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Lohsen S, Stephens DS. Inducible Mega-Mediated Macrolide Resistance Confers Heteroresistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0131922. [PMID: 36847556 PMCID: PMC10019249 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01319-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), the 5.4 to 5.5 kb Macrolide Genetic Assembly (Mega) encodes an efflux pump (Mef[E]) and a ribosomal protection protein (Mel) conferring antibiotic resistance to commonly used macrolides in clinical isolates. We found the macrolide-inducible Mega operon provides heteroresistance (more than 8-fold range in MICs) to 14- and 15-membered ring macrolides. Heteroresistance is commonly missed during traditional clinical resistance screens but is highly concerning as resistant subpopulations can persist despite treatment. Spn strains containing the Mega element were screened via Etesting and population analysis profiling (PAP). All Mega-containing Spn strains screened displayed heteroresistance by PAP. The heteroresistance phenotype was linked to the mRNA expression of the mef(E)/mel operon of the Mega element. Macrolide induction uniformly increased Mega operon mRNA expression across the population, and heteroresistance was eliminated. A deletion of the 5' regulatory region of the Mega operon results in a mutant deficient in induction as well as in heteroresistance. The mef(E)L leader peptide sequence of the 5' regulatory region was required for induction and heteroresistance. Treatment with a noninducing 16-membered ring macrolide antibiotic did not induce the mef(E)/mel operon or eliminate the heteroresistance phenotype. Thus, inducibility of the Mega element by 14- and 15-membered macrolides and heteroresistance are linked in Spn. The stochastic variation in mef(E)/mel expression in a Spn population containing Mega provides the basis for heteroresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lohsen
- Departments of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David S. Stephens
- Departments of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Anar C, Biçmen C, Güldaval F, Atay T, Gayaf M, Balcı G, Onur Alıcı I, Doğan Bİ, Büyükşirin M, Ayrancı A, Karadeniz G, Polat G. Antibiotic resistance rates and penicillin MIC distribution in patients with streptococcal pneumonia between 2013-2019, and use of antibiotics in clinical practice. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:577-581. [PMID: 36028454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study is to investigate the antibiotic resistance rates and use of antibiotics in patients with streptococcal pneumonia in a reference tertiary care hospital for pulmonary diseases in Izmir, Turkey. METHODS A total of 1224 cases with streptococcal pneumonia between 2013 and 2019 were included in the study, retrospectively. Drug susceptibility testing for penicillin and other antibiotics were performed according to the recommendations of EUCAST criteria. Clinical data and general characteristics were collected and evaluated for each patient in accordance with the susceptibility testing report. RESULTS Totally, resistance rates for trimethophrim-sulfamethoxazole, penicillin (oxacillin), erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin and levofloxacin resistance were 63.5%, 39.8%, 37.7%, 37.6%, 28.8%, and 4.8%, respectively. Antibiotic resistance was not detected against vancomycin,teicoplanin and linezolid. Multidrug resistance rate was found to be 27.1%. It was observed that there was a statistically significant decrease in trimethophrim-sulfamethoxazole, penicillin (oxacillin), erythromycin, clindamycin and levofloxacin resistance rates by years (p: 0.000, 0.004, 0.000, 0.001, 0.010, respectively). The penicillin MIC distribution was higher at the range of 0.12-2 μg/mL and there was statistical difference among the ranges of MIC values for the representative years (p:0.033). Among the antibiotics investigated, the most commonly used antibiotic was moxifloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Trimethophrim-sulfamethoxazole resistance rate has been found higher than other antibiotics. As penicillin MIC values were at the range of 0.12-2 μg/mL frequently, high doses of penicillin treatment might be required in some patients. It is noteworthy that significant decrease in resistance rates in penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline could be due to the vaccination programme carried out since 2008 in Turkey. As the empiric use of quinolones is high it would be more appropriate to use it according to the susceptibility testing. It is important to determine the regional antimicrobial susceptibility for Streptococcus pneumoniae to select appropriate empirical antimicrobials in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Anar
- Department of Chest Diseases, İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversity, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Turkey.
| | - Can Biçmen
- Department of Medical Microbiyology Laboratory, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Filiz Güldaval
- Department of Chest Diseases, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Tuba Atay
- Department of Medical Microbiyology Laboratory, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mine Gayaf
- Department of Chest Diseases, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Günseli Balcı
- Department of Chest Diseases, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Onur Alıcı
- Department of Chest Diseases, İzmir Bakırçay Üniversity Çiğli Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Betül İkbal Doğan
- Department of Chest Diseases, İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversity, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Melih Büyükşirin
- Department of Chest Diseases, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Aysu Ayrancı
- Department of Chest Diseases, İzmir Bakırçay Üniversity Çiğli Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gülistan Karadeniz
- Department of Chest Diseases, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gülru Polat
- Department of Chest Diseases, Health Sciences University İzmir Dr.Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
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PK-PD Modeling and Optimal Dosing Regimen of Acetylkitasamycin against Streptococcus suis in Piglets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020283. [PMID: 35203885 PMCID: PMC8868236 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes severe respiratory diseases in pigs and is also an important pathogen causing hidden dangers to public health and safety. Acetylkitasamycin is a new macrolide agent that has shown good activity to Gram-positive cocci such as Streptococcus. The purpose of this study was to perform pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling to formulate a dosing regimen of acetylkitasamycin for treatment of S. suis and to decrease the emergence of acetylkitasamycin-resistant S. suis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 110 S. suis isolates was determined by broth micro dilution method. The MIC50 of the 55 sensitive S. suis isolates was 1.21 μg/mL. The strain HB1607 with MIC close to MIC50 and high pathogenicity was used for the PK-PD experiments. The MIC and MBC of HB1607 in both MH broth and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) was 1 and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to determine the concentration change of acetylkitasamycin in piglet plasma and PELF after intragastric administration of a single dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. acetylkitasamycin. The PK parameters were calculated by WinNolin software. The PK data showed that the maximum concentration (Cmax), peak time (Tmax), and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) were 9.84 ± 0.39 μg/mL, 4.27 ± 0.19 h and 248.58 ± 21.17 h·μg/mL, respectively. Integration of the in vivo PK data and ex vivo PD data, an inhibition sigmoid Emax equation was established. The dosing regimen of acetylkitasamycin for the treatment S. suis infection established as 33.12 mg/kg b.w. every 12 h for 3 days. This study provided a reasonable dosing regimen for a new drug used in clinical treatment, which can effectively be used to treat S. suis infection and slow down the generation of drug resistance.
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Ronaghinia AA, Birch JM, Frandsen HL, Toutain PL, Damborg P, Struve T. Evaluating a tylosin dosage regimen for treatment of Staphylococcus delphini infection in mink (Neovison vison): a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic approach. Vet Res 2021; 52:34. [PMID: 33640030 PMCID: PMC7913401 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus delphini is one of the most common pathogens isolated from mink infections, especially dermatitis. Tylosin (TYL) is used frequently against these infections, although no evidence-based treatment regimen exists. This study aimed to explore the dosage of TYL for infections caused by S. delphini in mink. Two animal experiments with a total of 12 minks were conducted to study the serum pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of TYL in mink after 10 mg/kg IV and oral dosing, respectively. The concentration of TYL in serum samples collected before and eight times during 24 h after TYL administration was quantitated with liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the TYL disposition was analyzed using non-linear mixed effect analysis. The pharmacodynamics (PD) of TYL against S. delphini were studied using semi-mechanistic modeling of in vitro time-kill experiments. PKPD modeling and simulation were done to establish the PKPD index and dosage regimen. The disposition of TYL was described by a two-compartmental model. The area under the free concentration-time curve of TYL over the minimum inhibitory concentration of S. delphini (fAUC/MIC) was determined as PKPD index with breakpoints of 48.9 and 98.7 h for bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect, respectively. The calculated daily oral dose of TYL was 2378 mg/kg, which is 238-fold higher than the currently used TYL oral dosage regimen in mink (10 mg/kg). Accordingly, sufficient TYL concentrations are impossible to achieve in mink plasma, and use of this drug for extra-intestinal infections in this animal species must be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Atabak Ronaghinia
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Kopenhagen Diagnostics, Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., Langagervej 60, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Julie Melsted Birch
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Kopenhagen Diagnostics, Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., Langagervej 60, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lauritz Frandsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.,INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tina Struve
- Kopenhagen Diagnostics, Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., Langagervej 60, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
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Schroeder MR, Lohsen S, Chancey ST, Stephens DS. High-Level Macrolide Resistance Due to the Mega Element [ mef(E)/ mel] in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:868. [PMID: 31105666 PMCID: PMC6491947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferable genetic elements conferring macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae can encode the efflux pump and ribosomal protection protein, mef(E)/mel, in an operon of the macrolide efflux genetic assembly (Mega) element- or induce ribosomal methylation through a methyltransferase encoded by erm(B). During the past 30 years, strains that contain Mega or erm(B) or both elements on Tn2010 and other Tn916-like composite mobile genetic elements have emerged and expanded globally. In this study, we identify and define pneumococcal isolates with unusually high-level macrolide resistance (MICs > 16 μg/ml) due to the presence of the Mega element [mef(E)/mel] alone. High-level resistance due to mef(E)/mel was associated with at least two specific genomic insertions of the Mega element, designated Mega-2.IVa and Mega-2.IVc. Genome analyses revealed that these strains do not possess erm(B) or known ribosomal mutations. Deletion of mef(E)/mel in these isolates eliminated macrolide resistance. We also found that Mef(E) and Mel of Tn2010-containing pneumococci were functional but the high-level of macrolide resistance was due to Erm(B). Using in vitro competition experiments in the presence of macrolides, high-level macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae conferred by either Mega-2.IVa or erm(B), had a growth fitness advantage over the lower-level, mef(E)/mel-mediated macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae phenotypes. These data indicate the ability of S. pneumoniae to generate high-level macrolide resistance by macrolide efflux/ribosomal protection [Mef(E)/Mel] and that high-level resistance regardless of mechanism provides a fitness advantage in the presence of macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah Lohsen
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott T Chancey
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David S Stephens
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Schroeder MR, Stephens DS. Macrolide Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:98. [PMID: 27709102 PMCID: PMC5030221 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common commensal and an opportunistic pathogen. Suspected pneumococcal upper respiratory infections and pneumonia are often treated with macrolide antibiotics. Macrolides are bacteriostatic antibiotics and inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. The widespread use of macrolides is associated with increased macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae, and the treatment of pneumococcal infections with macrolides may be associated with clinical failures. In S. pneumoniae, macrolide resistance is due to ribosomal dimethylation by an enzyme encoded by erm(B), efflux by a two-component efflux pump encoded by mef (E)/mel(msr(D)) and, less commonly, mutations of the ribosomal target site of macrolides. A wide array of genetic elements have emerged that facilitate macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae; for example erm(B) is found on Tn917, while the mef (E)/mel operon is carried on the 5.4- or 5.5-kb Mega element. The macrolide resistance determinants, erm(B) and mef (E)/mel, are also found on large composite Tn916-like elements most notably Tn6002, Tn2009, and Tn2010. Introductions of 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV-7 and PCV-13) have decreased the incidence of macrolide-resistant invasive pneumococcal disease, but serotype replacement and emergence of macrolide resistance remain an important concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S Stephens
- Departments of Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA; Departments of Epidemiology, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
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You Y, Silbergeld EK. Learning from agriculture: understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:284. [PMID: 24959164 PMCID: PMC4050735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health challenge worldwide, with agricultural use of antimicrobials being one major contributor to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Globally, most antimicrobials are used in industrial food animal production, a major context for microbiomes encountering low-doses or subtherapeutic-levels of antimicrobial agents from all mechanistic classes. This modern practice exerts broad eco-evolutionary effects on the gut microbiome of food animals, which is subsequently transferred to animal waste. This waste contains complex constituents that are challenging to treat, including AMR determinants and low-dose antimicrobials. Unconfined storage or land deposition of a large volume of animal waste causes its wide contact with the environment and drives the expansion of the environmental resistome through mobilome facilitated horizontal genet transfer. The expanded environmental resistome, which encompasses both natural constituents and anthropogenic inputs, can persist under multiple stressors from agriculture and may re-enter humans, thus posing a public health risk to humans. For these reasons, this review focuses on agricultural antimicrobial use as a laboratory for understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion, briefly summarizes current knowledge on this topic, highlights the importance of research specifically on environmental microbial ecosystems considering AMR as environmental pollution, and calls attention to the needs for longitudinal studies at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen K. Silbergeld
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
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Suzuki H, Tokuda Y, Shichi D, Ishikawa H, Maeno T, Nakamura H. Morbidity and mortality among newly hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumococcal bacteremia: A retrospective cohort study in three teaching hospitals in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 13:607-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Serum antibody coupled with the construction of gentamicin sulfate for the Escherichia coli targeted drug. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices of antibiotics predicted by a semimechanistic PKPD model: a step toward model-based dose optimization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4619-30. [PMID: 21807983 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00182-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model that characterizes the full time course of in vitro time-kill curve experiments of antibacterial drugs was here evaluated in its capacity to predict the previously determined PK/PD indices. Six drugs (benzylpenicillin, cefuroxime, erythromycin, gentamicin, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin), representing a broad selection of mechanisms of action and PK and PD characteristics, were investigated. For each drug, a dose fractionation study was simulated, using a wide range of total daily doses given as intermittent doses (dosing intervals of 4, 8, 12, or 24 h) or as a constant drug exposure. The time course of the drug concentration (PK model) as well as the bacterial response to drug exposure (in vitro PKPD model) was predicted. Nonlinear least-squares regression analyses determined the PK/PD index (the maximal unbound drug concentration [fC(max)]/MIC, the area under the unbound drug concentration-time curve [fAUC]/MIC, or the percentage of a 24-h time period that the unbound drug concentration exceeds the MIC [fT(>MIC)]) that was most predictive of the effect. The in silico predictions based on the in vitro PKPD model identified the previously determined PK/PD indices, with fT(>MIC) being the best predictor of the effect for β-lactams and fAUC/MIC being the best predictor for the four remaining evaluated drugs. The selection and magnitude of the PK/PD index were, however, shown to be sensitive to differences in PK in subpopulations, uncertainty in MICs, and investigated dosing intervals. In comparison with the use of the PK/PD indices, a model-based approach, where the full time course of effect can be predicted, has a lower sensitivity to study design and allows for PK differences in subpopulations to be considered directly. This study supports the use of PKPD models built from in vitro time-kill curves in the development of optimal dosing regimens for antibacterial drugs.
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Sato T, Kawai Y, Matsuda H, Tateda K, Kimura S, Ishii Y, Yamaguchi K, Gotoh N. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of modithromycin against streptococci and Haemophilus influenzae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1547-54. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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File TM, Monte SV, Schentag JJ, Paladino JA, Klugman KP, Lavin B, Yu VL, Singer ME, Adelman MH. A disease model descriptive of progression between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and community-acquired pneumonia: roles for underlying lung disease and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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MacGowan AP. Clinical implications of antimicrobial resistance for therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62 Suppl 2:ii105-14. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lentino JR, Narita M, Yu VL. New antimicrobial agents as therapy for resistant gram-positive cocci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 27:3-15. [PMID: 17899228 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin- and methicillin-resistant gram-positive cocci have emerged as an increasingly problematic cause of hospital-acquired infections. We conducted a literature review of newer antibiotics with activity against vancomycin-resistant and methicillin-resistant gram-positive cocci. Quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline have in vitro activity for methicillin-resistant staphylococci and are superior to vancomycin for vancomycin-resistant isolates. Dalbavancin, telavancin, and oritavancin are new glycopeptides that have superior pharmacodynamic properties compared to vancomycin. We review the antibacterial spectrum, clinical indications and contraindications, pharmacologic properties, and adverse events associated with each of these agents. Daptomycin has rapid bactericidal activity for Staphylococcus aureus and is approved for use in bacteremia and right-sided endocarditis. Linezolid is comparable to vancomycin in patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pneumonia and has pharmacoeconomic advantages given its oral formulation. Quinupristin/dalfopristin is the drug of choice for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections but has no activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Tigecycline has activity against both enterococcus species and MRSA; it is also active against Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes which allows for use in intra-abdominal and diabetic foot infections. A review of numerous in vitro and animal model studies shows that interaction between these newer agents and other antistaphylococcal agents for S. aureus are usually indifferent (additive).
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lentino
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Edward Hines DVA Hospital, Hines DVA Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Kiem S, Schentag JJ. Interpretation of antibiotic concentration ratios measured in epithelial lining fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 52:24-36. [PMID: 17846133 PMCID: PMC2223903 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00133-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Kiem
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hochstetter Hall 445, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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