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Gao Y, Zhao Y, Yao Y, Chen S, Xu L, Wu N, Tu Y. Recent trends in design of healthier fat replacers: Type, replacement mechanism, sensory evaluation method and consumer acceptance. Food Chem 2024; 447:138982. [PMID: 38489876 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, with the increasing awareness of consumers about the relationship between excessive fat intake and chronic diseases, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, etc., the demand for low-fat foods has increased year by year. However, a simple reduction of fat content in food will cause changes in physical and chemical properties, physiological properties, and sensory properties of food. Therefore, developing high-quality fat replacers to replace natural fats has become an emerging trend, and it is still a technical challenge to completely simulate the special function of natural fat in low-fat foods. This review aims to provide an overview of development trends of fat replacers, and the different types of fat replacers, the potential fat replacement mechanisms, sensory evaluation methods, and their consumer acceptance are discussed and compared, which may provide a theoretical guidance to produce fat replacers and develop more healthy low-fat products favored by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lilan Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Na Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Yonggang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Huang Y, Liu L, Sun B, Zhu Y, Lv M, Li Y, Zhu X. A Comprehensive Review on Harnessing Soy Proteins in the Manufacture of Healthy Foods through Extrusion. Foods 2024; 13:2215. [PMID: 39063299 PMCID: PMC11276047 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The global development of livestock production systems, accelerated by the growing demand for animal products, has greatly contributed to land-use change, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution of the local environment. Further, excessive consumption of animal products has been linked with cardiovascular diseases, digestive system diseases, diabetes, and cancer. On the other hand, snacks, pasta, and bread available on the market are made from wheat, fat, salt, and sugar, which contribute to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. To counter these issues, a range of plant protein-based food products have been developed using different processing techniques, such as extrusion. Given the easy scalability, low cost of extrusion technology, and health benefits of soy proteins, this review focuses on the extrusion of soy protein and the potential application of soy protein-based extrudates in the manufacture of healthy, nutritious, and sustainable meat analogs, snacks, pasta products, and breakfast cereals. This review discusses the addition of soy protein to reformulate hypercaloric foods through extrusion technology. It also explores physical and chemical changes of soy proteins/soy protein blends during low and high moisture extrusion. Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions influence the properties of the extrudates. Adding soy protein to snacks, pasta, breakfast cereals, and meat analogs affects their nutritional value, physicochemical properties, and sensory characteristics. The use of soy proteins in the production of low-calorie food could be an excellent opportunity for the future development of the soybean processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Huang
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China; (Y.H.); (L.L.); (B.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Linlin Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China; (Y.H.); (L.L.); (B.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Bingyu Sun
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China; (Y.H.); (L.L.); (B.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Ying Zhu
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China; (Y.H.); (L.L.); (B.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingshou Lv
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China; (Y.H.); (L.L.); (B.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Xiuqing Zhu
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China; (Y.H.); (L.L.); (B.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
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Kong Y, Sun L, Wu Z, Li Y, Kang Z, Xie F, Yu D. Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the structural, functional properties and beany flavor of soy protein isolate: Comparison with traditional thermal treatment. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106675. [PMID: 37925914 PMCID: PMC10656237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This research explored the influences of ultrasonic and thermal treatments on the structure, functional properties, and beany flavor of soy protein isolate (SPI). In comparison with traditional thermal treatment, ultrasonic treatment effectively induced protein structural unfolding and exposure of hydrophobic groups, which reduced relative content of α-helix, increased relative content of β-turn, β-sheet and random coil, and improved the solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties of SPI. Both treatments significantly decreased the species and contents of flavor compounds, such as hexanal, (E)-2-nonenal, (Z)-2-heptenal and (E)-2-hexenal in SPI. The relative content of hexanal in the major beany flavor compound decreased from 11.69% to 6.13% and 5.99% at 350 W ultrasonic power and 150 s thermal treatment procedure, respectively. After ultrasonic treatment, structural changes in SPI were significantly correlated with functional properties but showed a weak correlation with flavor. Conversely, the opposite trend was observed for thermal treatment. Thus, using ultrasonic treatment to induce and stabilise the denatured state of proteins is feasible to improve the functional properties and beany flavor of SPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Lina Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Zenan Wu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Zimeng Kang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Fengying Xie
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
| | - Dianyu Yu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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Nourmohammadi N, Austin L, Chen D. Protein-Based Fat Replacers: A Focus on Fabrication Methods and Fat-Mimic Mechanisms. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050957. [PMID: 36900473 PMCID: PMC10000404 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of obesity and other non-communicable diseases has shifted the human diet towards reduced calorie intake. This drives the market to develop low-fat/non-fat food products with limited deterioration of textural properties. Thus, developing high-quality fat replacers which can replicate the role of fat in the food matrix is essential. Among all the established types of fat replacers, protein-based ones have shown a higher compatibility with a wide range of foods with limited contribution to the total calories, including protein isolate/concentrate, microparticles, and microgels. The approach to fabricating fat replacers varies with their types, such as thermal-mechanical treatment, anti-solvent precipitation, enzymatic hydrolysis, complexation, and emulsification. Their detailed process is summarized in the present review with a focus on the latest findings. The fat-mimic mechanisms of fat replacers have received little attention compared to the fabricating methods; attempts are also made to explain the underlying principles of fat replacers from the physicochemical prospect. Finally, a future direction on the development of desirable fat replacers in a more sustainable way was also pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Nourmohammadi
- Department of Animals, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Luke Austin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Da Chen
- Department of Animals, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tingle CF, McClintic K, Zervoudakis AJ, Muhialdin BJ, Ubbink J. Texturization of pea protein isolate by micro compounding. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112250. [PMID: 36596161 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Twin-screw micro compounding is introduced as a novel technique to process and characterize small plant protein samples under conditions that are relevant for meat analogue processing. Small samples of pea protein isolate (PPI) (5 cm3, corresponding to ∼7 g of hydrated sample) are batch-processed at water contents between 40 and 70 % w/w and temperatures between 90 and 120 °C. Screw speed (100-400 rpm) and residence time (1-9 min) are varied resulting in values of the specific mechanical energy (SME) between ∼20 and 2000 kJ/kg, which is the range relevant for plant protein extrusion. Micro compounding process data provides information on several aspects of the rheological behavior of PPI. Shear thinning behavior is observed for PPI. The viscosity of the PPI during micro compounding was found to exponentially decrease with water content. The temperature dependence is consistent with an Arrhenius-type model. The extruded strands (length: ∼15 cm; diameter: 3.0 ± 0.2 mm) are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential solubility, water holding capacity (WHC), and texture profile analysis (TPA). The hardness as determined from TPA increases linearly with screw speed and residence time, jumps to higher values above the denaturation temperature of the PPI and decreases exponentially with the water content during processing. Micro compounding is found to be a useful technique to convert small plant protein samples at water contents between about 40 and 60 % w/w into texturized matrices and investigate the rheological behavior of plant protein isolates under conditions that are relevant for extrusion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Tingle
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kenzie McClintic
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Aristotle J Zervoudakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE #250, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Belal J Muhialdin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Job Ubbink
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Surmounting the off-flavor challenge in plant-based foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10585-10606. [PMID: 35603719 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based food products have been receiving an astronomical amount of attention recently, and their demand will most likely soar in the future. However, their unpleasant, intrinsic flavor and odor are the major obstacles limiting consumer's acceptance. These off-flavors are often described as "green," "grassy," "beany," "fatty" and "bitter." This review highlights the presence and formation of common off-flavor volatiles (aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, pyrazines, furans) and nonvolatiles (phenolics, saponins, peptides, alkaloids) from a variety of plant-based foods, including legumes (e.g. lentil, soy, pea), fruits (e.g. apple, grape, watermelon) and vegetables (e.g. carrot, potato, radish). These compounds are formed through various pathways, including lipid oxidation, ethanol fermentation and Maillard reaction (and Strecker degradation). The effect of off-flavor compounds as received by the human taste receptors, along with its possible link of bioactivity (e.g. anti-inflammatory effect), are briefly discussed on a molecular level. Generation of off-flavor compounds in plants is markedly affected by the species, cultivar, geographical location, climate conditions, farming and harvest practices. The effects of genome editing (i.e. CRISPR-Cas9), various processing technologies, such as antioxidant supplementation, enzyme treatment, extrusion, fermentation, pressure application, and different storage and packaging conditions, have been increasingly studied in recent years to mitigate the formation of off-flavors in plant foods. The information presented in this review could be useful for agricultural practitioners, fruits and vegetables industry, and meat and dairy analogue manufacturers to improve the flavor properties of plant-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danyang Ying
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Utz F, Spaccasassi A, Kreissl J, Stark TD, Tanger C, Kulozik U, Hofmann T, Dawid C. Sensomics-Assisted Aroma Decoding of Pea Protein Isolates (Pisum sativum L.). Foods 2022; 11:foods11030412. [PMID: 35159561 PMCID: PMC8834122 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aroma of pea protein (Pisum sativum L.) was decrypted for knowledge-based flavor optimization of new food products containing pea protein. Sensomics helped to determine several volatiles via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and 3-nitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. Among the investigated volatiles, representatives of aldehydes, ketones, and acids were reported in literature as especially important in pea and pea-related matrices. After validation of the method and quantitation of the corresponding analytes, sensory reconstitution as well as omission studies of a selected pea protein were performed and revealed nine odor-active compounds as key food odorants (3-methylbutanal, hexanal, acetaldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-octenal, benzaldehyde, heptanal, 2-methylbutanal, and nonanoic acid). Interestingly, eight out of nine compounds belonged to the chemical class of aldehydes. Statistical heatmap and cluster analysis of all odor activity values of different pea proteins confirmed the obtained sensory results and generalize these nine key food odorants in other pea proteins. The knowledge of key components gained shows potential for simplifying industrial flavor optimization of pea protein-based food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Utz
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (F.U.); (A.S.); (T.D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Andrea Spaccasassi
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (F.U.); (A.S.); (T.D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Johanna Kreissl
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Timo D. Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (F.U.); (A.S.); (T.D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Caren Tanger
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany; (C.T.); (U.K.)
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany; (C.T.); (U.K.)
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (F.U.); (A.S.); (T.D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (F.U.); (A.S.); (T.D.S.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-81-6171-2901
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