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Parihar R, Deb R, Niharika J, Thakur P, Pegu SR, Sengar GS, Sonowal J, Das PJ, Rajkhowa S, Raj A, Gupta VK. Development of triplex assay for simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli, methicillin resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in raw pork samples of retail markets. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1516-1524. [PMID: 38966784 PMCID: PMC11219700 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the most important food borne pathogen transmitting from animal meat and meat products. Therefore, it is vital to design an accurate and specific diagnostic tool for identifying those food-borne pathogens in animal meat and meat products. In the current study, E. coli, methicillin-resistant and sensitive S. aureus (MRSA and MSSA) were simultaneously detected using a developed triplex PCR-based technique. To obtain an optimal reaction parameter, the multiplex assay was optimised by changing just one parameter while holding the others constant. Specificity of the assay was assessed using several porcine bacterial template DNA. The plasmid DNA was used to test the multiplex PCR assay's sensitivity and interference in spiked pork samples. E. coli, MRSA, and MSSA each have PCR amplified products with sizes of 335, 533, and 209 bp, respectively. The assay detects a minimum microbial load of 102 CFU/μl for all the three pathogens and can identify bacterial DNA as low as 10-2 ng/µl. The assay was validated employing 210 pork samples obtained from retail meat shops and slaughter houses, with MRSA, E. coli, and MSSA with the occurrence rate of 1.9%, 42.38%, and 18.1%, respectively. The rate of mixed bacterial contamination in pork meat samples examined with the developed method was 6.19%, 1.43%, 1.90%, and 1.43% for MSSA & E. coli, MRSA & E. coli, MSSA & MRSA, and E. coli, MSSA & MRSA, respectively. The developed multiplex PCR assay is quick and efficient, and it can distinguish between different bacterial pathogens in a single reaction tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Parihar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam India
- All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Government of India, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam India
| | - Jagna Niharika
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam India
- All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Government of India, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Priyanka Thakur
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam India
- All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Government of India, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Atul Raj
- All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Government of India, Kolkata, West Bengal India
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Kawanishi M, Matsuda M, Abo H, Ozawa M, Hosoi Y, Hiraoka Y, Harada S, Kumakawa M, Sekiguchi H. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pigs in Japan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:155. [PMID: 38391541 PMCID: PMC10885860 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in pig slaughterhouses from 2018 to 2022 in Japan and the isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics by whole-genome analysis. Although the positive LA-MRSA rates on farms (29.6%) and samples (9.9%) in 2022 in Japan remained lower than those observed in European countries exhibiting extremely high rates of confirmed human LA-MRSA infections, these rates showed a gradually increasing trend over five years. The ST398/t034 strain was predominant, followed by ST5/t002, and differences were identified between ST398 and ST5 in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility and the resistance genes carried. Notably, LA-MRSA possessed resistance genes toward many antimicrobial classes, with 91.4% of the ST398 strains harboring zinc resistance genes. These findings indicate that the co-selection pressure associated with multidrug and zinc resistance may have contributed markedly to LA-MRSA persistence. SNP analysis revealed that ST398 and ST5 of swine origin were classified into a different cluster of MRSA from humans, showing the same ST in Japan and lacking the immune evasion genes (scn, sak, or chp). Although swine-origin LA-MRSA is currently unlikely to spread to humans and become a problem in current clinical practice, preventing its dissemination requires using antimicrobials prudently, limiting zinc utilization to the minimum required nutrient, and practicing fundamental hygiene measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Kawanishi
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Mari Matsuda
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abo
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Manao Ozawa
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Yuta Hosoi
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Yukari Hiraoka
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Saki Harada
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Mio Kumakawa
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Hideto Sekiguchi
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ambade SS, Gupta VK, Bhole RP, Khedekar PB, Chikhale RV. A Review on Five and Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting the Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 (PBP2A) of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Molecules 2023; 28:7008. [PMID: 37894491 PMCID: PMC10609489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections pose significant and challenging therapeutic difficulties. MRSA often acquires the non-native gene PBP2a, which results in reduced susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics, thus conferring resistance. PBP2a has a lower affinity for methicillin, allowing bacteria to maintain peptidoglycan biosynthesis, a core component of the bacterial cell wall. Consequently, even in the presence of methicillin or other antibiotics, bacteria can develop resistance. Due to genes responsible for resistance, S. aureus becomes MRSA. The fundamental premise of this resistance mechanism is well-understood. Given the therapeutic concerns posed by resistant microorganisms, there is a legitimate demand for novel antibiotics. This review primarily focuses on PBP2a scaffolds and the various screening approaches used to identify PBP2a inhibitors. The following classes of compounds and their biological activities are discussed: Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Pyrazole-Benzimidazole-based derivatives, Oxadiazole-containing derivatives, non-β-lactam allosteric inhibitors, 4-(3H)-Quinazolinones, Pyrrolylated chalcone, Bis-2-Oxoazetidinyl macrocycles (β-lactam antibiotics with 1,3-Bridges), Macrocycle-embedded β-lactams as novel inhibitors, Pyridine-Coupled Pyrimidinones, novel Naphthalimide corbelled aminothiazoximes, non-covalent inhibitors, Investigational-β-lactam antibiotics, Carbapenem, novel Benzoxazole derivatives, Pyrazolylpyridine analogues, and other miscellaneous classes of scaffolds for PBP2a. Additionally, we discuss the penicillin-binding protein, a crucial target in the MRSA cell wall. Various aspects of PBP2a, bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycans, different crystal structures of PBP2a, synthetic routes for PBP2a inhibitors, and future perspectives on MRSA inhibitors are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha S. Ambade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MH, India (P.B.K.)
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra 282004, UP, India
| | - Ritesh P. Bhole
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India
| | - Pramod B. Khedekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MH, India (P.B.K.)
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Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pigs in Japan. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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He L, Cheng H, Chen F, Song S, Zhang H, Sun W, Bao X, Zhang H, He C. Oxidative Stress-Mediated Antibacterial Activity of the Total Flavonoid Extracted from the Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020071. [PMID: 35202325 PMCID: PMC8874552 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes endocarditis, pneumonia, and skin diseases in humans and livestock. (2) Methods: The antibacterial effect of the total flavonoid against MRSA (ATCC43300) extracted from the Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (A. pilosa Ledeb) was evaluated by the microdilution method. The oxidative stresses in MRSA were evaluated by the levels of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress-related genes. The DNA oxidative damage was tested by the 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and DNA gel electrophoresis. The differentially expressed proteins were determined by the method of SDS-PAGE and NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS, while the mRNAs of differential proteins were determined by Real-Time PCR. The changes of ultra-structures in MRSA were observed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). (3) Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the total flavonoid against MRSA was recorded as 62.5 μg/mL. After treatment with the total flavonoid, the levels of intracellular H2O2 and ROS were increased and the gene expressions against oxidative stress (SodA, katA, TrxB) were decreased (p < 0.01), while the gene expression for oxidative stress (PerR) was increased (p < 0.01). The level of intracellular 8-OHdG in MRSA was increased (p < 0.01) and the DNA was damaged. The results of TEM also showed that the total flavonoid could destroy the ultra-structures in the bacteria. (4) Conclusions: The total flavonoid extracted from the A. pilosa Ledeb can induce the oxidative stress that disturbed the energy metabolism and protein synthesis in MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Han Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Fuxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;
| | - Suquan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Weidong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaowei Bao
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Haibin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chenghua He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8439-5227; Fax: +86-025-8439-8669
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7
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Molecular fingerprinting of bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from India. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15228. [PMID: 34315981 PMCID: PMC8316343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major etiological agent of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. Owing to the mostly backyard dairy practices, we hypothesized that genetic diversity among mastitis-associated S. aureus from India would be high, and investigated 166 isolates obtained mostly from the Southern State of Karnataka, but also from a few other states. The results revealed (a) 8 to 13 fragments in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), forming 31 distinct patterns, and (b) 34 spa types, of which three (t17680, t18314, and t18320) were newly identified. Multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST) identified 39 sequence types (STs), with ST2454 (34.4%) and ST2459 (24%) being the most commonly represented, which clustered to clonal complexes (CC) CC9 and CC97, respectively; 12 STs were newly identified. Thirty-four (20.5%) of the 166 isolates displayed oxacillin resistance. On the other hand, whereas none were mecC+, 44 (26.5%) isolates were mecA+, with a predominance of SCCmecIVb (26/32 isolates, others being untypeable); 24 isolates (14.46%) were oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant S. aureus (OS-MRSA; mecA+ but OS). Integrated analysis revealed that CC9-ST2454- and CC97-ST2459-SCCmecIVb were the predominant MRSA, although the distribution of CC9 and CC97 was similar between methicillin-resistant and -susceptible isolates. By PCR, 56.25%, 28.75% and 47.5% of the 166 isolates were positive for hlg, tsst and pvl genes, respectively. Our results, for the first time describe the application of a combination of various molecular methods to bovine mastitis-associated S. aureus isolates from India, corroborate the worldwide distribution of CC97 and CC9, and suggest pathogenic potential of the isolates.
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Wang W, Baker M, Hu Y, Xu J, Yang D, Maciel-Guerra A, Xue N, Li H, Yan S, Li M, Bai Y, Dong Y, Peng Z, Ma J, Li F, Dottorini T. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Machine Learning Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from Multiple Heterogeneous Sources in China Reveals Common Genetic Traits of Antimicrobial Resistance. mSystems 2021; 6:e0118520. [PMID: 34100643 PMCID: PMC8579812 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01185-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a worldwide leading cause of numerous diseases ranging from food-poisoning to lethal infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found capable of acquiring resistance to most antimicrobials. MRSA is ubiquitous and diverse even in terms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, posing a challenge for treatment. Here, we present a comprehensive study of S. aureus in China, addressing epidemiology, phylogenetic reconstruction, genomic characterization, and identification of AMR profiles. The study analyzes 673 S. aureus isolates from food as well as from hospitalized and healthy individuals. The isolates have been collected over a 9-year period, between 2010 and 2018, from 27 provinces across China. By whole-genome sequencing, Bayesian divergence analysis, and supervised machine learning, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the isolates and compared them to references from other countries. We identified 72 sequence types (STs), of which, 29 were novel. We found 81 MRSA lineages by multilocus sequence type (MLST), spa, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec), and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) typing. In addition, novel variants of SCCmec type IV hosting extra metal and antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as a new SCCmec type, were found. New Bayesian dating of the split times of major clades showed that ST9, ST59, and ST239 in China and European countries fell in different branches, whereas this pattern was not observed for the ST398 clone. On the contrary, the clonal transmission of ST398 was more intermixed in regard to geographic origin. Finally, we identified genetic determinants of resistance to 10 antimicrobials, discriminating drug-resistant bacteria from susceptible strains in the cohort. Our results reveal the emergence of Chinese MRSA lineages enriched of AMR determinants that share similar genetic traits of antimicrobial resistance across human and food, hinting at a complex scenario of evolving transmission routes. IMPORTANCE Little information is available on the epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in China. The role of food is a cause of major concern: staphylococcal foodborne diseases affect thousands every year, and the presence of resistant Staphylococcus strains on raw retail meat products is well documented. We studied a large heterogeneous data set of S. aureus isolates from many provinces of China, isolated from food as well as from individuals. Our large whole-genome collection represents a unique catalogue that can be easily meta-analyzed and integrated with further studies and adds to the library of S. aureus sequences in the public domain in a currently underrepresented geographical region. The new Bayesian dating of the split times of major drug-resistant enriched clones is relevant in showing that Chinese and European methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have evolved differently. Our machine learning approach, across a large number of antibiotics, shows novel determinants underlying resistance and reveals frequent resistant traits in specific clonal complexes, highlighting the importance of particular clonal complexes in China. Our findings substantially expand what is known of the evolution and genetic determinants of resistance in food-associated S. aureus in China and add crucial information for whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based surveillance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Michelle Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ning Xue
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofei Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Menghan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjing Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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9
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Kim YH, Kim HS, Kim S, Kim M, Kwak HS. Prevalence and Characteristics of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Retail Meat in Korea. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:758-771. [PMID: 32968728 PMCID: PMC7492173 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of
antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from 4,264 retail meat
samples including beef, pork, and chicken in Korea between 2013 and 2018. A
broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for
S. aureus. Molecular typing by multilocus sequence typing
(MLST), spa typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
(PFGE), was performed on mecA-positive S.
aureus strain. S. aureus was isolated at a rate of
18.2% (777/4,264), of which MRSA comprised 0.7% (29 strains). MLST
analysis showed that 11 out of the 29 MRSA isolates were predominantly sequence
type (ST) 398 (37.9%). In addition, ST72, ST692, ST188, ST9, and ST630
were identified in the MRSA isolates. The spa typing results
were classified into 11 types and showed a high correlation with MLST. The
antimicrobial resistance assays revealed that MRSA showed 100% resistance
to cefoxitin and penicillin. In addition, resistance to tetracycline
(62.1%), clindamycin (55.2%), and erythromycin (55.2%) was
relatively high; 27 of the 29 MRSA isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. PFGE
analysis of the 18 strains excluding the 11 ST398 strains exhibited a maximum of
100% homology and a minimum of 64.0% homology. Among these, three
pairs of isolates showed 100% homology in PFGE; these results were
consistent with the MLST and spa typing results. Identification
of MRSA at the final consumption stage has potential risks, suggesting that
continuous monitoring of retail meat products is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hoon Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Han Sol Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Seokhwan Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Migyeong Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Kwak
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
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10
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Tsai HC, Tao CW, Hsu BM, Yang YY, Tseng YC, Huang TY, Huang SW, Kuo YJ, Chen JS. Multidrug-resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from a subtropical river contaminated by nearby livestock industries. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 200:110724. [PMID: 32450435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major threat to public health that causes infections in hospitals, communities, and animal husbandry. Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) is defined as MRSA possessing staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IV or V, both of which lacks the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene but has variable combinations of antimicrobial susceptibility. This study focused on Taiwan's subtropical river basin and the Puzih River, which converges from tributaries flowing through downtown and animal husbandry areas. MRSA was detected at a rate of 7.8% in the tributaries, which was higher than downstream (2.1%). The ratio of multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRSA (n = 30) to total MRSA isolates (n = 39) was 0.769, and most of the MDR MRSA isolates (66.7%, 20/30) exhibited resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline. The number of MDR MRSA isolates in the tributaries was also higher than the downstream regions of the Puzih River. The majority of MRSA isolates (64.1%) observed in this study possessed SCCmec type IV without PVL, which is typical for LA-MRSA. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) typing aided the discrimination of resistance patterns among SCCmec types. This study highlights the threat to human health posed by the waterborne transmission of MDR LA-MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chi Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Wei Tao
- Section of Respiratory Therapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan, ROC, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Innovative on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 621 Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Ying Yang
- Department of Laboratory, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 500 Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Tseng
- Section of Respiratory Therapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung-Yi Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan, ROC, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Electronics, Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu, University, Taiwan; Super Micro Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan, ROC, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Sasaki Y, Yamanaka M, Nara K, Tanaka S, Uema M, Asai T, Tamura Y. Isolation of ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pigs at abattoirs in Tohoku region, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1400-1403. [PMID: 32655101 PMCID: PMC7538316 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the presence of ST398 livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in nasal swabs of 420 slaughtered pigs from 84 farms at three abattoirs in Tohoku, Japan. MRSA were isolated from 13 (3.1%) samples from 9 (10.7%) farms at two abattoirs. All isolates were classified as ST398 and were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Ten and three isolates were classified as Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) types V and IVa, respectively. All type V isolates possessed czrC. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of zinc chloride against types IVa and V were 1 and 4 mM, respectively. This study shows the presence of ST398 MRSA in pigs in this region. Antimicrobials and zinc compounds in feed and drugs might select SCCmec type V ST398 MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.,Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamanaka
- Towada Meat Inspection Center of Aomori Prefecture, 1-13 Nozaki, Sannbonngi, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nara
- Towada Meat Inspection Center of Aomori Prefecture, 1-13 Nozaki, Sannbonngi, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Shigeko Tanaka
- Towada Meat Inspection Center of Aomori Prefecture, 1-13 Nozaki, Sannbonngi, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Masashi Uema
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 162-8640, Japan
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12
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Clostridium difficile in Asia: Opportunities for One Health Management. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 4:tropicalmed4010007. [PMID: 30597880 PMCID: PMC6473466 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a ubiquitous spore-forming bacterium which causes toxin-mediated diarrhoea and colitis in people whose gut microflora has been depleted by antimicrobial use, so it is a predominantly healthcare-associated disease. However, there are many One Health implications to C. difficile, given high colonisation rates in food production animals, contamination of outdoor environments by use of contaminated animal manure, increasing incidence of community-associated C. difficile infection (CDI), and demonstration of clonal groups of C. difficile shared between human clinical cases and food animals. In Asia, the epidemiology of CDI is not well understood given poor testing practices in many countries. The growing middle-class populations of Asia are presenting increasing demands for meat, thus production farming, particularly of pigs, chicken and cattle, is rapidly expanding in Asian countries. Few reports on C. difficile colonisation among production animals in Asia exist, but those that do show high prevalence rates, and possible importation of European strains of C. difficile like ribotype 078. This review summarises our current understanding of the One Health aspects of the epidemiology of CDI in Asia.
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13
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Guo D, Liu Y, Han C, Chen Z, Ye X. Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pigs: implication for livestock-association markers and vaccine strategies. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:1299-1307. [PMID: 30197527 PMCID: PMC6112776 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s173624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Routine non-therapeutic antimicrobial use and overcrowding in animal farming may facilitate the propagation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to examine the carriage prevalence and phenotype–genotype characteristics of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolated from pigs. Methods Nasal swabs were collected from 1,458 pigs in 9 pig farms and 3 slaughterhouses. All strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, and virulence genes, and characterized by multilocus sequence typing. The correspondence analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between multiple phenotypic and molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates. Results In the 1,458 pigs, the carriage prevalence was 9.5% for S. aureus, 3.3% for MRSA, and 9.3% for multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Notably, 97.1% S. aureus isolates were multidrug resistant, and the predominant resistance pattern was non-susceptible to clindamycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. The predominant genotype was CC9 (ST9) for S. aureus and MRSA isolates. Importantly, all S. aureus isolates were negative for the scn gene and resistant to tetracycline. Notably, all 9 linezolid-resistant isolates were classified as multidrug resistance, including 1 expressing the cfr gene and 6 expressing the optrA gene. The correspondence analysis showed a significant relationship between clonal complexes and resistance pattern or virulence genes. For example, CC9 was associated with extensive drug-resistance and co-carrying chp, sak, and hlb, and CC1 was associated with multidrug resistance and co-carrying sak and hlb. Conclusion The significant correspondence relationship between multiple characteristics provides some implication for vaccine strategies and new ideas for monitoring new epidemiologic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yangqun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Changlin Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Zhiyao Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China,
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Chen CJ, Lauderdale TLY, Lu CT, Chuang YY, Yang CC, Wu TS, Lee CY, Lu MC, Ko WC, Huang YC. Clinical and molecular features of MDR livestock-associated MRSA ST9 with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mecXII in humans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:33-40. [PMID: 29048488 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Clonal complex (CC) 9 is a prevalent livestock-associated (LA) MRSA clone in Asia whose pathogenicity in humans remains unknown. Methods In 2012, we identified a patient with CC9-MRSA infection linked to livestock. After screening 3328 clinical MRSA isolates from a national database, eight isolates (0.24%) collected between 1998 and 2012 were further confirmed to be of CC9. The detailed molecular features of the nine human CC9 strains and phylogenetic relatedness to animal CC9 strains were characterized with WGS. The antibiotic susceptibilities were determined and the clinical information was abstracted from medical records. Results WGS grouped the CC9 strains into two clades, which were respectively associated with distinct toxome profiles, resistance gene profiles and staphylococcal cassette chromosomes (SCCmecXII for 7 isolates and SCCmecVT for 2 isolates). The SCCmecXII strains were phylogenetically related to animal CC9-MRSA strains, negative for Panton-Valentine leucocidin and 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin and tigecycline. Four of the seven SCCmecXII isolates were associated with invasive diseases including bacteraemia leading to death (2) and osteomyelitis (2). Two SCCmecXII isolates were from patients with exposure to pigs before development of the MRSA diseases. Conclusions The CC9-SCCmecXII MRSA prevailing in pigs in Asia is multidrug resistant and potentially pathogenic to humans. It is critical to continuously monitor the local epidemiology of MRSA and implement effective control measures to limit the spread of LA-MRSA between animals, to humans and in healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Chen
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Yang Lauderdale
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Te Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Chuang
- Department of Pediatrics, St Mary's Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Yang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Furuno M, Uchiyama M, Nakahara Y, Uenoyama K, Fukuhara H, Morino S, Kijima M. A Japanese trial to monitor methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in imported swine during the quarantine period. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:182-184. [PMID: 29621628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in imported swine during the quarantine period in Japan. METHODS Nasal swabs from a total of 125 swine belonging to 15 lots (unit of import) from five countries were investigated for MRSA from July 2016 to February 2017. Two isolates per positive lot were chosen for multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was performed to determine the presence of the czrC gene, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the broth dilution method. RESULTS MRSA isolates were obtained from six lots (41 heads; 32.8%) from two countries. All 12 isolates that underwent MLST (two per positive lot) were classified as ST398, harboured the czrC gene and were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline; some isolates showed additional resistance to erythromycin or streptomycin, but resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin or chloramphenicol was not observed. CONCLUSIONS MRSA ST398 isolates were obtained from imported swine in this first trial to monitor MRSA during the quarantine period in Japan. For the 'One Health' approach against antimicrobial resistance, monitoring imported animals and generating feedback data would be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Furuno
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan.
| | - Mariko Uchiyama
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakahara
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Kei Uenoyama
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Hisae Fukuhara
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morino
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kijima
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
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Sato T, Usui M, Konishi N, Kai A, Matsui H, Hanaki H, Tamura Y. Closely related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail meat, cows with mastitis, and humans in Japan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187319. [PMID: 29084288 PMCID: PMC5662215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pervasive healthcare-acquired (HA) pathogen with recent emergence as a community-acquired (CA) pathogen. To elucidate whether meat mediates MRSA transmission between animals and humans in Japan, this study examined MRSA isolates from retail meat (n = 8), cows with mastitis (n = 7), and humans (HA-MRSA = 46 and CA-MRSA = 54) by molecular typing, virulence gene analyses, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. MRSA isolates from retail meat were classified into sequence type (ST) 8/spa type t1767 (n = 4), ST8/t4133 (n = 1), ST59/t3385 (n = 1), ST88/t375 (n = 1), and ST509/t375 (n = 1). All seven MRSA isolates from cows with mastitis were ST8/t1767. 46 HA-MRSA were clonal complex (CC) 5, divided into t002 (n = 30), t045 (n = 12), and t7455 (n = 4). 54 CA-MRSA were classified into 6 different CCs: CC1 (n = 14), CC5 (n = 7), CC8 (n = 29), CC45 (n = 1), CC89 (n = 1), CC509 (n = 1), and into 16 different spa types including newly identified t17177, t17193, and t17194. The majority were CC8/t1767 (n = 16). CC of one CA-MRSA isolate (spa type t1767) was not classified. Among 41 CC8 MRSA (five from meat, seven from cows with mastitis, and 29 CA-MRSA), 14 ST8/SCCmec IVl isolates (three from meat, one from a cow with mastitis, and 10 CA-MRSA) had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and similar spa type (t1767, t4133, and t17177), and were typed as CA-MRSA/J (ST8/SCCmec IVl, positive for sec + sel + tst but negative for Panton–Valentine leukocidin and the arginine catabolic mobile element). These results suggest that there is a transmission cycle of CA-MRSA/J among meat, cows, and humans in Japan, although it is unclear whether the origin is cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Sato
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akemi Kai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehito Matsui
- Infection Control Research Center, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Infection Control Research Center, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Jayaweera JAAS, Kumbukgolla WW. Antibiotic resistance patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from livestock and associated farmers in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Germs 2017; 7:132-139. [PMID: 28932713 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2017.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The animal husbandry comes to play an important role according to new economic reforms of the rural economy in South Asia including Sri Lanka, and the rural farming community has a poor knowledge about hygienic issues of animal husbandry, which can lead to spread of pathogenic bacterial strains from animals to humans. Our study was conducted to evaluate methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and its antimicrobial resistance pattern among livestock (n=188) and related farmers (n=94) in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka. METHODS S. aureus isolates were identified using mannitol salt agar, coagulase test and DNAase test. The agar plate dilution method was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxacillin against S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for other antibiotics was performed against MRSA isolates using antibiotic containing discs. To assess the MRSA transmission from livestock to humans, we have grouped MRSA strains according to antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against the tested antibiotics. RESULTS Among MRSA isolates, 14 different groups with similar MIC and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were identified. Of those, 2 groups amongst pigs and pig farmers showed a significant relationship (p=0.031). The other groups did not show any significant relationship between animals and the farmers. The percentages of MRSA prevalence in pigs and pig farmers were 26.6% each, in poultry and poultry farmers 8.3% and 13.3% respectively, in cattle and cattle farmers 8.3% and 3%. Compared to human MRSA isolates, animal isolates were significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin (p=0.031), gentamicin (p=0.010) and clindamycin (p=0.011). Similarly, animal methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates were significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin (p=0.022) and doxycycline (p=0.012). CONCLUSION Pig farming showed a higher prevalence and 2.4 times higher risk (OR=2.4, CI95%: 1.2-4.8) of likely transmission of MRSA between animals and humans than cattle and poultry farming. Overall, 65% of MRSA and MSSA animal isolates were multidrug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wikum Widuranga Kumbukgolla
- BSc, MPhil, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, 50008, Sri Lanka
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18
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Li T, Lu H, Wang X, Gao Q, Dai Y, Shang J, Li M. Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Bovine Mastitis between 2014 and 2015. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:127. [PMID: 28469994 PMCID: PMC5395632 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is highly pathogenic and can cause diseases in both humans and domestic animals. In animal species, including ruminants, S. aureus may cause severe or sub-clinical mastitis. This study aimed to investigate the molecular profile, antimicrobial resistance, and genotype/phenotype correlation of 212 S. aureus isolates recovered from cases of bovine mastitis from 2014 to 2015 in the Shanghai and Zhejiang areas of China. Nineteen sequence types (STs) were determined by multi-locus sequence typing, while the dominant ST was ST97, followed by ST520, ST188, ST398, ST7, and ST9. Within 14 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates and 198 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, ST97 was the predominant MSSA clone and ST9-MRSA-SCCmecXII-spa t899 was the most common MRSA clone. The MRSA strains showed much higher rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics than did MSSA strains. Compared with other MSSA strains, MSSA ST398 was more resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin. No isolates were resistant to vancomycin, teicoplanin, or linezolid. The molecular profiles of the virulence genes varied in different strains. ST520 strains carried seg-sei-sem-sen-seo genes, and ST9 and ST97 harbored sdrD-sdrE genes. Virulence phenotype analysis showed diversity in different clones. Biofilm formation ability was significantly enhanced in ST188 and ST7, and red blood cell lysis capacity was relatively strong in all S. aureus strains of animal origin except ST7. Our results indicate that MSSA was the predominant S. aureus strain causing bovine mastitis in eastern regions of China. However, the presence of multidrug resistant and toxigenic MRSA clone ST9 suggests that comprehensive surveillance of S. aureus infection should be implemented in the management of animal husbandry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Huiying Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yingxin Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jun Shang
- Shanghai Institute for Veterinary Drug and Feeds ControlShanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
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Li J, Jiang N, Ke Y, Feßler AT, Wang Y, Schwarz S, Wu C. Characterization of pig-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:183-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Characterisation of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST97 and ST5 isolated from pigs in Japan. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2015; 3:283-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ugwu CC, Gomez-Sanz E, Agbo IC, Torres C, Chah KF. Characterization of mannitol-fermenting methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from pigs in Nigeria. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:885-92. [PMID: 26413075 PMCID: PMC4568864 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246320140644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the species distribution, antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes and virulence traits of mannitol-positive methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolated from pigs in Nsukka agricultural zone, Nigeria. Twenty mannitol-positive methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal (MRCoNS) strains harboring the mecA gene were detected among the 64 Staphylococcus isolates from 291 pigs. A total of 4 species were identified among the MRCoNS isolates, namely, Staphylococcus sciuri (10 strains), Staphylococcus lentus (6 strains), Staphylococcus cohnii (3 strains) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (one strain). All MRCoNS isolates were multidrug-resistant. In addition to β-lactams, the strains were resistant to fusidic acid (85%), tetracycline (75%), streptomycin (65%), ciprofloxacin (65%), and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (60%). In addition to the mecA and blaZ genes, other antimicrobial resistance genes detected were tet(K), tet(M), tet(L), erm(B), erm(C), aacA-aphD, aphA3, str, dfrK, dfrG, cat pC221, and cat pC223. Thirteen isolates were found to be ciprofloxacin-resistant, and all harbored a Ser84Leu mutation within the QRDR of the GyrA protein, with 3 isolates showing 2 extra substitutions, Ser98Ile and Arg100Lys (one strain) and Glu88Asp and Asp96Thr (2 strains). A phylogenetic tree of the QRDR nucleotide sequences in the gyrA gene revealed a high nucleotide diversity, with several major clusters not associated with the bacterial species. Our study highlights the possibility of transfer of mecA and other antimicrobial resistance genes from MRCoNS to pathogenic bacteria, which is a serious public health and veterinary concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford C Ugwu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Elena Gomez-Sanz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Ifeoma C Agbo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Carmen Torres
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Kennedy F Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Abstract
Not only is Asia the most populous region in the world, but inappropriate therapy, including self-medication with over-the-counter antimicrobial agents, is a common response to infectious diseases. The high antibiotic selective pressure among the overcrowded inhabitants creates an environment that is suitable for the rapid development and efficient spread of numerous multidrug-resistant pathogens. Indeed, Asia is among the regions with the highest prevalence rates of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) in the world. Most hospitals in Asia are endemic for multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), with an estimated proportion from 28% (in Hong Kong and Indonesia) to >70% (in Korea) among all clinical S. aureus isolates in the early 2010s. Isolates with reduced susceptibility or a high level of resistance to glycopeptides have also been increasingly identified in the past few years. In contrast, the proportion of MRSA among community-associated S. aureus infections in Asian countries varies markedly, from <5% to >35%. Two pandemic HA-MRSA clones, namely multilocus sequence type (ST) 239 and ST5, are disseminated internationally in Asia, whereas the molecular epidemiology of CA-MRSA in Asia is characterized by clonal heterogeneity, similar to that in Europe. In this review, the epidemiology of S. aureus in both healthcare facilities and communities in Asia is addressed, with an emphasis on the prevalence, clonal structure and antibiotic resistant profiles of the MRSA strains. The novel MRSA strains from livestock animals have been considered to constitute a public health threat in western countries. The emerging livestock-associated MRSA strains in Asia are also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Chen
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asia: an emerging issue? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 45:334-40. [PMID: 25593014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being a human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus causes an array of infections in economically important livestock animals, particularly pigs. In Asia, there have been few reports on livestock-associated meticillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA), mostly from developed countries, with very few data available from resource-limited countries, not because of low prevalence but probably due to a shortage of diagnostic facilities. Unlike the wide spread of sequence type 398 (ST398) LA-MRSA in European countries and North America, ST9 predominates in most Asian countries. The prevalence of LA-MRSA among pigs in Asian countries varied widely (0.9-42.5%). The prevalence may vary by geographic location, age of pigs and sampling methodologies. Among pig farmers, the prevalence of nasal MRSA colonisation varied from 5.5% in Malaysia to 15% in China and 19.2% in Taiwan. Although most LA-MRSA isolates in Asia are of the same ST, molecular characteristics are not all the same. Dominant isolates in China were characterised as spa type t899-SCCmec III and t899-SCCmec IVb or V for isolates in Hong Kong, and t899-untypeable SCCmec for Taiwan. Dominant isolates in Malaysia were spa type t4358-SCCmec V and t337-SCCmec IX for isolates in Thailand. In addition, MRSA ST221 was reported in Japan and MRSA ST398 was isolated from commercial pigs in South Korea. Attention should be paid because pigs could become an important reservoir for MRSA and spread them to humans, as observed in many countries. There is a potential risk from the livestock reservoir to community and hospitals.
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Usui M, Nanbu Y, Oka K, Takahashi M, Inamatsu T, Asai T, Kamiya S, Tamura Y. Genetic relatedness between Japanese and European isolates of Clostridium difficile originating from piglets and their risk associated with human health. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:513. [PMID: 25339943 PMCID: PMC4189341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile colonization in pig intestine has been a public health concern. We analyzed C. difficile prevalence among piglets in Japan to clarify their origin and extent of the associated risk by using molecular and microbiological methods for both swine and human clinical isolates and foreign isolates. C. difficile was isolated from 120 neonatal piglet fecal samples. Toxin gene profile, antimicrobial susceptibilities, PCR ribotype, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) type of swine isolates were determined and compared with those of human clinical and foreign isolates. One-hundred C. difficile strains were isolated from 69 (57.5%) samples, and 61 isolates (61%) were toxin gene-positive. Some isolates were resistant to antimicrobials, contributing to antibiotic-associated diarrhea by C. difficile. These results suggest that C. difficile, prevalent among Japanese pigs, is a potential risk for antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Furthermore, PCR ribotype 078 (12 isolates), which has been linked to multiple outbreaks worldwide, was the third-most frequently isolated of the 14 PCR ribotypes identified. Moreover, MLVA revealed that all 12 PCR ribotype 078 isolates were genetically related to European PCR ribotype 078 strains found in both humans and pigs. To date, in Japan, many breeding pigs have been imported from European countries. The genetic relatedness of C. difficile isolates of Japanese swine origin to those of European origin suggests that they were introduced into Japan via imported pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukie Nanbu
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomichi Takahashi
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Inamatsu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University Hokkaido, Japan
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Nemeghaire S, Argudín MA, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage isolates from bovines. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:153. [PMID: 25011427 PMCID: PMC4103977 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium usually found on skin and mucous membranes of warm blooded animals. Resistance in S. aureus has been increasingly reported though depending on the clonal lineage. Indeed, while hospital acquired (HA)-methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are typically multi-resistant, community associated (CA)-MRSA are by large more susceptible to many antibiotics. Although S. aureus isolated from animals are often susceptible to most antibiotics, multi-resistant livestock associated (LA)-MRSA have been recovered from bovine mastitis.In this study, we investigated the prevalence and types of MRSA present in the nose of healthy bovines of different age groups and rearing practices. Since no validated methods for MRSA isolation from nasal swabs were available, we compared two isolation methods. Molecular characterization was performed by means of spa-typing, MLST, SCCmec typing and microarray analysis for the detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. RESULTS MRSA between herd prevalence in bovines was estimated at 19.8%. There was a marked difference between rearing practices with 9.9%, 10.2% and 46.1% of the dairy, beef and veal calve farms respectively being MRSA positive. No significant difference was observed between both isolation methods tested. Most isolates were ST398 spa type t011 or closely related spa types. Few ST239 spa type t037 and t388 and ST8 spa type t121 were also found. SCCmec types carried by these strains were mainly type IV(2B), IV(2B&5) and type V. Type III and non-typeable SCCmec were recovered to a lesser extent. All isolates were multi-resistant to at least two antimicrobials in addition to the expected cefoxitin and penicillin resistance, with an average of resistance to 9.5 different antimicrobials. Isolates selected for microarray analysis carried a broad range of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. CONCLUSION MRSA were mainly present in veal farms, compared to the lower prevalence in dairy or beef farms. Multi-resistance in these strains was high. Though mainly CC398 spa t011 was found, the genetic diversity was higher than what was found for pigs in Belgium. CC8 strains, a typically human lineage but also recently found also in association with bovines, has been retrieved here also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Nemeghaire
- Department of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Angeles Argudín
- Department of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Fang HW, Chiang PH, Huang YC. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in pigs and related personnel in Taiwan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88826. [PMID: 24551168 PMCID: PMC3923820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A livestock-associated (LA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain sequence type 398 (ST398) is found related to animals and humans in Europe and North America. To evaluate the nasal carriage of MRSA among pigs and related workers in Taiwan, we conducted this study. Methods From June 25 to October 1 2012, a total of 641 and 100 nasal swabs were obtained from pigs and related workers, respectively, from 22 pig farms nationwide and 2 pig auction markets in Taiwan. All MRSA isolates were molecularly characterized. Results Overall, the nasal carriage rate of MRSA was 14.4% for pigs and 13% for humans. The carriage rate for pigs younger than 3 months was significantly higher than those older than 3 months (25.4% vs. 5.8%, p<.001). Percentage of MRSA-positive pig farms was 59.1% (13/22). The carriage rate for pigs in large-scale herds (≥10000 pigs) was significantly higher than that in small-scale (34.3% vs. 7.0%, p<.001) and that in auction markets (3.8%). The carriage rate was 19.2% (10/52) for pig farm workers, and the rate in large-scale farms was significantly higher than that in small-scale (36.8% vs. 9.1%, p = .014). Except for 3 isolates from humans, the other 99 isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 9. 83 of 89 isolates from pigs shared a common pulsotype, which was also shared by 6 isolates from humans. Conclusion More than 10% of pigs and related workers in Taiwan carried LA-MRSA ST9 in nares and cross-species transmission of LA-MRSA was documented by molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Fang
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsing Chiang
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Yan X, Yu X, Tao X, Zhang J, Zhang B, Dong R, Xue C, Grundmann H, Zhang J. Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from slaughter pigs in northeast China. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 304:379-83. [PMID: 24418357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To describe the prevalence and population structure of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that colonize pigs at slaughterhouses in northeastern China, nose swabs were collected from pigs in two slaughterhouses in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China in 2009. S. aureus isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, SCCmec typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pvl gene detection. A total of 200 S. aureus isolates were collected from 590 pigs (33.9%, 200/590), of which 162 (81%, 162/200) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 38 (19%, 38/200) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Ninety-nine of the MSSA isolates (99/162, 61.1%) were ST398, which represented the dominant sequence type overall. Eighty-seven isolates were ST9 (87/200, 43.5%), and all MRSA belonged to that sequence type which consisted of the spa types t899 and t2922. Among the MSSA strains, t034, t899 and t4358 were the most dominant spa types (139/162, 85.8%). All MRSA isolates harbored SCCmec type IVb. The pvl gene was only detected in 3 ST7/t2119 MSSA isolates. All MRSA but more importantly also 82.7% (134/162) of the MSSA isolates were resistant to six or more antibiotics. Moreover, a novel resistance determinant-lsa(E) was identified among 22% (44/200) of all isolates. In conclusion, pigs in northeast China are frequently colonized with ST398 MSSA. MRSA with this sequence type, typically associated with pigs in Europe, was not found. High levels of multiple antibiotic resistance among MRSA isolates as well as MSSA isolates are a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Binghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyu Xue
- Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Hajo Grundmann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Lassok B, Tenhagen BA. From pig to pork: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1095-108. [PMID: 23726208 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major global public health concern and could be a food safety issue. Recurrent reports have documented that pig herds are an important reservoir for MRSA, specifically the livestock-associated sequence type 398. The high prevalence of MRSA in pig primary production facilities and the frequent detection of MRSA of the same types in pork and pig meat products raise the question of underlying mechanisms behind the introduction and transmission of MRSA along the pork production chain. A comprehensive review of current literature on the worldwide presence of livestock-associated MRSA in various steps of the pork production chain revealed that the slaughter process plays a decisive role in MRSA transmission from farm to fork. Superficial heat treatments such as scalding and flaming during the slaughter process can significantly reduce the burden of MRSA on the carcasses. However, recontamination with MRSA might occur via surface treating machinery, as a result of fecal contamination at evisceration, or via increased human handling during meat processing. By optimizing processes for carcass decontamination and avoiding recontamination by effective cleaning and personal hygiene management, transmission of MRSA from pig to pork can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lassok
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Food-borne intoxication, caused by heat-stable enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, causes over 240,000 cases of food-borne illness in the United States annually. Other staphylococci commonly associated with animals may also produce these enterotoxins. Foods may be contaminated by infected food handlers during slaughter and processing of livestock or by cross-contamination during food preparation. S. aureus also causes a variety of mild to severe skin and soft tissue infections in humans and other animals. Antibiotic resistance is common in staphylococci. Hospital-associated (HA) S. aureus are resistant to numerous antibiotics, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) presenting significant challenges in health care facilities for over 40 years. During the mid-1990s new human MRSA strains developed outside of hospitals and were termed community-associated (CA). A few years later, MRSA was isolated from horses and methicillin resistance was detected in Staphylococcus intermedius/pseudintermedius from dogs and cats. In 2003, a livestock-associated (LA) MRSA strain was first detected in swine. These methicillin-resistant staphylococci pose additional food safety and occupational health concerns. MRSA has been detected in a small percentage of retail meat and raw milk samples indicating a potential risk for food-borne transmission of MRSA. Persons working with animals or handling meat products may be at increased risk for antibiotic-resistant infections. This review discusses the scope of the problem of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and some strategies for control of these bacteria and prevention of illness.
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Baer AA, Miller MJ, Dilger AC. Pathogens of Interest to the Pork Industry: A Review of Research on Interventions to Assure Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arica A. Baer
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; 1503 S
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Div. of Nutritional Sciences; 905 S.; Goodwin Ave.; Urbana; IL 61801; U.S.A
| | - Anna C. Dilger
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; 1503 S
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Molecular characterization and clonal genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of pig origin in Taiwan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:513-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Akobi B, Aboderin O, Sasaki T, Shittu A. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from faecal samples of the Straw-Coloured Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum) in Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Nigeria. BMC Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23181939 PMCID: PMC3554579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bats (Chiroptera) are one of the most diverse groups of mammals which carry out important ecological and agricultural functions that are beneficial to humans. However, they are increasingly recognized as natural vectors for a number of zoonotic pathogens and favourable hosts for zoonotic infections. Large populations of the Straw-Coloured Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum) colonize the main campus of the Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, but the public health implications of faecal contamination and pollution by these flying mammals is unknown. This study characterized S. aureus obtained from faecal samples of these migratory mammals with a view to determining the clonal types of the isolates, and to investigate the possibility of these flying animals as potential reservoir for zoonotic S. aureus infections. Results One hundred and seven (107) S. aureus isolates were recovered from 560 faecal samples in eleven roosting sites from January 2008 to February 2010. A large proportion of the isolates were susceptible to antibiotics, and molecular characterization of 70 isolates showed that 65 (92.9%) were assigned in coagulase type VI, while accessory gene typing classified 69 isolates into the following: type I (12; 17.1%), type II (3; 4.3%), type III (1; 1.4%) and type IV (53; 75.7%). On the whole, the isolates were grouped in five (A-E) main genotypes. Of the ten representative isolates selected for multilocus sequence typing (MLST), nine isolates were assigned with new sequence types: ST1725, ST1726, ST1727, ST2463-ST2467 and ST2470. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that S. aureus isolates in group C were closely related with ST1822 and associated clones identified in African monkeys, and group D isolates with ST75, ST883 and ST1223. The two groups exhibited remarkable genetic diversity compared to the major S. aureus clade. Conclusions Antibiotic resistance in faecal S. aureus isolates of E. helvum is low and multiple unique S. aureus lineages co-existed with E. helvum. The Straw-Coloured Fruit Bat in Ile-Ife, Nigeria is colonized predominantly by ST1725, ST1726, ST2463 and ST2470 with distinct genotypic characteristics that are rarely found in humans. This study has demonstrated on the possible existence of a reservoir of indigenous and anciently-divergent S. aureus clones among mammals in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunji Akobi
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. mBio 2012; 3:mBio.00305-11. [PMID: 22354957 PMCID: PMC3280451 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00305-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since its discovery in the early 2000s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) has become a rapidly emerging cause of human infections, most often associated with livestock exposure. We applied whole-genome sequence typing to characterize a diverse collection of CC398 isolates (n = 89), including MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from animals and humans spanning 19 countries and four continents. We identified 4,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the 89 core genomes. Minimal homoplasy (consistency index = 0.9591) was detected among parsimony-informative SNPs, allowing for the generation of a highly accurate phylogenetic reconstruction of the CC398 clonal lineage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MSSA from humans formed the most ancestral clades. The most derived lineages were composed predominantly of livestock-associated MRSA possessing three different staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) types (IV, V, and VII-like) including nine subtypes. The human-associated isolates from the basal clades carried phages encoding human innate immune modulators that were largely missing among the livestock-associated isolates. Our results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA. The lineage appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Further analyses are required to estimate the number of independent genetic events leading to the methicillin-resistant sublineages, but the diversity of SCCmec subtypes is suggestive of strong and diverse antimicrobial selection associated with food animal production. IMPORTANCE Modern food animal production is characterized by densely concentrated animals and routine antibiotic use, which may facilitate the emergence of novel antibiotic-resistant zoonotic pathogens. Our findings strongly support the idea that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated as MSSA in humans. The jump of CC398 from humans to livestock was accompanied by the loss of phage-carried human virulence genes, which likely attenuated its zoonotic potential, but it was also accompanied by the acquisition of tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Our findings exemplify a bidirectional zoonotic exchange and underscore the potential public health risks of widespread antibiotic use in food animal production.
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Lim SK, Nam HM, Jang GC, Lee HS, Jung SC, Kwak HS. The first detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in pigs in Korea. Vet Microbiol 2012; 155:88-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Baba K, Ishihara K, Ozawa M, Usui M, Hiki M, Tamura Y, Asai T. Prevalence and mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diseased cattle, swine and chickens in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:561-5. [PMID: 22156389 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial administration is essential for the control and treatment of diseases in animals, but the emergence and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a significant concern during animal production. Here we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus from diseased food-producing animals and molecularly characterized the methicillin-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. A total of 290 S. aureus isolates obtained from cattle (n=246), swine (n=16), and chickens (n=28) between 2003 and 2009 were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility against 9 antimicrobials using an agar dilution method. Resistance to penicillin (PC) was most frequently found (24.8%), followed by oxytetracycline (OTC, 10.0%), dihydrostreptomycin (4.1%), erythromycin (EM, 3.1%), enrofloxacin (ERFX, 2.1%), and kanamycin (1.7%). The PC resistance rate was significantly higher in swine than in cattle (P<0.01) and chickens (P<0.01). The resistance rates to OTC, EM and ERFX were significantly higher in swine and chickens than in cattle (P<0.05). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was recovered from milk derived from a cow with mastitis in 2003; sequence type 8, SCCmec type IV and spa type t024. In the six ERFX-resistant strains isolated after 2003, amino acid substitutions in ParC with/without GyrA were detected. As the prevalence of MRSA and FQ-resistant S. aureus in the animals should be noticed, continuous monitoring is necessary to control resistance to clinically important antimicrobials in S. aureus from food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Baba
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
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Habrun B, Račić I, Beck R, Budimir A, Benić M, Kompes G, Špičić S, Cvetnić Ž. The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on large pig breeding farms in Croatia. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:419-25. [PMID: 22079702 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2011.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged worldwide and have become resistant to a variety of antibiotics. MRSA colonisation in pigs was first reported from the Netherlands in 2005, where pigs were implicated as a source of human MRSA infections (Voss et al., 2005). This paper presents the first report on the presence of MRSA on large pig breeding farms in Croatia, together with the determination of the mecA gene, the results of spa typing and susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials. Dust samples (7-11 per farm) were collected from eight large pig farms in Croatia. Of the total 68 swabs, the mecA gene was detected in 24 isolates growing on the MRSA agar. All isolates were resistant to oxacillin, tetracycline and streptomycin, and susceptible only to vancomycin, while 92% of the strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Genotyping of the MRSA strains was performed by spa typing, and revealed t011 (n = 17), t034 (n = 5) and t1451 (n = 2). The results presented here predict that MRSA is present on a large number of pig farms in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Habrun
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivana Račić
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Relja Beck
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ana Budimir
- 2 University Hospital Zagreb Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Zagreb Croatia
| | - Miroslav Benić
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Gordan Kompes
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Silvio Špičić
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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