. Respondents were satisfied with consumer-provider relationships and were dissatisfied with functional outcomes resulting from treatment. Satisfaction was positively correlated with ratings of mental health care and the mental health component score of the SF-12. Predictors of satisfaction included ratings of mental health care and overall health. Recommendations include coordination of services that promote patient functioning and measurement of consumer satisfaction as an indicator of quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Howard
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA.
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Sprang G, Clark JJ, Whitt-Woosley A. Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout: Factors Impacting a Professional's Quality of Life. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15325020701238093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Howard PB, El-Mallakh P, Rayens MK, Clark JJ. Comorbid medical illnesses and perceived general health among adult recipients of Medicaid Mental Health Services. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2007; 28:255-74. [PMID: 17454279 DOI: 10.1080/01612840601172593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study was to measure self-reported frequencies of medical problems, overall health, and health-related quality of life among mental health consumers. The sample included 787 adults who had received a mental health service paid for by Medicaid over a one-year period. The self-administered questionnaire included the 12-item Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Short-Form (SF) Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales, and items about physical health problems and health-related quality of life. The majority of respondents (83.3%) reported that their general health was poor or fair. Frequently reported medical problems included arthritis, migraines, and high blood pressure. Knowledge of physical problems in persons with mental illness is essential for advanced practice nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Howard
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA.
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Walker R, Logan TK, Clark JJ, Leukefeld C. Informed consent to undergo treatment for substance abuse: a recommended approach. J Subst Abuse Treat 2006; 29:241-51. [PMID: 16311176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With more than 3 million persons receiving substance abuse treatment per year in the United States and with increasing interest in treatment outcomes, there is a need for closer attention to all aspects of the treatment process. However, minimal attention has been given to informed consent as a way of enlisting client engagement and active participation in treatment. Although there is some literature on informed consent in substance abuse research, the literature on informed consent to undergo substance abuse treatment is very limited. Incorporating informed consent into substance abuse treatment is recommended as part of motivational interviewing. Standard treatment consent issues include (1) the clinical characteristics of the problem, including diagnosis; (2) treatment recommendations; (3) the risks and benefits of treatment; (4) the financial costs of the intervention; (5) alternative services or interventions should a client refuse the recommended form of care; and (6) freedom to choose or refuse treatment. This article provides a background for informed consent procedures to facilitate client engagement in substance abuse treatment and suggests needs for future research on informed consent to undergo substance abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Walker
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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43
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Sprang G, Clark JJ, Bass S. Factors that contribute to child maltreatment severity: a multi-method and multidimensional investigation. Child Abuse Negl 2005; 29:335-50. [PMID: 15917076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study used data gathered during evaluations conducted by the Comprehensive Assessment and Training Services (CATS) Project to determine the relative contribution of four primary domains (demographic, adult characteristics, child characteristics, relational characteristics) to variation in the severity of child maltreatment, and to facilitate the development of empirically-based risk assessment tools. METHODS A multidimensional, multi-method approach to data collection was used to assess 208 maltreating parents. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed by entering each domain of variables into the regression equation in four consecutive blocks. RESULTS The results of this study suggest that maltreatment severity varies as a function of the level of trauma recovery, substance misuse, a child's externalizing behavior, and qualitative features of the parent-child relationship, as well as the level of family stress. Relationship variables added to the amount of variance accounted for in the overall model, beyond demographic, adult, and child variables. CONCLUSIONS : The findings of this study call attention to the importance of developing a multidimensional assessment model of the factors leading to child maltreatment severity and to broadening the parameters of assessment models used in child maltreatment research. The role that each of the contributing factors plays in the interference of effective parenting is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Sprang
- University of Kentucky, 657 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY 40506-0027, USA
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Abstract
Incorporation of visual-related self-action signals can help neural networks learn invariance. We describe a method that can produce a network with invariance to changes in visual input caused by eye movements and covert attention shifts. Training of the network is controlled by signals associated with eye movements and covert attention shifting. A temporal perceptual stability constraint is used to drive the output of the network toward remaining constant across temporal sequences of saccadicmotions and covert attention shifts. We use a four-layer neural network model to perform the position-invariant extraction of local features and temporal integration of invariant presentations of local features in a bottom-up structure. We present results on both simulated data and real images to demonstrate that our network can acquire both position and attention shift invariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhua Li
- Centre for Intelligent Machines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2A7.
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Howard PB, El-Mallakh P, Rayens MK, Clark JJ. Patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes as quality indicators for mental health services. Int Psychiatry 2004; 1:5-6. [PMID: 31507691 PMCID: PMC6733063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the patient has emerged as the central focus in evaluations of mental health services (Buckley, 1993). Whereas evaluation research in the 1980s emphasised the structure and process of mental health care, current evaluation research incorporates client-based measurements of treatment outcomes, such as symptom reduction, functional status and quality of life (Chisholm et al, 1997; Campbell, 1998). In addition, patient satisfaction with mental health services is increasingly used as an outcome dimension and an indicator of service quality (Center for Mental Health Services, 1996; Teague et al, 1997; Howard et al, 2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Byrd Howard
- Associate Professor, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, 760 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0232, USA, email , and Principal Investigator of the Kentucky Behavioral Health Monitoring Project
| | | | - Mary Kay Rayens
- Associate Professor, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky
| | - James J. Clark
- Associate Professor, College of Social Work, University of Kentucky
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46
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Abstract
This study, conducted at two public-sector psychiatric hospitals in a south-eastern state, investigated satisfaction with inpatient services and treatment outcomes among 204 hospitalized mental health consumers. A simple survey design with nonrandom sampling technique was used; instruments included the KY-CSI, the 21-item MHSIP Consumer Survey, and the CSQ-8. Respondents reported satisfaction with time available to be with other patients, staff availability, and their degree of comfort talking to staff. Areas of dissatisfaction included lack of client input into treatment planning, lack of family involvement, and lack of medication education. Providers are encouraged to include clients in all phases of treatment planning and to continue to evaluate consumer perspectives of quality services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Howard
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Guion SG, Clark JJ, Harada T, Wayland RP. Factors affecting stress placement for English nonwords include syllabic structure, lexical class, and stress patterns of phonologically similar words. Lang Speech 2003; 46:403-427. [PMID: 15198114 DOI: 10.1177/00238309030460040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen native English speakers participated in an investigation of language users' knowledge of English main stress patterns. First, they produced 40 two-syllable nonwords of varying syllabic structure as nouns and verbs. Second, they indicated their preference for first or second syllable stress of the same words in a perception task. Finally, they indicated words they considered to be phonologically similar to the nonwords. Analyses of variance on the production and perception data indicated that both syllabic structure and lexical class (noun or verb) had an effect on main stress assignment. In logistic regression analyses on the production and perception responses. predictions of stress placement made by (1) syllable structure, (2) lexical class, and (3) stress patterns of phonologically similar words all contributed significantly and uniquely to the prediction of main stress assignment. The results indicate that phonological theories of English word stress need to allow for multiple, competing, probabilistic factors in accounts of main stress placement including syllabic structure (most notably vowel length), lexical class, and stress patterns of phonologically similar words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Guion
- Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403-1290, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Microsaccades, or tiny eye movements that take place during periods of fixation, have long been thought to be random artifacts of the oculomotor system. Here we demonstrate a possible link between microsaccades and covert attention shifts. We designed two psychophysical tasks involving spatial cues that had identical sensory stimuli but differing patterns of attentional benefits and costs. We found that microsaccades, rather than being randomly distributed, had directions that were directly correlated with the directions of covert attention shifts in the two tasks. Our results suggest that microsaccades occur because of subliminal activation of the oculomotor system by covert attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad M Hafed
- Center for Intelligent Machines, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, H3A 2A7, Que, Canada.
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Abstract
Substance abuse is a significant social and public health problem facing rural Americans. However, most treatment protocols have been developed in urban areas. This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of an innovative substance abuse treatment designed with the collaboration of rural professionals and consumers specifically for rural clients and delivered by rural clinicians. Results of the process evaluation of Structured Behavioral Outpatient Rural Therapy (SBORT) produced findings about the experiences of participating clients, clinicians, and program directors. Most clients perceived SBORT as a helpful learning process that used multiple treatment strategies and presented an alternative to 12-step programs. Clients also reported that treatment was stressful even when beneficial, and that clinician support was critical for remaining in treatment. Most clinicians found that SBORT challenged their "old" treatment frameworks, was demanding to learn and adopt, and that the training and supervision involved in the project implementation helped remedy rural isolation from the treatment community. Interestingly, agency approach to program implementation strongly influenced clinician responses to the innovation. Agency program directors' appraisals of SBORT included observations that the therapy was viable because of its rural-specific design and that most staff were able to adapt to the changes demanded by the manualized protocol. All three groups reported that they saw the emphasis and acceptance of motivation as an emergent process as important to the treatment. This project highlighted the challenge and importance of testing rural substance abuse treatment protocols in naturalistic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Clark
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, 40506-0027, USA.
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Sawyer MG, Arney FM, Baghurst PA, Clark JJ, Graetz BW, Kosky RJ, Nurcombe B, Patton GC, Prior MR, Raphael B, Rey JM, Whaites LC, Zubrick SR. The mental health of young people in Australia: key findings from the child and adolescent component of the national survey of mental health and well-being. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001; 35:806-14. [PMID: 11990891 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of three mental disorders (Depressive Disorder, Conduct Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), the prevalence of mental health problems, the health-related quality of life of those with problems, and patterns of service utilisation of those with and without mental health problems, among 4-17-year-olds in Australia. To identify rates of health-risk behaviours among adolescents with mental health problems. METHOD The mental disorders were assessed using the parent-version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV. Parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist to identify mental health problems and standard questionnaires to assess health-related quality of life and service use. The Youth Risk Behaviour Questionnaire completed by adolescents was employed to identify health-risk behaviours. RESULTS Fourteen percent of children and adolescents were identified as having mental health problems. Many of those with mental health problems had problems in other areas of their lives and were at increased risk for suicidal behaviour. Only 25% of those with mental health problems had attended a professional service during the six months prior to the survey. CONCLUSION Child and adolescent mental health problems are an important public health problem in Australia. The appropriate balance between funding provided for clinical interventions focusing on individual children and families and funding for interventions that focus on populations, requires careful study. The latter are an essential component of any strategy to reduce mental health problems as the high prevalence of problems makes it unlikely that individual care will ever be available for all those needing help. Clinical and population health interventions must take into account the comorbid problems experienced by children with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Sawyer
- Research and Evaluation Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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