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Wang H, Li H, Liu Z, Zhu Z, Cao Y. Activity of thonningianin A against Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:96. [PMID: 38212967 PMCID: PMC10784352 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections are increasing rapidly, and antifungal agents used in clinics are limited. Therefore, novel antifungal agents with high efficiency are urgently required. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of thonningianin A (THA), a natural compound that is widely found in plants. We first determined the activity of THA against Candida albicans, one of the most common fungal pathogens, and found that THA showed antifungal activity against all C. albicans tested, including several fluconazole-resistant isolates. THA also inhibits the growth of non-Candida albicans species. In addition, THA displayed antibiofilm activity and could not only inhibit biofilm formation but also destroy mature biofilms. The in vivo antifungal efficacy of THA was confirmed in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Further studies revealed that THA could enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and regulate the transcription of several redox-related genes. Specifically, caspase activity and expression of CaMCA1, a caspase-encoding gene in C. albicans, were remarkably increased upon THA treatment. Consistent with this, in the presence of THA, the Camca1 null mutant displayed higher survival rates and reduced caspase activity compared to the wild-type or CaMCA1-reintroduced strains, indicating an important role of CaMCA1 in the antifungal activity of THA. Taken together, our results indicate that THA possesses excellent antifungal activity and may be a promising novel antifungal candidate. KEY POINTS: • THA exhibits activity against Candida species, including fluconazole-resistant isolates • THA inhibits biofilm formation and destroys mature biofilm • Elevated ROS production and CaMCA1-mediated caspase activity are involved in the antifungal mechanisms of THA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - ZhiWei Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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2
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Hałasa R, Mizerska U, Kula M, Krauze-Baranowska M. Screening Tests for the Interaction of Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis Extracts with Antibiotics against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Human Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:653. [PMID: 39061335 PMCID: PMC11274272 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
WHO (World Health Organization) reports from recent years warn about the growing number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, there is an urgent need to constantly search for new substances effective in the fight against microorganisms. Plants are a rich source of chemical compounds with antibacterial properties. These compounds, classified as secondary metabolites, may act independently or support the action of currently used antibiotics. Due to the large number of metabolites isolated from the plant kingdom and new plant species being studied, there is a need to develop new strategies/techniques or modifications of currently applied methods that can be used to select plant extracts or chemical compounds isolated from them that enter into positive, synergistic interactions with currently used antibiotics. One such method is the dual-disk synergy test (DDST). It involves the diffusion of active compounds in the agar environment and influencing the growth of microorganisms grown on it. The method was used to assess the interaction of extracts from the fruit and shoots of some cultivated varieties of Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis with selected antibiotics. The research was conducted on strains of bacteria pathogenic to humans, including Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, and Candida albicans, showing synergy, antagonism, or lack of interaction of the tested substances-plant extract and antibiotic. As a result, it was found that the diffusion method is useful in screening tests to assess the impact of antibiotic-herbal substance interactions on Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hałasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Urszula Mizerska
- Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marta Kula
- Moderna Poland sp.zoo, Rondo Ignacego Daszyńskiego 1, 00-843 Warszawa, Poland;
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Almeida-Bezerra JW, Pereira da Cruz R, Bezerra da Silva V, Da Silva Neto JX, Alves Lopes de Souza L, de Oliveira Bezerra de Sousa D, Monteiro Salgueiro Araujo N, Guimarães Gomes Silva R, Quefi B, Rau M, Andrade Rebelo R, Castro Dos Santos S, Everson da Silva L, Douglas Melo Coutinho H, Almeida Menezes S, Bezerra Morais-Braga MF, Morais de Oliveira AF. Exploring the Fluconazole-Resistance Modifying Activity and Potential Mechanism of Action of Fixed Oil from Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. (Caryocaraceae) against Candida Species. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301960. [PMID: 38196022 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. is used in the Chapada do Araripe region of Brazil for the treatment of genitourinary candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antifungal activity, reduction of fungal virulence, and the preliminary toxicity of the fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of C. coriaceum tested against three Candida yeasts. The oil was characterized by gas chromatography (GC-MS and GC-FID). Antifungal activity was assessed using the serial microdilution method. Additionally, the potential of the oil as an enhancer of fluconazole action was tested at sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC/8). The mechanism of action of C. coriaceum fixed oil was determined by evaluating the inhibition of morphological transition in Candida spp. The chemical composition of the fixed oil of C. coriaceum comprised both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Oleic (61 %) and palmitic (33 %) acids were the major constituents. Regarding its anti-Candida activity, the oil inhibited the growth of C. albicans (IC50 : 371 μg/mL) and C. tropicalis (IC50 : 830 μg/mL). Furthermore, the oil reversed the antifungal resistance of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, restoring the susceptibility to fluconazole and reducing their IC50 from 12.33 μg/mL and 362 μg/mL to 0.22 μg/mL and 13.93 μg/mL, respectively. The fixed oil of C. coriaceum completely inhibited the morphological transition of C. albicans and C. tropicalis at a concentration of 512 μg/mL, but exhibited limited low antifungal potential against C. krusei. The observed antifungal activity may be attributed to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the oil showed no toxic effect on the Drosophila melanogaster in vivo model. The fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of C. coriaceum emerge as a strong candidate for the development of new pharmaceutical formulations to treat infections caused by Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Weverton Almeida-Bezerra
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, s/n, Rua Professor Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira da Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, 1161, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, Crato, Ceará, 63.105-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, 1161, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, Crato, Ceará, 63.105-000, Brazil
| | - João Xavier Da Silva Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara'-UFC, s/n, Av. Humberto Monte, Fortaleza, 60.451-970, Brazil
| | - Larissa Alves Lopes de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara'-UFC, s/n, Av. Humberto Monte, Fortaleza, 60.451-970, Brazil
| | | | - Nadine Monteiro Salgueiro Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara'-UFC, s/n, Av. Humberto Monte, Fortaleza, 60.451-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Guimarães Gomes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara'-UFC, s/n, Av. Humberto Monte, Fortaleza, 60.451-970, Brazil
| | - Blasco Quefi
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Martinho Rau
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Rebelo
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Sarah Castro Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Everson da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Territorial Development, Coastal Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Matinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, 1161, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, Crato, Ceará, 63.105-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo Almeida Menezes
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, 9500, Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
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Bonincontro G, Scuderi SA, Marino A, Simonetti G. Synergistic Effect of Plant Compounds in Combination with Conventional Antimicrobials against Biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida spp. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1531. [PMID: 38004397 PMCID: PMC10675371 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal biofilm has increased antibiotic resistance and plays an essential role in many persistent diseases. Biofilm-associated chronic infections are difficult to treat and reduce the efficacy of medical devices. This global problem has prompted extensive research to find alternative strategies to fight microbial chronic infections. Plant bioactive metabolites with antibiofilm activity are known to be potential resources to alleviate this problem. The phytochemical screening of some medicinal plants showed different active groups, such as stilbenes, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenolics, flavonoids, lignans, quinones, and coumarins. Synergistic effects can be observed in the interaction between plant compounds and conventional drugs. This review analyses and summarises the current knowledge on the synergistic effects of plant metabolites in combination with conventional antimicrobials against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The synergism of conventional antimicrobials with plant compounds can modify and inhibit the mechanisms of acquired resistance, reduce undesirable effects, and obtain an appropriate therapeutic effect at lower doses. A deeper knowledge of these combinations and of their possible antibiofilm targets is needed to develop next-generation novel antimicrobials and/or improve current antimicrobials to fight drug-resistant infections attributed to biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Bonincontro
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Sarah Adriana Scuderi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Andreana Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
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Zapata-Zapata C, Rojas-López M, García LT, Quintero W, Terrón MC, Luque D, Mesa-Arango AC. Lippia origanoides Essential Oil or Thymol in Combination with Fluconazole Produces Damage to Cells and Reverses the Azole-Resistant Phenotype of a Candida tropicalis Strain. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:888. [PMID: 37754996 PMCID: PMC10532872 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is one of the most pathogenic species within the genus. Increased antifungal resistance has been reported, which is in part due to the organism's ability to form biofilms. In natural products derived from plants, such as essential oils (EOs) or their major components, there is significant potential to develop new antifungals or to both enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of conventional antifungals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combining an EO of Lippia origanoides or thymol with fluconazole on an azole-resistant C. tropicalis strain. Synergism was observed in the combination of fluconazole with the EO and with thymol, and minimal inhibitory concentrations for fluconazole decreased at least 32-fold. As a consequence of the synergistic interactions, mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced, and mitochondrial superoxide production increased. Alteration in nuclear morphology, cell surface, and ultrastructure was also observed. In conclusion, the synergistic interaction between L. origanoides EO or thymol with fluconazole reverted the azole-resistant C. tropicalis phenotype. These findings suggest that L. origanoides EO or thymol alone, or in combination with fluconazole, have the potential for development as antifungal therapies for this yeast, including resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Zapata-Zapata
- Academic Group of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Mauricio Rojas-López
- Group of Cellular Immunology and Immunogenetics (GICIG), Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Flow Cytometry Unit, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Liliana T. García
- Postgraduate Department of Infectious Disease, University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia; (L.T.G.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wendy Quintero
- Postgraduate Department of Infectious Disease, University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia; (L.T.G.); (W.Q.)
| | - María C. Terrón
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Scientific-Technical Central Units, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Scientific-Technical Central Units, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Ana C. Mesa-Arango
- Academic Group of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
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Luo Z, Lin Y, Zhou X, Yang L, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhou M, Jiang J, Wu J, Liu Z, Jing P, Zhong Z. Biomineral-binding liposomes with dual antibacterial effects for preventing and treating dental caries. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5984-6000. [PMID: 37503566 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic oral disease that results from the demineralization of dental hard tissues caused by the long-term interaction of various pathogenic factors in the human oral cavity. Although magnolol (Mag) and fluconazole (FLC) have shown promising antibacterial activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), their clinical application is limited due to hydrophobicity. In this study, we constructed biomineral-binding liposomes co-loaded with Mag and FLC (PPi-Mag/FLC-LPs) to overcome the hydrophobicity and achieve a dual antibacterial activity in the acidic microenvironment of caries. PPi-Mag/FLC-LPs were characterized by laser particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ability of PPi-Mag/FLC-LPs to bind hydroxyapatite was assessed in vitro using fluorescence microscopy and HPLC, while the antibacterial activity was examined by measuring drug effects on the acidogenicity, acid resistance, biofilm formation and survival of C. albicans and S. mutans. The pharmacodynamics of PPi-Mag/FLC-LPs was also evaluated in vivo in a rat model of dental caries. Mag and FLC were released rapidly from PPi-Mag/FLC-LPs in a pH-sensitive manner, and they bound effectively to hydroxyapatite, leading to a better antibacterial effect on C. albicans and S. mutans compared to free drugs or liposomes loaded with a single drug. PPi-Mag/FLC-LPs improved the medicinal properties of Mag and FLC and provided a rapid, pH-sensitive release of both drugs in vitro. PPi-Mag/FLC-LPs displayed good antibacterial activity in vivo, showing promise as a dual-drug delivery system for the prevention and treatment of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
- The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Lingling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Zerong Liu
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Zhongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Pei Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Zhirong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Luzhou City for Aging Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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Khan A, Moni SS, Ali M, Mohan S, Jan H, Rasool S, Kamal MA, Alshahrani S, Halawi M, Alhazmi HA. Antifungal Activity of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Candida albicans: An Updated Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:15-42. [PMID: 35249516 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220304143332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have been increasing continuously worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Fungi, regarded as eukaryotic pathogens, have many similarities to the host cells, which inhibit anti-fungal drug development progress. Various fungal model systems have been studied, and it was concluded that Candida spp. is the most common disease-causing fungus. Candida species are well known to cause infections not only in our mouth, skin, and vagina, but they are also a frequent cause of life-threatening hospital bloodstream infections. The morphological and developmental pathways of Candida have been studied extensively, providing insight into the fungus development. Candida albicans is known to be the most pathogenic species responsible for a variety of infections in humans. Conventional anti-fungal drugs, mainly azoles drugs available in the market, have been used for years developing resistance in C. albicans. Hence, the production of new anti-fungal drugs, which require detailed molecular knowledge of fungal pathogenesis, needs to be encouraged. Therefore, this review targets the new approach of "Green Medicines" or the phytochemicals and their secondary metabolites as a source of novel anti-fungal agents to overcome the drug resistance of C. albicans, their mechanism of action, and their combined effects with the available anti-fungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - M Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Huma Jan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar -190006, J&K, India
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Department of School Education, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 190001 J&K, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589. Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Halawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Ohiienko T, Kutsyk R, Kurovets L, Ohiienko S, Pyuryk Y. SCREENING OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS EXTRACTS FOR THE SYNERGISM WITH FLUCONAZOLE AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS AND CANDIDA TROPICALIS FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH DENTURE STOMATITIS. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:1615-1620. [PMID: 37622505 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202307115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To conduct a primary screening of the ability of aqueous-ethanol extracts of medicinal plants to enhance the effect of fluconazole against resistant strains of Candida sp. associated with denture stomatitis, to justify the potential use of combined antifungal therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: 40 biochemical tests using the VITEK 2 system with the use of VITEK 2 YST ID card (Biomerieux, France). The computer programs UTHSCSA ImageTool 2.0 and Microsoft Office Excel 2003 were used for statistical processing of the results. RESULTS Results: 114 extracts out of 166 studied ones (68.7 « 0.28%) showed direct antifungal activity in relation to C. tropicalis strain, 74 extracts (44.6 « 0.30%) turned out to be highly active (d IZ > 10 mm). Only 50 extracts out of 166 studied ones (30.1 « 0.28%) showed antifungal activity against C. albicans strain, 26 extracts (15.7 « 0.22%) were highly active (d IZ > 10 mm). Significant direct antifungal activity both against C. albicans strain and C. tropicalis strain was demonstrated by the extracts of the leaves of Sophora japonica, thallus of Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. (M.silvaticum Lindb.), herbs of Euphorbia amygdaloides L., Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh., Betonica officinalis L. s. l., flowers of Primula officinalis Hill., roots of Scrophularia nodosa L. CONCLUSION Conclusions: 1. Aqueous-ethanolic extracts of medicinal and aromatic plants of Ukrainian flora have direct antifungal activity against azole resistant C. albicans and C. tropicalis (44,6«0,30% and 15,7«0,22% of tested extracts respectively) associated with denture stomatitis as well restore their sensitivity to fluconazole (44,6«0,30% and 15,7«0,22% of extracts respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Ohiienko
- IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, IVANO-FRANKIVSK, UKRAINE
| | - Roman Kutsyk
- IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, IVANO-FRANKIVSK, UKRAINE
| | - Lesia Kurovets
- IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, IVANO-FRANKIVSK, UKRAINE
| | | | - Yaroslav Pyuryk
- IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, IVANO-FRANKIVSK, UKRAINE
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9
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Solanum elaeagnifolium Var. Obtusifolium (Dunal) Dunal: Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activities of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts Chemically Characterized by Use of In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248688. [PMID: 36557821 PMCID: PMC9783650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was designed to study the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of fruits (SFr) and leaf (SF) extracts from Solanum elaeagnifolium var. obtusifolium (Dunal) Dunal (S. elaeagnifolium). The chemical composition was determined using HPLC-DAD analysis. Colorimetric methods were used to determine polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant capacity was assessed with DPPH, TAC, and FRAP assays. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disk diffusion and microdilution assays against two Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-6633 and Bacillus subtilis DSM-6333) and two Gram (-) bacteria (Escherichia coli K-12 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC-29906), while the antifungal effect was tested vs. Candida albicans ATCC-1023. By use of in silico studies, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the studied extracts were also investigated. HPLC analysis showed that both fruits and leaf extracts from S. elaeagnifolium were rich in luteolin, quercetin, gallic acid, and naringenin. Both SFr and SF generated good antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 35.15 ± 6.09 μg/mL and 132.46 ± 11.73 μg/mL, respectively. The EC50 of SFr and SF was 35.15 ± 6.09 μg/mL and 132.46 ± 11.73 μg/mL, respectively. SFr and SF also showed a good total antioxidant capacity of 939.66 ± 5.01 μg AAE/and 890.1 ± 7.76 μg AAE/g, respectively. SFr had important antibacterial activity vs. all tested strains-most notably B. subtilis DSM-6333 and E. coli, with MICs values of 2.5 ± 0.00 mg/mL and 2.50 ± 0.00 mg/mL, respectively. SFr demonstrated potent antifungal activity against C. albicans, with an inhibition diameter of 9.00 ± 0.50 mm and an MIC of 0.31 ± 0.00 mg/mL. The in silico approach showed that all compounds detected in SFr and SF had high activity (between -5.368 and 8.416 kcal/mol) against the receptors studied, including NADPH oxidase, human acetylcholinesterase, and beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase.
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Gu L, Li C, Peng X, Lin H, Niu Y, Zheng H, Zhao G, Lin J. Flavopiridol Protects against Fungal Keratitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus by Alleviating Inflammation through the Promotion of Autophagy. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2362-2373. [PMID: 36283079 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a serious infectious keratopathy related to fungal virulence and excessive inflammatory responses. Autophagy exhibits a potent ability to resolve inflammation during fungal infection. This study aimed to investigate the protective function of flavopiridol in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis and explore its effects on autophagy. In our study, the corneas of the fungal keratitis mouse model were treated with 5 μM flavopiridol. In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with 200 nM flavopiridol before fungal stimulation. A. fumigatus was incubated with flavopiridol, and the antifungal activity of flavopiridol was detected. Our results indicated that flavopiridol treatment notably reduced clinical scores as well as cytokines expression of infected corneas. In infected RAW 264.7 cells, flavopiridol treatment inhibited IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression but promoted IL-10 expression. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that more autolysosomes were present in infected corneas and RAW 264.7 cells after flavopiridol treatment. Flavopiridol treatment notably upregulated the protein expression of LC3, Beclin-1, and Atg-7. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy) pretreatment counteracted the cytokine regulation induced by flavopiridol. Moreover, flavopiridol promoted the phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 cells. Flavopiridol also exhibited antifungal activity by restricting fungal growth and limiting fungal biofilm formation and conidial adhesion. In conclusion, flavopiridol significantly alleviated the inflammation of fungal keratitis by activating autophagy. In addition, flavopiridol promoted the phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 cells and exhibited antifungal function, indicating the potential therapeutic role of flavopiridol in fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yawen Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hengrui Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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11
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Fernandes GL, Vieira APM, Danelon M, Emerenciano NG, Berretta AA, Buszinski AFM, Hori JI, de Lima MHF, dos Reis TF, de Lima JA, Delbem ACB, da Silva SCM, Barbosa DB. Pomegranate Extract Potentiates the Anti-Demineralizing, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Non-Alcoholic Mouthwash When Associated with Sodium-Fluoride Trimetaphosphate. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1477. [PMID: 36358132 PMCID: PMC9686636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-caries and anti-inflammatory effects of mouthwash formulations containing Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract (PPE), sodium-trimetaphosphate, and low concentrations of fluoride. PPE was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (ellagic acid and punicalagin). Total phenolics were quantified among formulations, and their stability was analyzed for 28 days. The formulation effects were evaluated as follows: (1) inorganic component concentration and reduced demineralization on bovine enamel blocks subjected to pH cycling; (2) anti-biofilm effect on dual-biofilms of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 treated for 1 and 10 min, respectively; and (3) cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). The formulation containing 3% PPE, 0.3% sodium-trimetaphosphate, and 225 ppm of fluoride resulted in a 34.5% surface hardness loss; a 13% (treated for 1 min) and 36% (treated for 10 min) biofilm reduction in S. mutans; a 26% (1 min) and 36% (10 min) biofilm reduction in C. albicans; absence of cytotoxicity; and anti-inflammatory activity confirmed by decreased interleukin-6 production in mouse macrophages. Thus, our results provide a promising prospect for the development of an alcohol-free commercial dental product with the health benefits of P. granatum that have been recognized for a millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lopes Fernandes
- Graduate Program of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Miranda Vieira
- Graduate Program of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Danelon
- School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto—UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto 14096-039, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara Gonçalves Emerenciano
- Graduate Program of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Issa Hori
- Apis Flora Industrial and Comercial Ltd. Ribeirão Preto 14020-670, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mikhael Haruo Fernandes de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaila Fernanda dos Reis
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Barros Barbosa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Total Polyphenols Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaves of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. from Morocco. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134322. [PMID: 35807566 PMCID: PMC9268098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum elaeagnifolium is among the invasive plants of Morocco; studies on its chemical composition and biological activities are few in number in Morocco. S. elaeagnifolium has shown molluscicidal and nematicidal and cancer-inhibitory effects, anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity, and antibacterial activity. The objective of this research is to improve this plant and assess its antibacterial and antioxidant properties as well as its total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminium-trichloride method were used to determine TPC and TFC in hydro-ethanolic (HEE) and hydro-acetonic (HAE) leaf extract. Three assays were performed to determine the antioxidant activity: the DPPH test (radical 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), the FRAP test (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), and the TAC test. Disk diffusion and microdilution were used to test antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans. The hydro-ethanolic extract 2.54 ± 0.4 mg EAG/g has a greater polyphenol concentration than the hydro-acetonic extract 1.58 ± 0.03 mg EAG/g. Although the flavonoid content of the hydro-acetonic extract (0.067 ± 0.001 mg EQ/g) is larger than that of the hydro-ethanolic extract (0.012 ± 0.001 mg EQ/g), the flavonoid content of the hydro-ethanolic extract (0.012 ± 0.001 mg EQ/g). The DPPH values were IC-50 = 0.081 ± 0.004 mg/mL for hydro-ethanoic extract and 0.198 ± 0.019 mg/mL for hydro-acetonic extract, both extracts superior to BHT (0.122 ± 0.021 g/mL). While the FRAP assay showed a low iron-reducing power values for both extracts compared to BHT), the overall antioxidant activity of the two extracts was found to be considerable. The overall antioxidant activity of the hydro-ethanolic extract was 8.95 ± 0.42 mg EAA/g, whereas the total antioxidant activity of the hydro-acetonic extract was 6.44 ± 0.61 mg EAA/g. In comparison with the antibiotic Erythromycin, HAE and HEE from S. elaeagnifolium leaves demonstrated significant antibacterial action. HAE had the best inhibitory efficacy against Bacillus subtilis DSM 6333, with an inhibition diameter of 10.5 ± 0.50 mm and a MIC of 7.5 ± 0.00 mg/mL, as well as against Proteus mirabilis ATCC 29906, with an inhibitory diameter of 8.25 ± 0.75 mm and a MIC of 15 ± 0.00 mg/mL.
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13
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Liberato I, Lino LA, Souza JK, Neto JB, Sá LG, Cabral VP, Silva CR, Cavalcanti BC, Moraes MO, Freire VN, Júnior HV, Andrade CR. Gallic acid leads to cell death of Candida albicans by the apoptosis mechanism. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:599-606. [PMID: 35354285 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of gallic acid (GA) against the strains of Candida spp. resistant to fluconazole and to determine its mechanism of action. Materials & methods: Antifungal activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution and flow cytometry techniques. Results: GA presented minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 16 to 72 μg/ml, causing alterations of the membrane integrity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species and externalization of phosphatidylserine. Conclusion: GA has potential antifungal activity against Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ito Liberato
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leticia A Lino
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juan Kd Souza
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Ba Neto
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Livia Gav Sá
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vitória Pf Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cecília R Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel O Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Valder N Freire
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vn Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Miranda-Cadena K, Marcos-Arias C, Perez-Rodriguez A, Cabello-Beitia I, Mateo E, Sevillano E, Madariaga L, Quindós G, Eraso E. In vitro and in vivo anti- Candida activity of citral in combination with fluconazole. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2045813. [PMID: 35251524 PMCID: PMC8896188 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2045813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of Candida to develop biofilms on inert surfaces or living tissues favors recalcitrant and chronic candidiasis associated, in many instances, with resistance to current antifungal therapy. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of citral, a phytocompound present in lemongrass essential oil, in monotherapy and combined with fluconazole against azole-resistant Candida planktonic cells and biofilms. The effect of citral combined with fluconazole was also analysed with regard to the expression of fluconazole resistance-associated genes in Candida albicans and the effectiveness of the combination therapy in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of candidiasis. Results Citral reduced biofilm formation at initial stages and the metabolic activity of the mature biofilm. The combination of citral with fluconazole was synergistic, with a significant increase in the survival of C. elegans infected with Candida. RNA analysis revealed a reduction of the expression of the efflux pump encoded by MDR1, leading to a greater effect of fluconazole. Conclusion Citral in monotherapy and in combination with fluconazole could represent an interesting therapy to treat recalcitrant Candida infections associated to biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Miranda-Cadena
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cristina Marcos-Arias
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aitzol Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iván Cabello-Beitia
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Mateo
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Sevillano
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lucila Madariaga
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Rizvi A, Ahmed B, Khan MS, El-Beltagi HS, Umar S, Lee J. Bioprospecting Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Enhancing the Biological Properties and Phytochemical Composition of Medicinally Important Crops. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041407. [PMID: 35209196 PMCID: PMC8880754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, medicinal plants have long been used as a natural therapy. Plant-derived extracts or phytochemicals have been exploited as food additives and for curing many health-related ailments. The secondary metabolites produced by many plants have become an integral part of human health and have strengthened the value of plant extracts as herbal medicines. To fulfil the demand of health care systems, food and pharmaceutical industries, interest in the cultivation of precious medicinal plants to harvest bio-active compounds has increased considerably worldwide. To achieve maximum biomass and yield, growers generally apply chemical fertilizers which have detrimental impacts on the growth, development and phytoconstituents of such therapeutically important plants. Application of beneficial rhizosphere microbiota is an alternative strategy to enhance the production of valuable medicinal plants under both conventional and stressed conditions due to its low cost, environmentally friendly behaviour and non-destructive impact on fertility of soil, plants and human health. The microbiological approach improves plant growth by various direct and indirect mechanisms involving the abatement of various abiotic stresses. Given the negative impacts of fertilizers and multiple benefits of microbiological resources, the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the production of biomass and their impact on the quality of bio-active compounds (phytochemicals) and mitigation of abiotic stress to herbal plants have been described in this review. The PGPR based enhancement in the herbal products has potential for use as a low cost phytomedicine which can be used to improve health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfa Rizvi
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India; (A.R.); (S.U.)
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
- Correspondence: (B.A.); (H.S.E.-B.)
| | - Mohammad Saghir Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Hossam S. El-Beltagi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Gamma St., Cairo 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (B.A.); (H.S.E.-B.)
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India; (A.R.); (S.U.)
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
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16
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Daniela SV, Gabriela OM, Andrea PM. A state-of-the-art review and prospective therapeutic applications of prenyl flavonoids as chemosensitizers against antifungal multidrug resistance in Candida albicans. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4251-4281. [PMID: 35139777 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220209103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in two or more drug classes. This phenomenon has been increasingly reported since the rise in the incidence of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients at the end of the last century. After the discovery of efflux pump overexpression as a principal mechanism causing MDR in Candida strains, drug discovery targeting fungal efflux transporters has had a growing impact. Chemosensitization aims to enhance azole intracellular concentrations through combination therapy with transporter inhibitors. Consequently, the use of drug efflux inhibitors combined with the antifungal agent will sensitize the pathogen. As a result, the use of lower drug concentrations will reduce possible adverse effects on the host. Through an extensive revision of the literature, this review aims to provide an exhaustive and critical analysis of the studies carried out in the past two decades, regarding the chemosensitization strategy to cope with multidrug resistance in C. albicans. This work provides a deep analysis of the research about the inhibition of drug-efflux membrane transporters by prenylated flavonoids and the interactions of these phytocompounds with azole antifungals as an approach to chemosensitize multidrug-resistant C. albicans strains. We highlight the importance of prenylflavonoids and their particular chemical and pharmacological characteristics that make them excellent candidates with therapeutic potential as chemosensitizers. Finally, we propose the need for further research of prenyl flavonoids as inhibitors of drug-efflux mediated fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi V Daniela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ortega María Gabriela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Peralta Mariana Andrea
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Tang J, Huang X, Cao MH, Wang Z, Yu Z, Yan Y, Huang JP, Wang L, Huang SX. Mono-/Bis-Alkenoic Acid Derivatives From an Endophytic Fungus Scopulariopsis candelabrum and Their Antifungal Activity. Front Chem 2022; 9:812564. [PMID: 35087795 PMCID: PMC8787343 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.812564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During a screening for antifungal secondary metabolites, six new mono-/bis-alkenoic acid derivatives (2–7) and one known alkenoic acid derivative (1) were isolated from an endophytic fungi Scopulariopsis candelabrum. Their chemical structures were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as comparisons with previously reported literatures. Among them, fusariumesters C‒F (2–5) are bis-alkenoic acid derivatives dimerized by an ester bond, while acetylfusaridioic acid A (6) and fusaridioic acid D (7) are alkenoic acid monomers. All the isolates were submitted to an antifungal assay against Candida albicans and the corn pathogen Exserohilum turcicum using the filter paper agar diffusion method. As a result, only compound 1 decorating with β-lactone ring turned out to be active against these two tested fungi. The broth microdilution assay against Candida albicans showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1 to be 20 μg/ml, while the minimum inhibitory concentration value of the positive control (naystatin) was 10 μg/ml. And the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (21.23 μg/ml) of 1 against Exserohilum turcicum was determined by analyzing its inhibition effect on the mycelial growth, using cycloheximide (IC50 = 46.70 μg/ml) as the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueshuang Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ming-Hang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Sheng-Xiong Huang,
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Sheng-Xiong Huang,
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18
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Chaves-Carballo K, Lamoureux GV, Perez AL, Bella Cruz A, Cechinel Filho V. Novel one-pot synthesis of a library of 2-aryloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. Determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18507-18523. [PMID: 35799928 PMCID: PMC9218966 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new antibiotics and inexpensive antifungals is an important field of research. Based on the privileged pharmacophore of lawsone, a series of phenolic ether derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone were synthesized easily in one step in reasonable yields. All the new compounds were characterized and tested as potential antifungal and antibacterial agents against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Compound 55 has significant antibacterial action (as good as or better than the controls) against E. coli and S. aureus. Against C. albicans, compounds 38, 46, 47 and 60 were the best candidates as antifungals. Using a qualitative structure–activity analysis, a correlation between molar mass and antimicrobial activity was identified, regardless of the substituent group on the phenolic moiety, except for 55 and 63, where electronic effects seem more important. An in silico evaluation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) for 37, 50, 55 and 63 was made, indicating that the classic Lipinski's rule of five applies in all cases. The development of new antibiotics and inexpensive antifungals is an important field of research. Based on the privileged pharmacophore of lawsone, a series of phenolic ether derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone were synthesized easily in one step in reasonable yields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chaves-Carballo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales and Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guy V. Lamoureux
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales and Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alice L. Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales and Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandre Bella Cruz
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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19
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Fabri RL, Freitas JCO, Lemos ASO, Campos LM, Diniz IOM, Pinto NCC, Silva TP, Palazzi C, Marchesini P, Monteiro C, Barbosa AF, Carvalho MG, Chedier LM, Araújo MGF, Apolônio ACM, Rocha VN, Melo RCN, Pinto PF. Spilanthol as a promising antifungal alkylamide for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1210-1224. [PMID: 34468763 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spilanthol is a bioactive alkylamide from the native Amazon plant species, Acmella oleracea. However, antifungal activities of spilanthol and its application to the therapeutic treatment of candidiasis remain to be explored. This study sought to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of spilanthol previously isolated from A. oleracea (spilanthol(AcO)) against Candida albicans ATCC® 10231™, a multidrug-resistant fungal strain. Microdilution methods were used to determine inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of spilanthol(AcO). In planktonic cultures, the fungal growth kinetics, yeast cell metabolic activity, cell membrane permeability and cell wall integrity were investigated. The effect of spilanthol(AcO) on the proliferation and adhesion of fungal biofilms was evaluated by whole slide imaging and scanning electron microscopy. The biochemical composition of the biofilm matrix was also analyzed. In parallel, spilanthol(AcO) was tested in vivo in an experimental vulvovaginal candidiasis model. Our in vitro analyses in C. albicans planktonic cultures detected a significant inhibitory effect of spilanthol(AcO), which affects both yeast cell membrane and cell wall integrity, interfering with the fungus growth. C. albicans biofilm proliferation and adhesion, as well as, carbohydrates and DNA in biofilm matrix were reduced after spilanthol(AcO) treatment. Moreover, infected rats treated with spilanthol(AcO) showed consistent reduction of both fungal burden and inflammatory processes compared to the untreated animals. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that spilanthol(AcO) is an bioactive compound against planktonic and biofilm forms of a multidrug resistant C. albicans strain. Furthermore, spilanthol(AcO) can be potentially considered for therapeutical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans. LAY SUMMARY This study sought to evaluate the antifungal activity of spilanthol against Candida albicans ATCC® 10 231™, a multidrug-resistant fungal strain. Our findings demonstrated that spilanthol(AcO) can be potentially considered for therapeutical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo L Fabri
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Jhamine C O Freitas
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ari S O Lemos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lara M Campos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Irley O M Diniz
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Nícolas C C Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Palazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Post-graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 323897-970, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, CEP 374690-000, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Alan F Barbosa
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, CEP 378890-000, Sorriso, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário G Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 323897-970, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Chedier
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G F Araújo
- Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, CEP 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M Apolônio
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Imunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius N Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila F Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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20
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Jothi R, Sangavi R, Kumar P, Pandian SK, Gowrishankar S. Catechol thwarts virulent dimorphism in Candida albicans and potentiates the antifungal efficacy of azoles and polyenes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21049. [PMID: 34702898 PMCID: PMC8548306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was deliberately focused to explore the antivirulence efficacy of a plant allelochemical-catechol against Candida albicans, and attempts were made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms as well. Catechol at its sub-MIC concentrations (2-256 μg/mL) exhibited a dose dependent biofilm as well as hyphal inhibitory efficacies, which were ascertained through both light and fluorescence microscopic analyses. Further, sub-MICs of catechol displayed remarkable antivirulence efficacy, as it substantially inhibited C. albicans' virulence enzymes i.e. secreted hydrolases. Notably, FTIR analysis divulged the potency of catechol in effective loosening of C. albicans' exopolymeric matrix, which was further reinforced using EPS quantification assay. Although, catechol at BIC (256 μg/mL) did not disrupt the mature biofilms of C. albicans, their initial adherence was significantly impeded by reducing their hydrophobic nature. Besides, FTIR analysis also unveiled the ability of catechol in enhancing the production of farnesol-a metabolite of C. albicans, whose accumulation naturally blocks yeast-hyphal transition. The qPCR data showed significant down-regulation of candidate genes viz., RAS1, HWP1 and ALS3 which are the key targets of Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway -the pathway that contribute for C. albicans' pathogenesis. Interestingly, the up-regulation of TUP1 (a gene responsible for farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition) during catechol exposure strengthen the speculation of catechol triggered farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition. Furthermore, catechol profusely enhanced the fungicidal efficacy of certain known antifungal agent's viz., azoles (ketoconazole and miconazole) and polyenes (amphotericin-B and nystatin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Ravichellam Sangavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | | | - Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India.
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21
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Synergistic effect of thymoquinone and nystatin in the treatment of oral candidiasis; an in vitro study. Odontology 2021; 110:330-337. [PMID: 34657217 PMCID: PMC8522115 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of antifungal agents may be insufficient against resistant strains in some cases of oral candidiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of thymoquinone against Candidaalbicans, Candidatropicalis, Candidaglabrata and Candidakrusei strains and the synergistic antifungal activity of these strains in combination with nystatin. To evaluate in vitro antifungal activity and interactions between thymoquinone and nystatin, substances were tested against Candidaalbicans ATCC 10,231, C.tropicalis ATCC 750, C.krusei ATCC 6258 and C.glabrata ATCC 2001 standard strains both individually and combinationally via microdilution method. MIC and ΣFIC index value were analysed. The Kruskal Wallis test and Bonferroni test were used for statistical evaluations. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean ranks of all Candida species and doses of thymoquinone, nystatin, and the combination thymoquinone-nystatin (p < 0.05). MIC values for thymoquinone were determined as 15 μg/mL for C.albicans, C.tropicalis and C.krusei while it was 30 μg/mL for C.glabrata. Moreover, MIC for nystatin was found as 1.875 μg/mL for C.albicans, C.tropicalis and C.krusei, whereas it was 7.5 μg/mL in C. glabrata. Interaction assays and ΣFIC index value revealed that, TQ and nystatin have a synergistic effect against to all strains. Thymoquinone was found to have antifungal activity on Candida species and synergistic effect when combined with nystatin.
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22
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Antibiofilm Potential of Medicinal Plants against Candida spp. Oral Biofilms: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091142. [PMID: 34572724 PMCID: PMC8464735 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products to promote health is as old as human civilization. In recent years, the perception of natural products derived from plants as abundant sources of biologically active compounds has driven their exploitation towards the search for new chemical products that can lead to further pharmaceutical formulations. Candida fungi, being opportunistic pathogens, increase their virulence by acquiring resistance to conventional antimicrobials, triggering diseases, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. They are also pointed to as the main pathogens responsible for most fungal infections of the oral cavity. This increased resistance to conventional synthetic antimicrobials has driven the search for new molecules present in plant extracts, which have been widely explored as alternative agents in the prevention and treatment of infections. This review aims to provide a critical view and scope of the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of several medicinal plants, revealing species with inhibition/reduction effects on the biofilm formed by Candida spp. in the oral cavity. The most promising plant extracts in fighting oral biofilm, given their high capacity to reduce it to low concentrations were the essential oils extracted from Allium sativum L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.
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23
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Sun FJ, Li M, Gu L, Wang ML, Yang MH. Recent progress on anti-Candida natural products. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:561-579. [PMID: 34419257 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida is an intractable life-threatening pathogen. Candida infection is extremely difficult to eradicate, and thus is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Morevover, the rapid spread of drug-resistant fungi has led to significant decreases in the therapeutic effects of clinical drugs. New anti-Candida agents are urgently needed to solve the complicated medical problem. Natural products with intricate structures have attracted great attention of researchers who make every endeavor to discover leading compounds for antifungal agents. Their novel mechanisms and diverse modes of action expand the variety of fungistatic agents and reduce the emergence of drug resistance. In recent decades, considerable effort has been devoted to finding unique antifungal agents from nature and revealing their unusual mechanisms, which results in important progress on the development of new antifungals, such as the novel cell wall inhibitors YW3548 and SCY-078 which are being tested in clinical trials. This review will present a brief summary on the landscape of anti-Candida natural products within the last decade. We will also discuss in-depth the research progress on diverse natural fungistatic agents along with their novel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Pyrogallol and Fluconazole Interact Synergistically In Vitro against Candida glabrata through an Efflux-Associated Mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0010021. [PMID: 33875436 PMCID: PMC8373228 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00100-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is currently the first or second most commonly encountered non-albicans Candida species worldwide. The potential severity of Candida resistance mandates the discovery of novel antifungal agents, including those that can be used in combination therapies. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro interactions of pyrogallol (PG) and azole drugs against 22 clinical C. glabrata isolates. The potential mechanism underlying the synergism between PG and fluconazole (FLC) was investigated by the rhodamine 6G efflux method and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR analysis. In susceptibility tests, PG showed strong synergism with FLC, itraconazole (ITC), and voriconazole (VRC), with fractional inhibitory concentration index values of 0.18 to 0.375 for PG+FLC, 0.250 to 0.750 for PG+ITC, and 0.141 to 0.750 for PG+VRC. Cells grown in the presence of PG+FLC exhibited reduced rhodamine 6G extrusion and significantly downregulated expression of the efflux-related genes CgCDR1, CgCDR2, and CgPDR1 compared with cells grown in the presence of PG or FLC alone. PG did not potentiate FLC when tested against a ΔCgpdr1 strain. Restoration of a functional CgPDR1 allele also restored the synergism. These results indicate that PG is an antifungal agent that synergistically potentiates the activity of azoles. Furthermore, PG appears to exert its effects by inhibiting efflux pumps and downregulating CgCDR1, CgCDR2, and CgPDR1, with CgPDR1 probably playing a crucial role in this process.
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25
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Wang Y, Lu C, Zhao X, Wang D, Liu Y, Sun S. Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of Asiatic acid alone and in combination with fluconazole against Candida albicans. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111568. [PMID: 33845374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection remains a challenge to clinicians due to the limited available antifungals. With the widespread use of antifungals in the clinic, the drug resistance has been emerging continuously, especially fluconazole. Therefore, searching for new antifungals, active constituents of natural or traditional medicines, and approaches to overcome antifungals resistance is needed. This study investigated the activity of Asiatic acid (AA) alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLC) against C. albicans in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro studies indicated that the drug combination had a synergistic effect on FLC-resistant C. albicans, with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.25. And when AA at the dose of 32 µg/mL, the drug combination group could decrease the sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (sMIC) of FLC from > 1024 µg/mL to 0.125-0.25 µg/mL within 8 h against C. albicans biofilms, even with the FICI > 0.5. In vivo, the antifungal efficacy of AA used alone and in combination with FLC was evaluated by Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) larvae. The drug combination group prolonged the survival rate and reduced tissue invasion of larvae infected with resistant C. albicans. Furthermore, mechanism studies indicated that the antifungal effects of AA in combination with FLC might be associated with the inhibition of drug efflux pump, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the inhibition of hyphal growth. These findings might provide novel insights for overcoming drug resistance of C. albicans and bring new reference data for the development and application of AA in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Decai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province 27100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Development and Characterization of Monoolein-Based Liposomes of Carvacrol, Cinnamaldehyde, Citral, or Thymol with Anti- Candida Activities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01628-20. [PMID: 33468460 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01628-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for novel drugs and new strategies for the therapy of invasive candidiasis. This study aimed to develop and characterize liposome-based nanoparticles of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, and thymol with anti-Candida activities. Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide- and monoolein-based liposomes in a 1:2 molar ratio were prepared using a lipid-film hydration method. Liposomes were assembled with equal volumes of liposomal stock dispersion and stock solutions of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, or thymol in dimethyl sulfoxide. Cytotoxicity was tested on RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vitro antifungal activity of liposomes with phytocompounds was evaluated according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) methodology using clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida tropicalis Finally, the ability of macrophage cells to kill Candida isolates after addition of phytocompounds and their nanoparticles was determined. Nanoparticles with 64 μg/ml of cinnamaldehyde, 256 μg/ml of citral, and 128 μg/ml of thymol had the best characteristics among the formulations tested. The highest encapsulation efficiencies were achieved with citral (78% to 83%) and carvacrol (66% to 71%) liposomes. Carvacrol and thymol in liposome-based nanoparticles were nontoxic regardless of the concentration. Moreover, carvacrol and thymol maintained their antifungal activity after encapsulation, and there was a significant reduction (∼41%) of yeast survival when macrophages were incubated with carvacrol or thymol liposomes. In conclusion, carvacrol and thymol liposomes possess high stability, low cytotoxicity, and antifungal activity that act synergistically with macrophages.
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27
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Shen J, Lu R, Cai Q, Fan L, Yan W, Zhu Z, Yang L, Cao Y. Mangiferin enhances the antifungal activities of caspofungin by destroying polyamine accumulation. Virulence 2021; 12:217-230. [PMID: 33404349 PMCID: PMC7801120 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1870079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has increased continuously in recent years. Caspofungin (CAS) is one of the first-line drugs for the treatment of systemic fungal infection. However, the emerging CAS-resistant clinical isolates and high economic cost for CAS administration hamper the wide application of this drug. Thus, the combined administration of CAS with other compounds that can enhance the antifungal activity and reduce the dose of CAS has gained more and more attention. In this study, we investigated the effect of mangiferin (MG) on the antifungal activities of CAS. Our results showed that MG acted synergistically with CAS against various Candida spp., including CAS-resistant C. albicans. Moreover, MG could enhance the activity of CAS against biofilm. The in vivo synergism of MG and CAS was further confirmed in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. To explore the mechanisms, we found that SPE1-mediated polyamine biosynthesis pathway was involved in the fungal cell stress to caspofungin. Treatment of CAS alone could stimulate SPE1 expression and accumulation of polyamines, while combined treatment of MG and CAS inhibited SPE1 expression and destroyed polyamine accumulation, which might contribute to increased oxidative damage and cell death. These results provided a promising strategy for high efficient antifungal therapies and revealed novel mechanisms for CAS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - RenYi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qing Cai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - LingZhi Fan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - WanNian Yan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - LianJuan Yang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. China
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28
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Liu Y, Ren H, Wang D, Zhang M, Sun S, Zhao Y. The synergistic antifungal effects of gypenosides combined with fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans via inhibiting the drug efflux and biofilm formation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Zhan L, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhu Y, Huan Y, Zhao G. Honokiol Reduces Fungal Load, Toll-Like Receptor-2, and Inflammatory Cytokines in Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:48. [PMID: 32347916 PMCID: PMC7401949 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterized the effects of Honokiol (HNK) on Aspergillus fumigatus-caused keratomycosis and the underlying mechanisms. HNK is known to have anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties, but the influence on fungal keratitis (FK) remains unknown. Methods In ex vivo, minimum inhibitory concentration and Cell Count Kit-8 assay were carried out spectrophotometrically to provide preferred concentration applied in vivo. Time kill assay pointed that HNK was fungicidal and fungistatic chronologically. Adherence assay, crystal violet staining, and membrane permeability assay tested HNK effects on different fungal stages. In vivo, clinical scores reflected the improvement degree of keratitis outcome. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay, flow cytometry (FCM), and immunohistofluorescence staining (IFS) were done to evaluate neutrophil infiltration. Plate count detected HNK fungicidal potentiality. RT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) verified the anti-inflammatory activity of HNK collaboratively. Results In vitro, MIC90 HNK was 8 µg/mL (no cytotoxicity), and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was 12 µg/mL for A. fumigatus. HNK played the fungistatic and fungicidal roles at 6 and 24 hours, respectively, inhibiting adherence at the beginning, diminishing biofilms formation, and increasing membrane permeability all the time. In vivo, HNK improved C57BL/6 mice outcome by reducing disease severity (clinical scores), neutrophil infiltration (MPO, FCM, and IFS), and fungal loading (plate count). RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA revealed that HNK downregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), IL-1β, and TNF-α. Conclusions Our study suggested HNK played antifungal and anti-inflammatory roles on keratomycosis by reducing survival of fungi, infiltration of leucocytes, and expression of HMGB1, TLR-2, and proinflammatory cytokines, providing a potential treatment for FK.
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Lemos ASO, Florêncio JR, Pinto NCC, Campos LM, Silva TP, Grazul RM, Pinto PF, Tavares GD, Scio E, Apolônio ACM, Melo RCN, Fabri RL. Antifungal Activity of the Natural Coumarin Scopoletin Against Planktonic Cells and Biofilms From a Multidrug-Resistant Candida tropicalis Strain. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1525. [PMID: 32733416 PMCID: PMC7359730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is one the most relevant biofilm-forming fungal species increasingly associated with invasive mucosal candidiasis worldwide. The amplified antifungal resistance supports the necessity for more effective and less toxic treatment, including the use of plant-derived natural products. Scopoletin, a natural coumarin, has shown antifungal properties against plant yeast pathogens. However, the antifungal activity of this coumarin against clinically relevant fungal species such as C. tropicalis remains to be established. Here, we investigated the potential antifungal properties and mechanisms of action of scopoletin against a multidrug-resistant C. tropicalis strain (ATCC 28707). First, scopoletin was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography from Mitracarpus frigidus, a plant species (family Rubiaceae) distributed throughout South America. Next, scopoletin was tested on C. tropicalis cultivated for 48h in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Fungal planktonic growth inhibition was analyzed by evaluating minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-kill kinetics and cell density whereas the mechanisms of action were investigated with nucleotide leakage, efflux pumps and sorbitol and ergosterol bioassays. Finally, the scopoletin ability to affect C. tropicalis biofilms was evaluated through spectrophotometric and whole slide imaging approaches. In all procedures, fluconazole was used as a positive control. MIC values for scopoletin and fluconazole were 50 and 250 μg/L respectively, thus demonstrating a fungistatic activity for scopoletin. Scopoletin induced a significant decrease of C. tropicalis growth curves and cell density (91.7% reduction) compared to the growth control. Its action was related to the fungal cell wall, affecting plasma membrane sterols. When associated with fluconazole, scopoletin led to inhibition of efflux pumps at the plasma membrane. Moreover, scopoletin not only inhibited the growth rate of preformed biofilms (68.2% inhibition at MIC value) but also significantly decreased the extent of biofilms growing on the surface of coverslips, preventing the formation of elongated fungal forms. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that scopoletin act as an effective antifungal phytocompound against a multidrug-resistant strain of C. tropicalis with properties that affect both planktonic and biofilm forms of this pathogen. Thus, the present findings support additional studies for antifungal drug development based on plant isolated-scopoletin to treat candidiasis caused by C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari S O Lemos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jônatas R Florêncio
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Nícolas C C Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Lara M Campos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Richard M Grazul
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Priscila F Pinto
- Protein Structure and Function Study Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Guilherme D Tavares
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Systems Development, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Elita Scio
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M Apolônio
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Imunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Fabri
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Sharma Y, Rastogi SK, Perwez A, Rizvi MA, Manzoor N. β-citronellol alters cell surface properties of Candida albicans to influence pathogenicity related traits. Med Mycol 2020; 58:93-106. [PMID: 30843057 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Candida albicans, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen, is attributed to several virulence factors. β-citronellol is a monoterpenoid present in several plant essential oils. The present study explores the antifungal potential and mode of action of β-citronellol against C. albicans ATCC 90028 (standard), C. albicans D-27 (FLC-sensitive), and C. albicans S-1 (FLC-resistant). Anti-Candida potential was studied by performing MIC, MFC, growth curves, disc diffusion, spot assay, and WST1 cytotoxic assay. Morphological transition was monitored microscopically in both solid and liquid hyphae inducing media. β-citronellol inhibits yeast to hyphal transition in both liquid and solid hyphae inducing media. It had a significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and secretion of extracellular proteinases and phospholipases. We showed that it has an adverse effect on membrane ergosterol levels and modulates expression of related ERG genes. Expression profiles of selected genes associated with C. albicans pathogenicity displayed reduced expression in treated cells. This work suggests that β-citronellol inhibits morphological transition in C. albicans and decreases the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes involved in the early stage of infection as well as modulates the expression of associated genes. Pleiotropic phenotype shown by β-citronellol treated Candida cells suggests various modes of action. Further studies will assess the clinical application of β-citronellol in the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Sharma
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Rastogi
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.,Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Ahmad Perwez
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah-30001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Liu J, Li Q, Wang C, Shao J, Wang T, Wu D, Ma K, Yan G, Yin D. Antifungal evaluation of traditional herbal monomers and their potential for inducing cell wall remodeling in Candida albicans and Candida auris. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:319-331. [PMID: 32410461 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1759559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional herbal monomers (THMs) are widely distributed in many traditional Chinese formulas (TCFs) and decoctions (TCDs) and are frequently used for the prevention and treatment of fungal infections. The antifungal activities of five common THMs, including sodium houttuyfonate (SH), berberine (BER), palmatine (PAL), jatrorrhizine (JAT) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN), and their potential for inducing cell wall remodeling (CWR), were evaluated against Candida albicans SC5314 and Candida auris 12372. SH/CIN plus BER/PAL/JAT showed synergistic antifungal activity against both Candida isolates. Furthermore, SH-associated combinations (SH plus BER/PAL/JAT) induced stronger exposure of β-glucan and chitin than their counterparts, while CIN triggered more marked exposure compared with CIN-associated combinations (CIN plus BER/PAL/JAT). Collectively, this study demonstrated the anti-Candida effect and the CWR induction potential of the five THMs and their associated combinations, providing a possibility of their in vivo application against fungal-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Kelong Ma
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dengke Yin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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Al Aboody MS, Mickymaray S. Anti-Fungal Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E45. [PMID: 31991883 PMCID: PMC7168129 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections is growing at an alarming pace and the pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. Recurrence of these fungal diseases is often due to their evolutionary avoidance of antifungal resistance. The development of suitable novel antimicrobial agents for fungal diseases continues to be a major problem in the current clinical field. Hence, it is urgently necessary to develop surrogate agents that are more effective than conventional available drugs. Among the remarkable innovations from earlier investigations on natural-drugs, flavonoids are a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many valuable effects on humans. The identification of flavonoids with possible antifungal effects at small concentrations or in synergistic combinations could help to overcome this problem. A combination of flavonoids with available drugs is an excellent approach to reduce the side effects and toxicity. This review focuses on various naturally occurring flavonoids and their antifungal activities, modes of action, and synergetic use in combination with conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Mickymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Riyadh Region, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
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Cinnamic Acid Conjugates in the Rescuing and Repurposing of Classical Antimalarial Drugs. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010066. [PMID: 31878190 PMCID: PMC6982862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acids are compounds of natural origin that can be found in many different parts of a wide panoply of plants, where they play the most diverse biological roles, often in a conjugated form. For a long time, this has been driving Medicinal Chemists towards the investigation of the therapeutic potential of natural, semi-synthetic, or fully synthetic cinnamic acid conjugates. These efforts have been steadily disclosing promising drug leads, but a wide chemical space remains that deserves to be further explored. Amongst different reported approaches, the combination or conjugation of cinnamic acids with known drugs has been addressed in an attempt to produce either synergistic or multi-target action. In this connection, the present review will focus on efforts of the past decade regarding conjugation with cinnamic acids as a tool for the rescuing or the repurposing of classical antimalarial drugs, and also on future perspectives in this particular field of research.
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Gong Y, Li S, Wang W, Li Y, Ma W, Sun S. In vitro and in vivo activity of chelerythrine against Candida albicans and underlying mechanisms. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1545-1557. [PMID: 31992072 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate whether chelerythrine (CHT) exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Materials & methods: Broth microdilution assay and Galleria mellonella model were used to evaluate the antifungal effect in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Mechanism studies were investigated by morphogenesis observation, Fluo-3/AM, DCFH-DA and rhodamine6G assay, respectively. Results: CHT exhibited antifungal activity against C. albicans and preformed biofilms with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 2 to 16 μg/ml. Besides, CHT protected G. mellonella larvae infected by C. albicans. Mechanisms studies revealed that CHT inhibited hyphal growth, increased intracellular calcium concentration, induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited drug transporter activity. Conclusion: CHT exhibited antifungal activity against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, WuXi People’s Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Siwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Weixin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taishan Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, 271000, PR China
| | - Yiman Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Wenli Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, Feicheng Mining Central Hospital, Feicheng 271608, PR China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
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Veilleux MP, Grenier D. Determination of the effects of cinnamon bark fractions on Candida albicans and oral epithelial cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:303. [PMID: 31703673 PMCID: PMC6839166 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis. It has also been reported to infect oral mucositis lesions in patients who suffer from cancer affecting the head and neck and who receive chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two cinnamon bark fractions, i.e., an essential oil and an aqueous extract enriched in proanthocyanidins (Cinnulin PF®) on growth, biofilm formation, and adherence properties of C. albicans as well as on oral epithelial cells (barrier integrity, inflammatory response). Methods A microplate dilution assay was used to determine antifungal and anti-biofilm properties. A fluorescent assay was used to determine C. albicans adherence to oral epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity toward oral epithelial cells was assessed by determination of cell metabolic activity. Tight junction integrity of gingival keratinocytes was assessed by determination of transepithelial electrical resistance. IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by TNFα-stimulated oral epithelial cells was quantified by ELISA. Results While Cinnulin PF® did not reduce C. albicans growth, the cinnamon bark oil exhibited high antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations in the range of 0.039 to 0.078%. The cinnamon oil was also active against a pre-formed C. albicans biofilm. Interestingly, Cinnulin PF® prevented biofilm formation by C. albicans and attenuated its adherence to oral epithelial cells. At their effective concentrations, the cinnamon oil and the Cinnulin PF® displayed no significant cytotoxicity against oral epithelial cells. In an in vitro model, both cinnamon fractions reinforced the integrity of the oral epithelial barrier. Lastly, Cinnulin PF® inhibited the secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by oral epithelial cells stimulated with TNF-α. Conclusion By their ability to attenuate growth, biofilm formation and adherence property of C. albicans, to reinforce the epithelial barrier function, and to exert anti-inflammatory properties the two cinnamon fractions (essential oil, Cinnulin PF®) investigated in the present study may be promising agents for treating oral infections involving C. albicans.
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Gong Y, Liu W, Huang X, Hao L, Li Y, Sun S. Antifungal Activity and Potential Mechanism of N-Butylphthalide Alone and in Combination With Fluconazole Against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1461. [PMID: 31312187 PMCID: PMC6614440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that may cause nosocomial fungal infections. The resistance of Candida albicans to traditional antifungal drugs has been increasing rapidly in recent years, and it brings a great challenge in clinical treatment. N-butylphthalide is originally extracted from the seed of Apium graveolens and is currently used for the treatment of ischemic stroke in the clinic. This study demonstrated that n-butylphthalide exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 128 μg/ml; moreover, n-butylphthalide combined with fluconazole showed synergistic antifungal effects against resistant Candida albicans, resulting in a decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole from >512 to 0.25–1 μg/ml. Time-killing curves verified the antifungal activity in dynamic. Besides, n-butylphthalide exhibited anti-biofilm activity against Candida albicans, biofilms preformed <12 h with sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations of 128–256 μg/ml and synergism was observed when n-butylphthalide combined with fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans biofilms preformed <12 h, resulting in a decrease in the sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole from >1,024 to 0.5–8 μg/ml. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal effects of n-butylphthalide were confirmed in vivo. N-butylphthalide prolonged survival rate of larvae infected by Candida albicans, reduced the fungal burden in larvae and caused less damage to larval tissues. Notably, n-butylphthalide inhibited hyphal growth and induced intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation and a loss in mitochondrial membrane potential, which was a potential antifungal mechanism. Besides, the synergistic effects between n-butylphthalide and fluconazole potentially relied on the mechanism that n-butylphthalide significantly promoted drug uptake, and suppressed drug efflux via down-regulating the drug transporter encoding genes CDR1 and CDR2. These findings demonstrated the antifungal effects and mechanisms of n-butylphthalide against Candida albicans for the first time, which might provide broad prospects for the identification of new potential antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First University, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yiman Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First University, Jinan, China
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Rodrigues AMS, Eparvier V, Odonne G, Amusant N, Stien D, Houël E. The antifungal potential of (Z)-ligustilide and the protective effect of eugenol demonstrated by a chemometric approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8729. [PMID: 31217530 PMCID: PMC6584663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mankind is on the verge of a postantibiotic era. New concepts are needed in our battle to attenuate infectious diseases around the world and broad spectrum plant-inspired synergistic pharmaceutical preparations should find their place in the global fight against pathogenic microorganisms. To progress towards the discovery of potent antifungal agents against human pathologies, we embarked upon developing chemometric approach coupled with statistical design to unravel the origin of the anticandidal potential of a set of 66 essential oils (EOs). EOs were analyzed by GC-MS and tested against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, MIC). An Orthogonal Partial Least Square (OPLS) analysis allowed us to identify six molecules presumably responsible for the anticandidal activity of the oils: (Z)-ligustilide, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, citral, thymol, and β-citronellol. These compounds were combined following a full factorial experimental design approach in order to optimize the anticandidal activity and selectivity index (SI = IC50(MRC5 cells)/MIC) through reconstituted mixtures. (Z)-Ligustilide and citral were the most active compounds, while (Z)-ligustilide and eugenol were the two main factors that most contributed to the increase of the SI. These two terpenes can, therefore, be used to construct bioinspired synergistic anticandidal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M S Rodrigues
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300, Cayenne, France
| | - Nadine Amusant
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France.
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Lei S, Zhao H, Pang B, Qu R, Lian Z, Jiang C, Shao D, Huang Q, Jin M, Shi J. Capability of iturin from Bacillus subtilis to inhibit Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4377-4392. [PMID: 30997554 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen that is difficult to cure clinically. The current clinic C. albicans-inhibiting drugs are very harmful to humans. This study revealed the potential of iturin fractions from Bacillus subtilis to inhibit C. albicans in free status (MIC = 32 μg/mL) and natural biofilm in vitro. The inhibition mechanism was identified as an apoptosis pathway via the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and the induction of nuclear condensation. For in vivo experiments, the C. albicans infection model was constructed via intraperitoneal injection of 1 × 108C. albicans cells into mice. One day after the infection, iturin was used to treat infected mice at different concentrations alone and in combination with amphotericin B (AmB) by intraperitoneal injection. The treatment with AmB alone could cause the death of infected mice, whereas treatment with 15 mg/kg iturin per day alone led to the survival of all infected mice throughout the study. After continuously treated for 6 days, all mice were sacrificed and analyzed. As results, the combination of 15 mg/kg iturin and AmB at a ratio of 2:1 had the most efficient effect to remove the fungal burden in the kidney and cure the infected mice by reversing the symptoms caused by C. albicans infection, such as the loss of body weight, change of immunology cells in blood and cytokines in serum, and damage of organ structure and functions. Overall, iturin had potential in the development of efficient and safe drugs to cure C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Lei
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Pang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ziyang Lian
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qingsheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Mendieta-Moctezuma A, Rugerio-Escalona C, Villa-Ruano N, Gutierrez RU, Jiménez-Montejo FE, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Correa-Basurto J, Cruz-López MC, Delgado F, Tamariz J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel chromonyl enaminones as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Da W, Shao J, Li Q, Shi G, Wang T, Wu D, Wang C. Physical Interaction of Sodium Houttuyfonate With β-1,3-Glucan Evokes Candida albicans Cell Wall Remodeling. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:34. [PMID: 30740095 PMCID: PMC6357593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commonly isolated opportunistic yeast and can endanger immune-compromised human health. As increasingly isolated strains present resistance to currently used antifungals, it is necessary to develop novel antimycotics. In a previous study, sodium houttuyfonate (SH) alone or in combination with fluconazole revealed relatively strong antifungal potential against C. albicans, and the underlying mechanism might be likely to be associated with β-glucan synthesis and transportation (Shao et al., 2017). In the present experiment, we used a standard C. albicans isolate and a phr1 mutant (phr1−/−) to investigate the interaction of SH with β-glucan, one of the critical components in cell wall and biofilm matrix. We showed that lyticase was the most effective enzyme that could significantly increase the antifungal inhibition of SH at 64 μg/mL in C. albicans SC5314 but became futile in phr1−/−. Although the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SH were comparable in the two Candida strains used, phr1−/− appeared to be more susceptible to SH compared with C. albicans SC5314 in biofilms (64 versus 512 μg/mL). The peak areas of SH decreased markedly by 71.6, 38.2, and 62.6% in C. albicans SC5314 and by 70% and 53.2% in phr1−/− by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis after co-incubation of SH with laminarin, extracellular matrix (EM) and cell wall. The chitin appeared to not interact with SH. We further demonstrated that sub-MIC SH (8 μg/mL) was able to induce cell wall remodeling by unmasking β-1,3-glucan and chitin in both C. albicans SC5314 and phr1−/−. Based on these findings, we propose that β-1,3-glucan can block the entrance of SH through non-specific absorption, and then the fungus senses the interaction of SH with β-1,3-glucan and exposes more β-1,3-glucan that contributes to SH blocking in turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Da
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Wang WX, Lei X, Ai HL, Bai X, Li J, He J, Li ZH, Zheng YS, Feng T, Liu JK. Cytochalasans from the Endophytic Fungus Xylaria cf. curta with Resistance Reversal Activity against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans. Org Lett 2019; 21:1108-1111. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xinxiang Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Lian Ai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Juan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
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Wang T, Shao J, Da W, Li Q, Shi G, Wu D, Wang C. Strong Synergism of Palmatine and Fluconazole/Itraconazole Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Candida Species and Efflux-Associated Antifungal Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2892. [PMID: 30559726 PMCID: PMC6287112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida [NAC] species are becoming a growing threat in immunodeficient population, people with long-term antibiotic treatment and patients enduring kinds of catheter intervention. The resistance to one or more than one conventional antifungal agents contributes greatly to the widespread propagation of Candida infections. The severity of fungal infection requires the discovery of novel antimycotics and the extensive application of combination strategy. In this study, a group of Candida standard and clinical strains including C. albicans as well as several NAC species were employed to evaluate the antifungal potentials of palmatine (PAL) alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLC)/itraconazole (ITR) by microdilution method, checkerboard assay, gram staining, spot assay, and rhodamine 6G efflux test. Subsequently, the expressions of transporter-related genes, namely CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, and FLU1 for C. albicans, CDR1 and MDR1 for Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis, ABC1 and ABC2 for Candida krusei, CDR1, CDR2, and SNQ2 for Candida glabrata were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The susceptibility test showed that PAL presented strong synergism with FLC and ITR with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) in a range of 0.0049-0.75 for PAL+FLC and 0.0059-0.3125 for PAL+ITR in planktonic cells, 0.125-0.375 for PAL+FLC and 0.0938-0.3125 for PAL+ITR in biofilms. The susceptibility results were also confirmed by gram staining and spot assay. After combinations, a vast quantity of rhodamine 6G could not be pumped out as considerably intracellular red fluorescence was accumulated. Meanwhile, the expressions of efflux-associated genes were evaluated and presented varying degrees of inhibition. These results indicated that PAL was a decent antifungal synergist to promote the antifungal efficacy of azoles (such as FLC and ITR), and the underlying antifungal mechanism might be linked with the inhibition of efflux pumps and the elevation of intracellular drug content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyue Da
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Badie H, Abbas H. Novel small self-assembled resveratrol-bearing cubosomes and hexosomes: preparation, charachterization, and ex vivo permeation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:2013-2025. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1508220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Badie
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy Abbas
- Pharmaceutics Department, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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45
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de Oliveira Santos GC, Vasconcelos CC, Lopes AJO, de Sousa Cartágenes MDS, Filho AKDB, do Nascimento FRF, Ramos RM, Pires ERRB, de Andrade MS, Rocha FMG, de Andrade Monteiro C. Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies: Mechanisms of Action for Traditional and Alternative Agents. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1351. [PMID: 30018595 PMCID: PMC6038711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida genus comprises opportunistic fungi that can become pathogenic when the immune system of the host fails. Candida albicans is the most important and prevalent species. Polyenes, fluoropyrimidines, echinocandins, and azoles are used as commercial antifungal agents to treat candidiasis. However, the presence of intrinsic and developed resistance against azole antifungals has been extensively documented among several Candida species. The advent of original and re-emergence of classical fungal diseases have occurred as a consequence of the development of the antifungal resistance phenomenon. In this way, the development of new satisfactory therapy for fungal diseases persists as a major challenge of present-day medicine. The design of original drugs from traditional medicines provides new promises in the modern clinic. The urgent need includes the development of alternative drugs that are more efficient and tolerant than those traditional already in use. The identification of new substances with potential antifungal effect at low concentrations or in combination is also a possibility. The present review briefly examines the infections caused by Candida species and focuses on the mechanisms of action associated with the traditional agents used to treat those infections, as well as the current understanding of the molecular basis of resistance development in these fungal species. In addition, this review describes some of the promising alternative molecules and/or substances that could be used as anticandidal agents, their mechanisms of action, and their use in combination with traditional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle C. de Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cleydlenne C. Vasconcelos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Alberto J. O. Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Allan K. D. B. Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Department of Information, Environment, Health and Food Production, Laboratory of Information Systems, Federal Institute of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo S. de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Flaviane M. G. Rocha
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Andrade Monteiro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
- Departmento de Biologia, Instituto Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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46
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Xu D, Yu G, Xi P, Kong X, Wang Q, Gao L, Jiang Z. Synergistic Effects of Resveratrol and Pyrimethanil against Botrytis cinerea on Grape. Molecules 2018; 23:E1455. [PMID: 29914082 PMCID: PMC6099729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the pathogen of gray mold disease affecting a wide range of plant hosts, with consequential economic losses worldwide. The increased frequency of fungicide resistance of the pathogen challenges its disease management, and thus the development of alternative control strategies are urgently required. In this study, we showed excellent synergistic interactions between resveratrol and pyrimethanil. Significant synergistic values were recorded by the two-drug combination on the suppression of mycelial growth and conidia germination of B. cinerea. The combination of resveratrol and pyrimethanil caused malformation of mycelia. Moreover, the inoculation assay was conducted on table grape and consistent synergistic suppression of the two-drug combination was found in vivo. Our findings first revealed that the combination of resveratrol and pyrimethanil has synergistic effects against resistant B. cinerea and support the potential use of resveratrol as a promising adjuvant on the control of gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lingwang Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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47
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Fluconazole inhibits cellular ergosterol synthesis to confer synergism with berberine against yeast cells. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 13:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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48
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Morales-Menchén A, Navarro-García F, Guirao-Abad JP, Román E, Prieto D, Coman IV, Pla J, Alonso-Monge R. Non-canonical Activities of Hog1 Control Sensitivity of Candida albicans to Killer Toxins From Debaryomyces hansenii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:135. [PMID: 29774204 PMCID: PMC5943613 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain yeasts secrete peptides known as killer toxins or mycocins with a deleterious effect on sensitive yeasts or filamentous fungi, a common phenomenon in environmental species. In a recent work, different Debaryomyces hansenii (Dh) strains isolated from a wide variety of cheeses were identified as producing killer toxins active against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. We have analyzed the killer activity of these toxins in C. albicans mutants defective in MAPK signaling pathways and found that the lack of the MAPK Hog1 (but not Cek1 or Mkc1) renders cells hypersensitive to Dh mycocins while mutants lacking other upstream elements of the pathway behave as the wild type strain. Point mutations in the phosphorylation site (T174A-176F) or in the kinase domain (K52R) of HOG1 gene showed that both activities were relevant for the survival of C. albicans to Dh killer toxins. Moreover, Hog1 phosphorylation was also required to sense and adapt to osmotic and oxidative stress while the kinase activity was somehow dispensable. Although the addition of supernatant from the killer toxin- producing D. hansenii 242 strain (Dh-242) induced a slight intracellular increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), overexpression of cytosolic catalase did not protect C. albicans against this mycocin. This supernatant induced an increase in intracellular glycerol concentration suggesting that this toxin triggers an osmotic stress. We also provide evidence of a correlation between sensitivity to Dh-242 killer toxin and resistance to Congo red, suggesting cell wall specific alterations in sensitive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morales-Menchén
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Navarro-García
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José P Guirao-Abad
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Prieto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ioana V Coman
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Song Z, Sun J, Deng P, Zhou F, Xu H, Wen Y, Teng F, Ge D, Feng R. Oligochitosan-pluronic 127 conjugate for delivery of honokiol. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:740-750. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1434785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Song
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jingjie Sun
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peizong Deng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yi Wen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fangfang Teng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
| | - Di Ge
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
| | - Runliang Feng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, PR China
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50
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Masood MM, Irfan M, Khan P, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Garrison J, Rehman MT, Abid M. 1,2,3-Triazole–quinazolin-4(3H)-one conjugates: evolution of ergosterol inhibitor as anticandidal agent. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39611-39625. [PMID: 35558055 PMCID: PMC9090800 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole–quinazolinone conjugates (5a–q) from ethyl 4-oxo-3-(prop-2-ynyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-2-carboxylate and phenyl azide/substituted phenyl azides employing Cu(i) catalysed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The corresponding acids (6a–q) were obtained by hydrolysis of esters (5a–q) to study the effect of these functionalities on the biological activity. All synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro anticandidal evaluation against Candia albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis strains. The results indicated that compound 5n showed potent anticandidal activity with IC50 in the range of 8.4 to 14.6 μg mL−1. Hemolytic activity using human red blood cells (hRBCs) and cytotoxicity by MTT assay on human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells revealed the non-toxic nature of the selected compounds. Growth kinetic study with compound 5n showed its fungicidal nature as no significant growth of Candida cells was observed even after 24 h. Cellular ergosterol content was determined in the presence of different concentrations of 5n to measure the activity of lanosterol 14α-demethylase indirectly. The results showed significant disruption of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway through inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase activity supported by docking studies (PDB: 5v5z). Overall, this study demonstrates the anticandidal potential of 5n which can serve as the lead for further structural optimization and SAR studies. The present study elicits the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole–quinazolinone conjugates (5a–q) as ergosterol inhibitors for Candida infections.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohammad Masood
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Parvez Khan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi
- India-110025
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jered Garrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- University of Nebraska Medical Center
- Omaha
- USA
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
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