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Farrar JE, Swanson JM, Hudson JQ, Byerly S, Filiberto DM, Dickerson RN. Validation of Two Scoring Tools to Predict Risk of Augmented Renal Clearance in Trauma Patients. J Surg Res 2024; 300:526-533. [PMID: 38875951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is prevalent in trauma populations. Identification is underrecognized by calculated creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate equations. Predictive scores may assist with ARC identification. The goal of this study was to evaluate validity of the ARCTIC score and ARC Predictor to predict ARC in critically ill trauma patients. METHODS This single center, retrospective study was performed at an academic level 1 trauma center. Critically ill adult trauma patients undergoing 24-h urine-collection were included. Patients with serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL, kidney replacement therapy, suspected rhabdomyolysis, chronic kidney disease, or inaccurate urine collection were excluded. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for ARCTIC Score and ARC Predictor were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were created for ARCTIC score and ARC Predictor models. RESULTS One-hundred and twenty-two patients with ARC and 78 patients without ARC were included. The ARCTIC score sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 89%, 54%, 75%, and 75%, respectively. The ARC Predictor demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 77%, 88%, 91%, and 71%, respectively. Regression analyses revealed both ARCTIC score ≥6 and ARC Predictor threshold >0.5 as significant risk factors for ARC in presence of traumatic brain injury, obesity, injury severity score, and negative nitrogen balance (ARCTIC ≥6: odds ratio 8.59 [95% confidence interval 3.90-18.92], P < 0.001; ARC Predictor >0.5: odds ratio 20.07 [95% confidence interval 8.53-47.19], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings corroborate validity of two pragmatic prediction tools to identify patients at high risk of ARC. Future studies evaluating correlations between ARCTIC score, ARC Predictor, and clinical outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Farrar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Joseph M Swanson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Joanna Q Hudson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Saskya Byerly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Regional One Health, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dina M Filiberto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Regional One Health, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Roland N Dickerson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
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2
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Roger C. Understanding antimicrobial pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients to optimize antimicrobial therapy: A narrative review. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2024; 4:287-298. [PMID: 39035618 PMCID: PMC11258509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Effective treatment of sepsis not only demands prompt administration of appropriate antimicrobials but also requires precise dosing to enhance the likelihood of patient survival. Adequate dosing refers to the administration of doses that yield therapeutic drug concentrations at the infection site. This ensures a favorable clinical and microbiological response while avoiding antibiotic-related toxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the recommended approach for attaining these goals. However, TDM is not universally available in all intensive care units (ICUs) and for all antimicrobial agents. In the absence of TDM, healthcare practitioners need to rely on several factors to make informed dosing decisions. These include the patient's clinical condition, causative pathogen, impact of organ dysfunction (requiring extracorporeal therapies), and physicochemical properties of the antimicrobials. In this context, the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials vary considerably between different critically ill patients and within the same patient over the course of ICU stay. This variability underscores the need for individualized dosing. This review aimed to describe the main pathophysiological changes observed in critically ill patients and their impact on antimicrobial drug dosing decisions. It also aimed to provide essential practical recommendations that may aid clinicians in optimizing antimicrobial therapy among critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Roger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes-Caremeau University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- UR UM 103 IMAGINE (Initial Management and prévention of orGan failures IN critically ill patiEnts), Faculty of Medicine, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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Razazi K, Berti E, Cecchini J, Carteaux G, Habibi A, Bartolucci P, Arrestier R, Gendreau S, de Prost N, Hulin A, Dessap AM. Decreased risk of underdosing with continuous infusion versus intermittent administration of cefotaxime in patients with sickle cell disease and acute chest syndrome. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302298. [PMID: 38635540 PMCID: PMC11025818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underdosing of antibiotics is common in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We hypothesized that in critically-ill patients with SCD receiving cefotaxime during acute chest syndrome, the continuous infusion may outperform the intermittent administration in achieving pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets. DESIGN Prospective before-after study. SETTINGS Intensive-care unit of a French teaching hospital and sickle cell disease referral center. PATIENTS Sixty consecutive episodes of severe acute chest syndrome in 58 adult patients with sickle cell disease. INTERVENTIONS Patients were treated with intermittent administration during the first period (April 2016 -April 2018) and with continuous infusion during the second period (May 2018 -August 2019). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We included 60 episodes of acute chest syndrome in 58 patients (29 [25-34] years, 37/58 (64%) males). Daily dose of cefotaxime was similar between groups (59 [48-88] vs. 61 [57-64] mg/kg/day, p = 0.84). Most patients (>75%) presented a glomerular hyperfiltration with no difference between groups (p = 0.25). More patients had a cefotaxime trough level ≥2 mg/L with continuous infusion than intermittent administration: 28 (93%) vs. 5 (16%), p<0.001. The median residual concentration was higher in the continuous infusion than intermittent administration group: 10.5 [7.4-13.3] vs. 0 [0-0] mg/L, p<0.001. No infection relapse was observed in the entire cohort. Hospital length of stay was similar between groups. CONCLUSION As compared to intermittent administration, continuous infusion of cefotaxime maximizes the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters in patients with SCD. The clinical outcome did not differ between the two administration methods; however, the study was underpowered to detect such a difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Razazi
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Enora Berti
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Jerome Cecchini
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
- Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Service de Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Adulte, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Guillaume Carteaux
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Anoosha Habibi
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Centre de Référence de la Drépanocytose, Créteil, France
| | - Pablo Bartolucci
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Centre de Référence de la Drépanocytose, Créteil, France
| | - Romain Arrestier
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Ségolène Gendreau
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Nicolas de Prost
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Anne Hulin
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Service de Biochimie, Créteil, 94010 France
| | - Armand Mekontso Dessap
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, F-94010, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CARMAS, Créteil, F-94010, France
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Gatti M, Cojutti PG, Pea F. Impact of attaining aggressive vs. conservative PK/PD target on the clinical efficacy of beta-lactams for the treatment of Gram-negative infections in the critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2024; 28:123. [PMID: 38627763 PMCID: PMC11020314 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis with the dual intent of assessing the impact of attaining aggressive vs. conservative beta-lactams PK/PD target on the clinical efficacy for treating Gram-negative infections in critical patients, and of identifying predictive factors of failure in attaining aggressive PK/PD targets. METHODS Two authors independently searched PubMed-MEDLINE and Scopus database from inception to 23rd December 2023, to retrieve studies comparing the impact of attaining aggressive vs. conservative PK/PD targets on clinical efficacy of beta-lactams. Independent predictive factors of failure in attaining aggressive PK/PD targets were also assessed. Aggressive PK/PD target was considered a100%fT>4xMIC, and clinical cure rate was selected as primary outcome. Meta-analysis was performed by pooling odds ratios (ORs) extrapolated from studies providing adjustment for confounders using a random-effects model with inverse variance method. RESULTS A total of 20,364 articles were screened, and 21 observational studies were included in the meta-analysis (N = 4833; 2193 aggressive vs. 2640 conservative PK/PD target). Attaining aggressive PK/PD target was significantly associated with higher clinical cure rate (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.15-2.49) and lower risk of beta-lactam resistance development (OR 0.06; 95% CI 0.01-0.29). Male gender, body mass index > 30 kg/m2, augmented renal clearance and MIC above the clinical breakpoint emerged as significant independent predictors of failure in attaining aggressive PK/PD targets, whereas prolonged/continuous infusion administration of beta-lactams resulted as protective factor. The risk of bias was moderate in 19 studies and severe in the other 2. CONCLUSIONS Attaining aggressive beta-lactams PK/PD targets provided significant clinical benefits in critical patients. Our analysis could be useful to stratify patients at high-risk of failure in attaining aggressive PK/PD targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pier Giorgio Cojutti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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Gatti M, Rinaldi M, Tonetti T, Siniscalchi A, Viale P, Pea F. Comparative Impact of an Optimized PK/PD Target Attainment of Piperacillin-Tazobactam vs. Meropenem on the Trend over Time of SOFA Score and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Infusion Monotherapy for Treating Documented Gram-Negative BSIs and/or VAP. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:296. [PMID: 38666972 PMCID: PMC11047331 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The advantage of using carbapenems over beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations in critically ill septic patients still remains a debated issue. We aimed to assess the comparative impact of an optimized pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment of piperacillin-tazobactam vs. meropenem on the trend over time of both Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and inflammatory biomarkers in critically ill patients receiving continuous infusion (CI) monotherapy with piperacillin-tazobactam or meropenem for treating documented Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) and/or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). (2) Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study comparing critically ill patients receiving targeted treatment with CI meropenem monotherapy for documented Gram-negative BSIs or VAP with a historical cohort of critical patients receiving CI piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy. Patients included in the two groups were admitted to the general and post-transplant intensive care unit in the period July 2021-September 2023 and fulfilled the same inclusion criteria. The delta values of the SOFA score between the baseline of meropenem or piperacillin-tazobactam treatment and those at 48-h (delta 48-h SOFA score) or at 7-days (delta 7-days SOFA) were selected as primary outcomes. Delta 48-h and 7-days C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), microbiological eradication, resistance occurrence, clinical cure, multi-drug resistant colonization at 90-day, ICU, and 30-day mortality rate were selected as secondary outcomes. Univariate analysis comparing primary and secondary outcomes between critically ill patients receiving CI monotherapy with piperacillin-tazobactam vs. meropenem was carried out. (3) Results: Overall, 32 critically ill patients receiving CI meropenem monotherapy were compared with a historical cohort of 43 cases receiving CI piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy. No significant differences in terms of demographics and clinical features emerged at baseline between the two groups. Optimal PK/PD target was attained in 83.7% and 100.0% of patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem, respectively. No significant differences were observed between groups in terms of median values of delta 48-h SOFA (0 points vs. 1 point; p = 0.89) and median delta 7-days SOFA (2 points vs. 1 point; p = 0.43). Similarly, no significant differences were found between patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam vs. meropenem for any of the secondary outcomes. (4) Conclusion: Our findings may support the contention that in critically ill patients with documented Gram-negative BSIs and/or VAP, the decreases in the SOFA score and in the inflammatory biomarkers serum levels achievable with CI piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy at 48-h and at 7-days may be of similar extent and as effective as to those achievable with CI meropenem monotherapy provided that optimization on real-time by means of a TDM-based expert clinical pharmacological advice program is granted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Siniscalchi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Jin Y, Ma H, Fu L, Qi X, Zhang M, Di X, Zheng L, He C, Wang Z. Quantification of meropenem in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in children with bacterial meningitis with augmented renal clearance by UPLC-MS/MS. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26132. [PMID: 38390088 PMCID: PMC10881352 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Meropenem is an ultrabroad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is often recommended for the treatment of bacterial meningitis (BM) in children. However, a subtherapeutic phenomenon occurred in BM children complicated with augmented renal clearance (ARC) at the recommended dose of meropenem. To support its pharmacokinetics, a sensitive, fast and robust ultra-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure meropenem concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method involved protein precipitation, and samples were diluted with a large proportion of water to eliminate solvent effects. The separation of samples was performed on a Waters Acquity™ BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm i.d., 1.7 μm) with a gradient profile. The mobile phases were formic acid-water (1:1000, v/v) and acetonitrile. The linear range was good, with a concentration range of 0.100-100 μg/mL for serum and 0.0400-20.0 μg/mL for CSF. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 8.0%, and the intra-day and inter-day accuracies varied -6.6% from 6.5% for the both serum and CSF. The selectivity, carry-over, dilution integrity, matrix effect, recovery and stability were validated according to international guidelines. The developed UPLC-MS/MS method successfully determined the meropenem concentrations in the serum and CSF of children with BM complicated with ARC. The results indicated that under the recommended dosing regimen (40 mg/kg every 8 h), the time to reach the effective treatment target of 50%T > MIC was only approximately 3 h and lower CSF concentrations of meropenem were observed in children with BM with ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongtu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Chongqi, China
| | - Lisha Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaohui Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiangjie Di
- Department of Pharmacy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cuiyao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Second Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhenlei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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7
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Cook AM, Hall K, Kolpek JH, Morbitzer KA, Jordan JD, Rhoney DH. Enhanced renal clearance impacts levetiracetam concentrations in patients with traumatic brain injury with and without augmented renal clearance. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:12. [PMID: 38166710 PMCID: PMC10759330 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ARC on levetiracetam concentrations during the first week following acute TBI. The hypothesis was levetiracetam concentrations are significantly lower in TBI patients with augmented renal clearance (ARC) compared to those with normal renal clearance. METHODS This is a prospective cohort pharmacokinetic study of adults with moderate to severe TBI treated with levetiracetam during the first week after injury. Serial blood collections were performed daily for analysis of levetiracetam, cystatin C, and 12-hr creatinine clearance (CrCl) determinations. Patients were divided into two cohorts: with (CrCl ≥130 ml/min/1.73 m2) and without ARC. RESULTS Twenty-two patients with moderate to severe TBI were included. The population consisted primarily of young male patients with severe TBI (mean age 40 years old, 68% male, median admission GCS 4). Each received levetiracetam 1000 mg IV every 12 h for the study period. ARC was present in 77.3% of patients, with significantly lower levetiracetam concentrations in ARC patients and below the conservative therapeutic range (< 6mcg/mL) for all study days. In patients without ARC, the serum concentrations were also below the expected range on all but two study days (Days 4 and 5). Four of the 22 (18.2%) patients exhibited seizure activity during the study period (two of these patients exhibited ARC). Cystatin C concentrations were significantly lower in patients with ARC, though the mean for all patients was within the typical normal range. CONCLUSIONS ARC has a high prevalence in patients with moderate to severe TBI. Levetiracetam concentrations after standard dosing were low in all TBI patients, but significantly lower in patients with ARC. This study highlights the need to consider personalized drug dosing in TBI patients irrespective of the presence of ARC. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at cliicaltrials.gov (NCT02437838) Registered on 08/05/2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02437838 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Cook
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Services UKHealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kaylee Hall
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jimmi Hatton Kolpek
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kathryn A Morbitzer
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7574, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - J Dedrick Jordan
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Denise H Rhoney
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7574, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Gatti M, Rinaldi M, Tonetti T, Siniscalchi A, Viale P, Pea F. Could an Optimized Joint Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment of Continuous Infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam Be a Valuable Innovative Approach for Maximizing the Effectiveness of Monotherapy Even in the Treatment of Critically Ill Patients with Documented Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales Bloodstream Infections and/or Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1736. [PMID: 38136770 PMCID: PMC10740629 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Piperacillin-tazobactam represents the first-line option for treating infections caused by full- or multi-susceptible Enterobacterales and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critically ill patients. Several studies reported that attaining aggressive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets with beta-lactams is associated with an improved microbiological/clinical outcome. We aimed to assess the relationship between the joint PK/PD target attainment of continuous infusion (CI) piperacillin-tazobactam and the microbiological/clinical outcome of documented Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) and/or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of critically ill patients treated with CI piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy. (2) Methods: Critically ill patients admitted to the general and post-transplant intensive care unit in the period July 2021-September 2023 treated with CI piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy optimized by means of a real-time therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided expert clinical pharmacological advice (ECPA) program for documented Gram-negative BSIs and/or VAP were retrospectively retrieved. Steady-state plasma concentrations (Css) of piperacillin and of tazobactam were measured, and the free fractions (f) were calculated according to respective plasma protein binding. The joint PK/PD target was defined as optimal whenever both the piperacillin fCss/MIC ratio was >4 and the tazobactam fCss/target concentration (CT) ratio was > 1 (quasi-optimal or suboptimal whenever only one or none of the two weas achieved, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for testing variables potentially associated with microbiological outcome. (3) Results: Overall, 43 critically ill patients (median age 69 years; male 58.1%; median SOFA score at baseline 8) treated with CI piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy were included. Optimal joint PK/PD target was attained in 36 cases (83.7%). At multivariate analysis, optimal attaining of joint PK/PD target was protective against microbiological failure (OR 0.03; 95%CI 0.003-0.27; p = 0.002), whereas quasi-optimal/suboptimal emerged as the only independent predictor of microbiological failure (OR 37.2; 95%CI 3.66-377.86; p = 0.002). (4) Conclusion: Optimized joint PK/PD target attainment of CI piperacillin-tazobactam could represent a valuable strategy for maximizing microbiological outcome in critically ill patients with documented Gram-negative BSI and/or VAP, even when sustained by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales. In this scenario, implementing a real-time TDM-guided ECPA program may be helpful in preventing failure in attaining optimal joint PK/PD targets among critically ill patients. Larger prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department for integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Siniscalchi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department for integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.); (M.R.); (T.T.); (P.V.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Gatti M, Rinaldi M, Laici C, Siniscalchi A, Viale P, Pea F. Role of a Real-Time TDM-Based Expert Clinical Pharmacological Advice Program in Optimizing the Early Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment of Continuous Infusion Beta-Lactams among Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients with Documented or Suspected Gram-Negative Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1599. [PMID: 37998801 PMCID: PMC10668725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objectives: To describe the attainment of optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients treated with continuous infusion (CI) beta-lactams optimized using a real-time therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided expert clinical pharmacological advice (ECPA) program during the early post-surgical period. (2) Methods: OLT recipients admitted to the post-transplant intensive care unit over the period of July 2021-September 2023, receiving empirical or targeted therapy with CI meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, or ceftazidime-avibactam optimized using a real-time TDM-guided ECPA program, were retrospectively retrieved. Steady-state beta-lactam (BL) and/or beta-lactamase inhibitor (BLI) plasma concentrations (Css) were measured, and the Css/MIC ratio was selected as the best PK/PD target for beta-lactam efficacy. The PK/PD target of meropenem was defined as being optimal when attaining a fCss/MIC ratio > 4. The joint PK/PD target of the BL/BLI combinations (namely piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, and meropenem-vaborbactam) was defined as being optimal when the fCss/MIC ratio > 4 of the BL and the fCss/target concentration (CT) ratio > 1 of tazobactam or avibactam, or the fAUC/CT ratio > 24 of vaborbactam were simultaneously attained. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for testing potential variables that were associated with a failure in attaining early (i.e., at first TDM assessment) optimal PK/PD targets. (3) Results: Overall, 77 critically ill OLT recipients (median age, 57 years; male, 63.6%; median MELD score at transplantation, 17 points) receiving a total of 100 beta-lactam treatment courses, were included. Beta-lactam therapy was targeted in 43% of cases. Beta-lactam dosing adjustments were provided in 76 out of 100 first TDM assessments (76.0%; 69.0% decreases and 7.0% increases), and overall, in 134 out of 245 total ECPAs (54.7%). Optimal PK/PD target was attained early in 88% of treatment courses, and throughout beta-lactam therapy in 89% of cases. Augmented renal clearance (ARC; OR 7.64; 95%CI 1.32-44.13) and MIC values above the EUCAST clinical breakpoint (OR 91.55; 95%CI 7.12-1177.12) emerged as independent predictors of failure in attaining early optimal beta-lactam PK/PD targets. (4) Conclusion: A real-time TDM-guided ECPA program allowed for the attainment of optimal beta-lactam PK/PD targets in approximately 90% of critically ill OLT recipients treated with CI beta-lactams during the early post-transplant period. OLT recipients having ARC or being affected by pathogens with MIC values above the EUCAST clinical breakpoint were at high risk for failure in attaining early optimal beta-lactam PK/PD targets. Larger prospective studies are warranted for confirming our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (P.V.); (F.P.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (P.V.); (F.P.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department for integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Laici
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Siniscalchi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (P.V.); (F.P.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department for integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (P.V.); (F.P.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Gatti M, Pea F. The expert clinical pharmacological advice program for tailoring on real-time antimicrobial therapies with emerging TDM candidates in special populations: how the ugly duckling turned into a swan. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:1035-1051. [PMID: 37874608 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2274984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The growing spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens makes the need of tailoring antimicrobial therapies by means of a 'patient-centered' approach fundamental. In this scenario, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of emerging antimicrobial candidates may be a valuable approach, but expert interpretation of TDM results should be granted for making them more clinically useful. The MD Clinical Pharmacologist may take over this task since this specialist may couple PK/PD expertise on drugs with a medical background and may provide expert interpretation of TDM results of antimicrobials for tailoring therapy on real-time in each single patient based on specific both drug/pathogen issues and patient issues. AREAS COVERED This article aims to highlight the main key-points and organizational aspects for implementing a successful TDM-based expert clinical pharmacological advice (ECPA) program for tailoring antimicrobial therapies on real-time in different hospitalized patient special populations. EXPERT OPINION TDM-based ECPA programs lead by the MD Clinical Pharmacologist may represent a way forward for maximizing clinical efficacy and for minimizing the risk of resistance developments and/or toxicity of antimicrobials. Stakeholders should be aware of the fact that this innovative approach may be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Legg A, Carmichael S, Chai MG, Roberts JA, Cotta MO. Beta-Lactam Dose Optimisation in the Intensive Care Unit: Targets, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050870. [PMID: 37237773 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-lactams are an important family of antibiotics used to treat infections and are commonly used in critically ill patients. Optimal use of these drugs in the intensive care unit (ICU) is important because of the serious complications from sepsis. Target beta-lactam antibiotic exposures may be chosen using fundamental principles of beta-lactam activity derived from pre-clinical and clinical studies, although the debate regarding optimal beta-lactam exposure targets is ongoing. Attainment of target exposures in the ICU requires overcoming significant pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) challenges. For beta-lactam drugs, the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to confirm if the desired exposure targets are achieved has shown promise, but further data are required to determine if improvement in infection-related outcomes can be achieved. Additionally, beta-lactam TDM may be useful where a relationship exists between supratherapeutic antibiotic exposure and drug adverse effects. An ideal beta-lactam TDM service should endeavor to efficiently sample and report results in identified at-risk patients in a timely manner. Consensus beta-lactam PK/PD targets associated with optimal patient outcomes are lacking and should be a focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Legg
- Menzies School of Health Research, Tiwi, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia
- Herston Infectious Diseases Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Sinead Carmichael
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Pharmacy, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Ming G Chai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Herston Infectious Diseases Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Pharmacy, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Menino O Cotta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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12
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Meenks SD, Punt N, le Noble JLML, Foudraine NA, Neef K, Janssen PKC. Target attainment and population pharmacokinetics of flucloxacillin in critically ill patients: a multicenter study. Crit Care 2023; 27:82. [PMID: 36869388 PMCID: PMC9982780 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Insufficient antimicrobial exposure has been associated with worse clinical outcomes. Reportedly, flucloxacillin target attainment in critically ill patients was heterogeneous considering the study population selection and reported target attainment percentages. Therefore, we assessed flucloxacillin population pharmacokinetics (PK) and target attainment in critically ill patients. METHODS This prospective, multicenter, observational study was conducted from May 2017 to October 2019 and included adult, critically ill patients administered flucloxacillin intravenously. Patients with renal replacement therapy or liver cirrhosis were excluded. We developed and qualified an integrated PK model for total and unbound serum flucloxacillin concentrations. Monte Carlo dosing simulations were performed to assess target attainment. The unbound target serum concentration was four times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ≥ 50% of the dosing interval (ƒT>4xMIC ≥ 50%). RESULTS We analyzed 163 blood samples from 31 patients. A one-compartment model with linear plasma protein binding was selected as most appropriate. Dosing simulations revealed 26% ƒT>2 mg/L ≥ 50% following continuous infusion of 12 g flucloxacillin and 51% ƒT>2 mg/L ≥ 50% for 24 g. CONCLUSION Based on our dosing simulations, standard flucloxacillin daily doses of up to 12 g may substantially enhance the risk of underdosing in critically ill patients. Prospective validation of these model predictions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Meenks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, P.O. Box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, VieCuri Medical Center, 5900 BX, Venlo, The Netherlands.
| | - Nieko Punt
- Medimatics, 6229 HR, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos L M L le Noble
- Department of Intensive Care, VieCuri Medical Center, 5900 BX, Venlo, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert A Foudraine
- Department of Intensive Care, VieCuri Medical Center, 5900 BX, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Neef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paddy K C Janssen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, VieCuri Medical Center, 5900 BX, Venlo, The Netherlands
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13
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Larsson AO, Hultström M, Frithiof R, Lipcsey M, Nyman U, Eriksson MB. Estimated glomerular filtration rates are higher when creatinine-based equations are compared with a cystatin C-based equation in coronavirus disease 2019. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2023; 67:213-220. [PMID: 36400740 PMCID: PMC10099776 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estimations of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are based on analyses of creatinine and cystatin C, respectively. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often have acute kidney injury (AKI) and are at increased risk of drug-induced kidney injury. The aim of this study was to compare creatinine-based eGFR equations to cystatin C-based eGFR in ICU patients with COVID-19. METHODS After informed consent, we included 370 adult ICU patients with COVID-19. Creatinine and cystatin C were analyzed at admission to the ICU as part of the routine care. Creatinine-based eGFR (ml/min) was calculated using the following equations, developed in chronological order; the Cockcroft-Gault (C-G), Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)1999, MDRD 2006, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), and Lund-Malmö revised (LMR) equations, which were compared with eGFR calculated using the cystatin C-based Caucasian Asian Pediatric Adult (CAPA) equation. RESULTS The median eGFR when determined by C-G was 99 ml/min and interquartile range (IQR: 67 ml/min). Corresponding estimations for MDRD1999 were 90 ml/min (IQR: 54); MDRD2006: 85 ml/min (IQR: 51); CKD-EPI: 91 ml/min (IQR: 47); and for LMR 83 ml/min (IQR: 41). eGFR was calculated using cystatin C and the CAPA equation value was 70 ml/min (IQR: 38). All differences between creatinine-based eGFR versus cystatin C-based eGFR were significant (p < .00001). CONCLUSIONS Estimation of GFR based on various analyses of creatinine are higher when compared with a cystatin C-based equation. The C-G equation had the worst performance and should not be used in combination with modern creatinine analysis methods for determination of drug dosage in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders O Larsson
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Hultström
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Frithiof
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miklos Lipcsey
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Nyman
- Division of Medical Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mats B Eriksson
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,NOVA Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Gatti M, Pea F. Jumping into the future: overcoming pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic hurdles to optimize the treatment of severe difficult to treat-Gram-negative infections with novel beta-lactams. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:149-166. [PMID: 36655779 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2169131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The choice of best therapeutic strategy for difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) Gram-negative infections currently represents an unmet clinical need. AREAS COVERED This review provides a critical reappraisal of real-world evidence supporting the role of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) optimization of novel beta-lactams in the management of DTR Gram-negative infections. The aim was to focus on prolonged and/or continuous infusion administration, penetration rates into deep-seated infections, and maximization of PK/PD targets in special renal patient populations. Retrieved findings were applied to the three most critical clinical scenarios of Gram-negative resistance phenotypes (i.e. carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales; difficult-to-treat resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii). EXPERT OPINION Several studies supported the role of PK/PD optimization of beta-lactams in the management of DTR Gram-negative infections for both maximizing clinical efficacy and preventing resistance emergence. Optimizing antimicrobial therapy with novel beta-lactams based on the so called 'antimicrobial therapy puzzle' PK/PD concepts may represent a definitive jump into the future toward a personalized patient management of DTR Gram negative infections. Establishing a dedicated and coordinated multidisciplinary team and implementing a real-time TDM-guided personalized antimicrobial exposure optimization of novel beta-lactams based on expert clinical pharmacological interpretation, could represent crucial cornerstones for the proper management of DTR Gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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15
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John G, Heffner E, Carter T, Beckham R, Smith N. Augmented Renal Clearance in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Observational Study. Neurocrit Care 2023; 38:35-40. [PMID: 35918629 PMCID: PMC9345739 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-022-01569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in many subsets of critically ill patients and is characterized by a creatinine clearance (CrCl) > 130 mL/min. Prior research has examined ARC prevalence in the presence of sepsis, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracranial hemorrhage. However, to our knowledge, no studies have examined whether this phenomenon occurs in patients suffering from an acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether patients experiencing an AIS exhibit ARC, identify potential contributing factors, and examine the precision of current renal clearance estimation methods in patients with AIS experiencing ARC. METHODS This was a single-center prospective observational study conducted in adult patients admitted to a neurocritical intensive care unit (ICU) at a community hospital. Once consent was gained, patients with an admitting diagnosis of an AIS underwent a 24-h urine collection to assess measured CrCl. The primary end point assessed for ARC, defined as a measured CrCl > 130 mL/min. The secondary end point evaluated length of stay in the neurocritical ICU. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients met enrollment criteria, and data was analyzed for 20 patients. ARC was present in 35% of enrolled patients. Mathematical estimations of renal function were inadequate in detecting ARC manifestation. Patients experiencing ARC were associated with nonsignificantly shorter ICU length of stay. CONCLUSIONS ARC appears to manifest in patients with AIS inconsistently. Patients experiencing ARC were associated with nonsignificantly shorter ICU length of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace John
- CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital - Tyler, 800 E. Dawson St., Tyler, TX, 75701, USA.
| | - Erika Heffner
- grid.417305.4CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital - Tyler, 800 E. Dawson St., Tyler, TX 75701 USA
| | - Tracy Carter
- grid.417305.4CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital - Tyler, 800 E. Dawson St., Tyler, TX 75701 USA
| | - Regan Beckham
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
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Brepoels P, Appermans K, Pérez-Romero CA, Lories B, Marchal K, Steenackers HP. Antibiotic Cycling Affects Resistance Evolution Independently of Collateral Sensitivity. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6884036. [PMID: 36480297 PMCID: PMC9778841 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic cycling has been proposed as a promising approach to slow down resistance evolution against currently employed antibiotics. It remains unclear, however, to which extent the decreased resistance evolution is the result of collateral sensitivity, an evolutionary trade-off where resistance to one antibiotic enhances the sensitivity to the second, or due to additional effects of the evolved genetic background, in which mutations accumulated during treatment with a first antibiotic alter the emergence and spread of resistance against a second antibiotic via other mechanisms. Also, the influence of antibiotic exposure patterns on the outcome of drug cycling is unknown. Here, we systematically assessed the effects of the evolved genetic background by focusing on the first switch between two antibiotics against Salmonella Typhimurium, with cefotaxime fixed as the first and a broad variety of other drugs as the second antibiotic. By normalizing the antibiotic concentrations to eliminate the effects of collateral sensitivity, we demonstrated a clear contribution of the evolved genetic background beyond collateral sensitivity, which either enhanced or reduced the adaptive potential depending on the specific drug combination. We further demonstrated that the gradient strength with which cefotaxime was applied affected both cefotaxime resistance evolution and adaptation to second antibiotics, an effect that was associated with higher levels of clonal interference and reduced cost of resistance in populations evolved under weaker cefotaxime gradients. Overall, our work highlights that drug cycling can affect resistance evolution independently of collateral sensitivity, in a manner that is contingent on the antibiotic exposure pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilo Andres Pérez-Romero
- Department of Information Technology and the Department of Plant Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram Lories
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Information Technology and the Department of Plant Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Pajot O, Lakhal K, Lambert J, Gros A, Bruel C, Boulain T, Garot D, Das V, Timsit JF, Cerf C, Souweine B, Chaffaut C, Mentec H, Zahar JR, Mira JP, Jullien V. Empirical Antibiotic Therapy for Gram-Negative Bacilli Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Observational Study and Pharmacodynamic Assessment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111664. [PMID: 36421308 PMCID: PMC9686941 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Strong evidence suggests a correlation between pharmacodynamics (PD) index and antibiotic efficacy while dose adjustment should be considered in critically ill patients due to modified pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and/or higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). This study aimed to assess pharmacodynamic (PD) target attainment considering both antibiotics serum concentrations and measured MICs in these patients. Method: A multicentric prospective open-label trial conducted in 11 French ICUs involved patients with Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) confirmed by quantitative cultures. Results: We included 117 patients. Causative GNBs were P. aeruginosa (40%), Enterobacter spp. (23%), E. coli (20%), and Klebsiella spp. (16%). Hence, 117 (100%) patients received β-lactams, 65 (58%) aminoglycosides, and two (1.5%) fluoroquinolones. For β-lactams, 83% of the patients achieved a Cmin/MIC > 1 and 70% had a Cmin/MIC > 4. In the case of high creatinine clearance (CrCL > 100 mL/min/1.73 m2), 70.4% of the patients achieved a Cmin/MIC ratio > 1 versus 91% otherwise (p = 0.041), and 52% achieved a Cmin/MIC ratio > 4 versus 81% (p = 0.018). For aminoglycosides, 94% of the patients had a Cmax/MIC ratio > 8. Neither β-lactams nor aminoglycosides PK/PD parameters were associated clinical outcomes, but our data suggest a correlation between β-lactams Cmin/MIC and microbiological success. Conclusion: In our ICU patients treated for GNB VAP, using recommended antibiotic dosage led in most cases to PK/PD targets attainment for aminoglycosides and β-lactams. High creatinine clearance should encourage clinicians to focus on PK/PD issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pajot
- Victor Dupouy Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, F-95100 Argenteuil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-134232455
| | - Karim Lakhal
- Service d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital Laënnec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - Jérome Lambert
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gros
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, André Mignot Hospital, F-78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - Cédric Bruel
- Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital Network, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Boulain
- Intensive Care Unit, Orleans Regional Hospital, 14 Avenue de L’Hôpital CS 86709, CEDEX 02, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Denis Garot
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
| | - Vincent Das
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal André Grégoire, F-93100 Montreuil, France
| | - Jean François Timsit
- AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Medical and Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit (MI2), F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Charles Cerf
- Intensive Care Unit, Foch Hospital, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Bertrand Souweine
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Réanimation Médicale, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cendrine Chaffaut
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Mentec
- Victor Dupouy Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, F-95100 Argenteuil, France
| | - Jean Ralph Zahar
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Prévention du Risque Infectieux, GH Paris Seine Saint-Denis, F-93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Jean Paul Mira
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Cochin University Hospital, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jullien
- Pharmacology Unit, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Jean Verdier, F-93140 Bondy, France
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18
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Egea A, Dupuis C, de Montmollin E, Wicky PH, Patrier J, Jaquet P, Lefèvre L, Sinnah F, Marzouk M, Sonneville R, Bouadma L, Souweine B, Timsit JF. Augmented renal clearance in the ICU: estimation, incidence, risk factors and consequences-a retrospective observational study. Ann Intensive Care 2022; 12:88. [PMID: 36156744 PMCID: PMC9510087 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-022-01058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Augmented renal clearance (ARC) remains poorly evaluated in ICU. The objective of this study is to provide a full description of ARC in ICU including prevalence, evolution profile, risk factors and outcomes. Methods This was a retrospective, single-center, observational study. All the patients older than 18 years admitted for the first time in Medical ICU, Bichat, University Hospital, APHP, France, between January 1, 2017, and November 31, 2020 and included into the Outcomerea database with an ICU length of stay longer than 72 h were included. Patients with chronic kidney disease were excluded. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated each day during ICU stay using the measured creatinine renal clearance (CrCl). Augmented renal clearance (ARC) was defined as a 24 h CrCl greater than 130 ml/min/m2. Results 312 patients were included, with a median age of 62.7 years [51.4; 71.8], 106(31.9%) had chronic cardiovascular disease. The main reason for admission was acute respiratory failure (184(59%)) and 196(62.8%) patients had SARS-COV2. The median value for SAPS II score was 32[24; 42.5]; 146(44%) and 154(46.4%) patients were under vasopressors and invasive mechanical ventilation, respectively. The overall prevalence of ARC was 24.6% with a peak prevalence on Day 5 of ICU stay. The risk factors for the occurrence of ARC were young age and absence of cardiovascular comorbidities. The persistence of ARC during more than 10% of the time spent in ICU was significantly associated with a lower risk of death at Day 30. Conclusion ARC is a frequent phenomenon in the ICU with an increased incidence during the first week of ICU stay. Further studies are needed to assess its impact on patient prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13613-022-01058-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Egea
- Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation, CHU Saint Antoine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claire Dupuis
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CHU Hôpital Gabriel-Montpied, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont Ferrand, France.
| | - Etienne de Montmollin
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,IAME UMR 1137, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Paul-Henry Wicky
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Patrier
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Jaquet
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Lefèvre
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, iCAN, Institut de Cardiologie, Sorbonne Université Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Sinnah
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Marzouk
- Réanimation Polyvalente/Surveillance Continue, Hôpitaux Publics de l'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Romain Sonneville
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR1148, Team 6, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Lila Bouadma
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,IAME UMR 1137, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Souweine
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CHU Hôpital Gabriel-Montpied, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- Medical and Infectious Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bichat-Claude, APHP, Paris, France.,IAME UMR 1137, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
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19
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Xu Y, Kong X, Zhu Y, Xu J, Mao H, Li J, Zhang J, Zhu X. Contribution of gut microbiota toward renal function in sepsis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:985283. [PMID: 36147845 PMCID: PMC9486003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.985283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis most often involves the kidney and is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury. The prevalence of septic acute kidney injury has increased significantly in recent years. The gut microbiota plays an important role in sepsis. It interacts with the kidney in a complex and multifactorial process, which is not fully understood. Sepsis may lead to gut microbiota alteration, orchestrate gut mucosal injury, and cause gut barrier failure, which further alters the host immunological and metabolic homeostasis. The pattern of gut microbiota alteration also varies with sepsis progression. Changes in intestinal microecology have double-edged effects on renal function, which also affects intestinal homeostasis. This review aimed to clarify the interaction between gut microbiota and renal function during the onset and progression of sepsis. The mechanism of gut–kidney crosstalk may provide potential insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Xu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueniu Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayue Xu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyun Mao
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiru Li
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Zhang,
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Xiaodong Zhu,
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20
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Ngougni Pokem P, Matzneller P, Vervaeke S, Wittebole X, Goeman L, Coessens M, Cottone E, Capron A, Wulkersdorfer B, Wallemacq P, Mouton JW, Muller AE, Zeitlinger M, Laterre PF, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Binding of temocillin to plasma proteins in vitro and in vivo: the importance of plasma protein levels in different populations and of co-medications. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2742-2753. [PMID: 36018077 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temocillin plasma protein binding (PPB) in healthy individuals is reported to be ∼85% but had not been studied in patients. OBJECTIVES To obtain normative data on temocillin PPB in patients in relation to infection and impact of co-medications widely used in ICU. METHODS Plasma was obtained from healthy individuals (Group #1), non-ICU patients with UTI (Group #2), ICU patients with suspected/confirmed ventriculitis (Group #3) or with sepsis/septic shock (Group #4). Total and unbound temocillin concentrations were measured in spiked samples from temocillin-naive donors (in vitro) or in plasma from temocillin-treated subjects (in vivo). The impact of diluting plasma, using pharmaceutical albumin, or adding drugs potentially competing for PPB was tested in spiked samples. Data were analysed using a modified Hill-Langmuir equation taking ligand depletion into account. RESULTS Temocillin PPB was saturable in all groups, both in vitro and in vivo. Maximal binding capacity (Bmax) was 1.2-2-fold lower in patients. At 20 and 200 mg/L (total concentrations), the unbound fraction reached 12%-29%, 23%-42% and 32%-52% in Groups #2, #3, #4. The unbound fraction was inversely correlated with albumin and C-reactive protein concentrations. Binding to albumin was 2-3-fold lower than in plasma and non-saturable. Drugs with high PPB but active at lower molar concentrations than temocillin caused minimal displacement, while fluconazole (low PPB but similar plasma concentrations to temocillin) increased up to 2-fold its unbound fraction. CONCLUSIONS Temocillin PPB is saturable, 2-4-fold lowered in infected patients in relation to disease severity (ICU admission, hypoalbuminaemia, inflammation) and only partially reproducible with albumin. Competition with other drugs must be considered for therapeutic concentrations to be meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrin Ngougni Pokem
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Steven Vervaeke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Delta Hospital, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Xavier Wittebole
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven Goeman
- Department of Urology, AZ Delta Hospital, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Marie Coessens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Delta Hospital, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Eleonora Cottone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Delta Hospital, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Capron
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Wallemacq
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan W Mouton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk E Muller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Pierre François Laterre
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Campassi ML, Repetto FG, Banegas Litardo DM, Castor R, Gómez G, Tiseyra B, Flores L, Ramirez I, Maspoli D, Báez J, Boroni I, Bertola R, Estenssoro E, Dubin A. Incidence and determinats of augmented renal clearance in traumatic brain injury: A prospective observational study. J Crit Care 2022; 70:154065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.154065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Schatz LM, Zoller M, Scharf C, Liebchen U. [Therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic models as a strategy for rational antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients]. DIE ANAESTHESIOLOGIE 2022; 71:495-501. [PMID: 35925054 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-022-01150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Antibiotic dosing in intensive care patients is complex due to pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations. The aim of this article is to illustrate the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and PK models to individualize antibiotic dosing. MATERIAL AND METHODS Guidelines and recommendations are discussed in the context of clinical practice and the prerequisites for routine TDM of different antibiotics are presented. In addition, the benefits and limitations of TDM are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of TDM and PK models are described and the resulting future options are presented. RESULTS In the clinical routine, the peak or trough concentrations of antibiotics in blood are measured depending on the antibiotic class. Prerequisites for a purposeful TDM are a coordinated blood sampling and a prompt reporting of findings. As target ranges are not uniformly defined following rules, dosage adjustments are difficult. The PK models offer a valid possibility to individualize the antibiotic therapy of intensive care patients. Areas of application are the calculation of the loading dose and the combination with TDM for treatment control. For whom and how often TDM is necessary and how it can best be combined with PK models or even replace them should be investigated in the future, in addition to evaluation of the optimal target area. CONCLUSION The routine use of TDM for antibiotics in intensive care patients is only effective under the abovementioned conditions. By combination with PK models the treatment could be optimized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Marie Schatz
- Institut für Klinische Pharmazie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Michael Zoller
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland
| | - Christina Scharf
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Liebchen
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
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23
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Hefny F, Sambhi S, Morris C, Kung JY, Stuart A, Mahmoud SH. Drug Dosing in Critically Ill Adult Patients with Augmented Renal Clearance. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:607-620. [PMID: 35763238 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon of enhanced renal function seen in critically ill patients. ARC alters the disposition of renally eliminated medications currently used in the intensive care unit, resulting in underdosing and potential therapy failure. Our review addresses the rising concern of inadequate dosing in patients with ARC by summarizing the currently available evidence. To our knowledge, this guide is the first to provide clinicians with dose recommendation insights for renally eliminated agents in adult critically ill patients with ARC. A comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global was conducted until 3 November 2021. Screening and data extraction were conducted in two steps: title and abstract screening followed by full-text review. Full text review resulted in a total of 51 studies included in this review. The results demonstrated the need for higher-than-standard doses for meropenem, imipenem, and vancomycin and reduced dosing intervals for ceftriaxone in patients with ARC. The potential need for increased dosing frequency in patients with ARC was also found for both enoxaparin and levetiracetam. In conclusion, ARC has been shown to influence the probability of target attainment in several medications requiring dosing changes to mitigate the risk of therapeutic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Hefny
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-142H, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Sukhvir Sambhi
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-142H, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Cassidy Morris
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-142H, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Janice Y Kung
- Public Services Librarian, John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anna Stuart
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-142H, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Sherif Hanafy Mahmoud
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-142H, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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24
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Association between Augmented Renal Clearance and Inadequate Vancomycin Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Targets in Chinese Adult Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070837. [PMID: 35884091 PMCID: PMC9312211 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the risk factors of augmented renal clearance (ARC) and the association between ARC and vancomycin pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices in Chinese adult patients. A prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted, and 414 adult patients undergoing vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) were enrolled. Clinical and PK/PD data were compared between ARC and non-ARC groups. Independent risk factors were examined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. The ARC and augmented renal clearance in trauma intensive care (ARCTIC) scoring systems were evaluated. Eighty-eight of the enrolled patients (88/414, 21.3%) had ARC before vancomycin therapy. Patients with ARC were more likely to have subtherapeutic vancomycin PK/PD indices, including trough concentration (p = 0.003) and 24 h area under the concentration−time curve (AUC24) to minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio (p < 0.001). Male sex (OR = 2.588), age < 50 years (OR = 2.713), overweight (OR = 2.072), receiving mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.785), enteral nutrition (OR = 2.317), neutrophil percentage (OR = 0.975), and cardiovascular diseases (OR = 0.281) were significantly associated with ARC. In conclusion, ARC is associated with subtherapeutic vancomycin trough concentration and AUC24/MIC; therefore, higher than routine doses may be needed. Risk factors and ARC risk scoring systems are valuable for early identification.
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25
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He C, Hu X, Li T, Wu Q, Fan J, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Hong S, Luo Y. Risk Factors Associated With Prolonged Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:904322. [PMID: 35800444 PMCID: PMC9253569 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.904322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the risk factors associated with a prolonged antibiotic course for community-acquired bacterial meningitis (BM) in children.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included children aged 1 month to 18 years with community-acquired BM due to a confirmed causative pathogen from 2011 to 2021. Patients were divided into an antibiotic prolongation group and a nonprolongation group according to whether the antibiotic course exceeded 2 weeks of the recommended course for the causative pathogen. Associations of important clinical characteristics and laboratory and other parameters with antibiotic prolongation were assessed using univariate and multivariable regression logistic analyses.Results: In total, 107 patients were included in this study. Augmented renal clearance (ARC) (OR, 19.802; 95% CI, 7.178–54.628; p < 0.001) was associated with a prolonged antibiotic course; however, septic shock, causative pathogen, preadmission antibiotic use, peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) WBC count, CSF glucose, CSF protein, and surgical intervention were not associated with the prolonged antibiotic course. Patients with ARC had more total fever days (median time: 14 vs. 7.5 days), longer hospitalization (median time: 39 vs. 24 days), higher rates of complications (72.34% vs. 50.00%) and antibiotic adjustments (78.723% vs. 56.667%) than patients with normal renal function.Conclusion: ARC is an independent risk factor for prolonged antibiotic use in children with community-acquired BM. ARC may be associated with longer fever and hospitalization durations, higher rates of complications and antibiotic adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingsong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jisan Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Hong
- Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyuan Luo,
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26
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Silva CM, Baptista JP, Santos I, Martins P. Recommended Antibiotic Dosage Regimens in Critically Ill Patients with Augmented Renal Clearance: A Systematic Review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gorham J, Taccone FS, Hites M. Ensuring target concentrations of antibiotics in critically ill patients through dose adjustment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:177-187. [PMID: 35311440 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2056012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in critical care, and given the large variability of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in these patients, drug PK frequently varies during therapy with the risk of either treatment failure or toxicity. Therefore, adequate antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients is very important. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the basic principles of PK and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics and the main patient and pathogen characteristics that may affect the dosage of antibiotics and different approaches to adjust doses. EXPERT OPINION Dose adjustment should be done for aminoglycosides and glycopeptides based on daily drug concentration monitoring. For glycopeptides, in particular vancomycin, the residual concentration (Cres) should be assessed daily. For beta-lactam antibiotics, a loading dose should be administered, followed by three different possible approaches, as TDM is rarely available in most centers: 1) antibiotic regimens should be adapted according to renal function and other risk factors; 2) nomograms or software can be used to calculate daily dosing; 3) TDM should be performed 24-48 h after the initiation of treatment; however, the results are required within 24 hours to appropriately adjust dosage regimens. Drug dosing should be reduced or increased according to the TDM results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gorham
- Department of intensive care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of intensive care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maya Hites
- Clinic of Infectious diseases, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Augmented Renal Clearance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020445. [PMID: 35214177 PMCID: PMC8878755 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney function assessment in the critically ill overlooks the possibility for hyperfunctioning kidneys, known as augmented renal clearance (ARC), which could contribute to therapeutic failures in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this research is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors of ARC in the critically ill. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global databases were searched on 27 October 2020. We included studies conducted in critically ill adults who reported the prevalence and/or risk factors of ARC. We evaluated study quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool. Case reports, reviews, editorials and commentaries were excluded. We generated a random-effects meta-analytic model using the inverse variance method and visualized the pooled estimates using forest plots. Seventy studies were included. The pooled prevalence (95% CI) was 39% (34.9–43.3). Prevalence for neuro, trauma, mixed and sepsis ICUs were 74 (55–87), 58 (48–67), 36 (31–41) and 33 (21–48), respectively. Age, male sex and trauma were associated with ARC with pooled OR (95% CI) of 0.95 (0.93–0.96), 2.36 (1.28–4.36), 2.60 (1.21–5.58), respectively. Limitations included variations in ARC definition, inclusion and exclusion criteria and studies design. In conclusion, ARC is prevalent in critically ill patients, especially those in the neurocritical care and trauma ICU population. Young age, male sex and trauma are risk factors for ARC in those with apparently normal renal function. Further research on optimal dosing of drugs in the setting of ARC is warranted. (Prospero registration: CRD42021246417).
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Razzazzadeh S, Darazam IA, Hajiesmaeili M, Salamzadeh J, Mahboubi A, Sadeghnezhad E, Sahraei Z. Investigation of pharmacokinetic and clinical outcomes of various meropenem regimens in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and augmented renal clearance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 78:823-829. [PMID: 35171317 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Augmented renal clearance (ARC) defined as creatinine clearance (Clcr) above 130 mL/min/1.73m2 may lead to suboptimal antibacterial treatment. The aim of this study was to determine a strategy for meropenem administration to achieve both pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic (PK-PD) target (50%fT > MIC) and better clinical outcomes in patients with VAP and ARC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, patients with VAP and high risk for ARC were recruited. An 8-h urine collection was performed on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days of study to measure Clcr. Included patients were divided into three groups: (1) 1 g meropenem, 3-h infusion, (2) 2 g meropenem, 3-h infusion, (3) 1 g meropenem, 6-h infusion. On the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th days of treatment, peak and trough blood samples were collected to undergo HPLC assay. MICs were assessed using microdilution method. Patients were also clinically monitored for 14 days. RESULTS Forty-five patients were included. Group 3 showed significanty higher rate of patients achieving fT > MIC > 50% (100% for group 3 versus 40% for group 2 and 13% for group 1; p = 0.0001). Mean fT > MIC% was significantly higher in group 3 (78.77 ± 5.87 for group 3 versus 49.6 ± 7.38 for group 2 and 43.2 ± 7.98 for group 1; p = 0.0001). Statistical analysis showed no significant differences among groups regarding clinical improvement. CONCLUSION According to the findings of this trial, prolonged meropenem infusion is an appropriate strategy compared to dose elevation among ARC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Razzazzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreaza Hajiesmaeili
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Salamzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Mahboubi
- Departmant of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sahraei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Augmented Renal Clearance: An Under-Recognized Phenomenon Associated With COVID-19. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0617. [PMID: 35141525 PMCID: PMC8820908 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Shipkova M, Jamoussi H. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antibiotic Drugs: The Role of the Clinical Laboratory. Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:32-49. [PMID: 34726200 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of anti-infective drugs is an increasingly complex field, given that in addition to the patient and drug as 2 usual determinants, its success is driven by the pathogen. Pharmacodynamics is related both to the patient (toxicity) and bacterium (efficacy or antibiotic susceptibility). The specifics of TDM of antimicrobial drugs stress the need for multidisciplinary knowledge and expertise, as in any other field. The role and the responsibility of the laboratory in this interplay are both central and multifaceted. This narrative review highlights the role of the clinical laboratory in the TDM process. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on the past 5 years (studies published since 2016) to limit redundancy with previously published review articles. Furthermore, the references cited in identified publications of interest were screened for additional relevant studies and articles. RESULTS The authors addressed microbiological methods to determine antibiotic susceptibility, immunochemical and chromatographic methods to measure drug concentrations (primarily in blood samples), and endogenous clinical laboratory biomarkers to monitor treatment efficacy and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are critically discussed, along with existing gaps and future perspectives on strategies to provide clinicians with as reliable and useful results as possible. CONCLUSIONS Although interest in the field has been the driver for certain progress in analytical technology and quality in recent years, laboratory professionals and commercial providers persistently encounter numerous unresolved challenges. The main tasks that need tackling include broadly and continuously available, easily operated, and cost-effective tests that offer short turnaround times, combined with reliable and easy-to-interpret results. Various fields of research are currently addressing these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shipkova
- Competence Center for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, SYNLAB Holding Germany GmbH, SYNLAB MVZ Leinfelden-Echterdingen GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
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Sistanizad M, Hassanpour R, Pourheidar E. Are Antibiotics Appropriately Dosed in Critically Ill Patients with Augmented Renal Clearance? A Narrative Review. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:1867674. [PMID: 35685541 PMCID: PMC9159163 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1867674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Augmented renal clearance (ARC), which is commonly defined as increased renal clearance above 130 ml/min/1.73 m2, is a common phenomenon among critically ill patients. The increased elimination rate of drugs through the kidneys in patients with ARC can increase the risk of treatment failure due to the exposure to subtherapeutic serum concentrations of medications and affect the optimal management of infections, length of hospital stay, and outcomes. The main goal of this review article is to summarize the recommendations for appropriate dosing of antibiotics in patients with ARC. METHODS This article is a narrative review of the articles that evaluated different dosing regimens of antibiotics in patients with ARC. The keywords "Augmented Renal Clearance," "Critically ill patients," "Drug dosing," "Serum concentration," "Beta-lactams," "Meropenem," "Imipenem," "Glycopeptide," "Vancomycin," "Teicoplanin," "Linezolid," "Colistin," "Aminoglycosides," "Amikacin," "Gentamycin," "Fluoroquinolones," "Ciprofloxacin," and "Levofloxacin" were searched in Scopus, Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases, and pediatric, nonhuman, and non-English studies were excluded. RESULTS PK properties of antibiotics including lipophilicity or hydrophilicity, protein binding, the volume of distribution, and elimination rate that affect drug concentration should be considered along with PD parameters for drug dosing in critically ill patients with ARC. CONCLUSION This review recommends a dosing protocol for some antibiotics to help the appropriate dosing of antibiotics in ARC and decrease the risk of subtherapeutic exposure that may be observed while receiving conventional dosing regimens in critically ill patients with ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sistanizad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Hassanpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Pourheidar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Niibe Y, Suzuki T, Yamazaki S, Uchida M, Suzuki T, Takahashi N, Hattori N, Nakada TA, Ishii I. Identification of factors affecting meropenem pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: Impact of inflammation on clearance. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:532-538. [PMID: 34973877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing meropenem pharmacokinetics (PKs) in critically ill patients by developing a population PK model and to determine the optimal dosing strategy. METHODS This prospective observational study involved 12 critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with meropenem 1 g infused over 1 h every 8 h. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, and 5 immediately prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after the start of infusion. Population PK parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects model software. RESULTS Meropenem PK was adequately described using a two-compartment model. Typical values of total and inter-compartmental clearance were 9.30 L/h and 9.70 L/h, respectively, and the central and peripheral compartment volumes of distribution were 12.61 L and 7.80 L, respectively. C-reactive protein (CRP) was identified as significant covariate affecting total meropenem clearance. The probability of target attainment (PTA) predicted by Monte Carlo simulations varied according to the patients' CRP. The PTA of 100% time above the minimum inhibitory concentration ≤2 mg/L for bacteria was achieved after a dose of 1 and 2 g infused over 4 h every 8 h in patients with CRP of 30 and 5 mg/dL, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that CRP might be helpful in managing meropenem dosing in critically ill patients. Higher doses and extended infusion may be required to achieve optimal pharmacodynamic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Niibe
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Yamazaki
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Uchida
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hattori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Nakada
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Itsuko Ishii
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Continuous versus intermittent infusion of antibiotics in Gram-negative multidrug-resistant infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:737-747. [PMID: 34261906 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review was to perform a critical reappraisal of the real-world evidence supporting administration by prolonged infusion of novel beta-lactams for the management of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. RECENT FINDINGS Real-world evidence support the use of novel beta-lactams by prolonged infusion over intermittent infusion in terms of achieving aggressive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target for either maximizing efficacy and clinical outcome or suppressing the emergence of resistance development. Continuous infusion of ceftolozane-tazobactam showed a marked superiority toward both intermittent and extended infusion (EI) in achieving a PK/PD target of 100%fT> 4 X MIC in infections caused by less-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. No resistance development was found in critically ill or immunocompromised patients treated with EI ceftolozane-tazobactam compared to intermittent infusion. Prolonged infusion of ceftazidime-avibactam was negatively associated with mortality in patients affected by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae infections. Different challenging scenarios (patients showing augmented renal clearance of affected by deep-seated infections) could benefit from prolonged infusion to optimize the efficacy of novel agents. SUMMARY Although available data are still limited, real-world evidence regarding mainly ceftolozane-tazobactam and ceftazidime-avibactam could support the administration of novel beta-lactams by prolonged infusion in some specific scenarios in which achievement of aggressive PK/PD target is quite challenging.
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Luo Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Wang P, Zhong J, Chu Y. Augmented Renal Clearance: What Have We Known and What Will We Do? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:723731. [PMID: 34795579 PMCID: PMC8593401 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.723731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon of increased renal function in patients with risk factors. Sub-therapeutic drug concentrations and antibacterial exposure in ARC patients are the main reasons for clinical treatment failure. Decades of increased research have focused on these phenomena, but there are still some existing disputes and unresolved issues. This article reviews information on some important aspects of what we have known and provides suggestion on what we will do regarding ARC. In this article, we review the current research progress and its limitations, including clinical identification, special patients, risk factors, metabolism, animal models and clinical treatments, and provide some promising directions for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Puxiu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Urbina T, Razazi K, Ourghanlian C, Woerther PL, Chosidow O, Lepeule R, de Prost N. Antibiotics in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091104. [PMID: 34572686 PMCID: PMC8466904 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are rare life-threatening bacterial infections characterized by an extensive necrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissues. Initial urgent management of NSTIs relies on broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, rapid surgical debridement of all infected tissues and, when present, treatment of associated organ failures in the intensive care unit. Antibiotic therapy for NSTI patients faces several challenges and should (1) carry broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens because of frequent polymicrobial infections, considering extended coverage for multidrug resistance in selected cases. In practice, a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic (e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam) is the mainstay of empirical therapy; (2) decrease toxin production, typically using a clindamycin combination, mainly in proven or suspected group A streptococcus infections; and (3) achieve the best possible tissue diffusion with regards to impaired regional perfusion, tissue necrosis, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations. The best duration of antibiotic treatment has not been well established and is generally comprised between 7 and 15 days. This article reviews the currently available knowledge regarding antibiotic use in NSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Urbina
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75571 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie Curie, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Keyvan Razazi
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010 Créteil, France;
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Clément Ourghanlian
- Service de Pharmacie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010 Créteil, France;
- Unité Transversale de Traitement des Infections, Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Paul-Louis Woerther
- Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010 Créteil, France;
- Research Group Dynamic, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Research Group Dynamic, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France;
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Raphaël Lepeule
- Unité Transversale de Traitement des Infections, Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Nicolas de Prost
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010 Créteil, France;
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-49-81-23-94
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Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Meropenem in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Treated With Continuous Hemodiafiltration. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 42:588-594. [PMID: 32049890 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to conduct a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of meropenem and to explore the optimal dosing strategy for meropenem in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury receiving treatment with continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF). METHODS Blood samples were obtained on days 1, 2, and 5 after the start of meropenem administration, immediately before dosing, and at 1, 2, 6, and 8 hours after dosing. Population PK model analysis was performed and concentration-time profiles were simulated using the Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model software. RESULTS Twenty-one patients receiving CHDF in our intensive care unit were enrolled and 350 serum concentration-time data points were obtained. The PKs of meropenem were best described using a 2-compartment model. Typical total and intercompartmental clearance values were 4.22 L/h and 7.84 L/h, respectively, whereas the central and peripheral compartment volumes of distribution were 14.82 L and 11.75 L, respectively. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was identified as a significant covariate of meropenem total clearance. In simulations of patients with renal failure receiving CHDF, the dose was affected by estimated glomerular filtration rate; a dose of 0.5 g every 8 hours or 1 g every 12 hours showed the probability of target attainment of achieving 100% time above the minimum inhibitory concentration for bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration ≤2 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS A population PK model was developed for meropenem in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury receiving CHDF. Our results indicated that a meropenem dosage of 0.5 g every 8 hours or 1 g every 12 hours was suitable in this population and for susceptible bacteria.
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Prolonged infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics for Gram-negative infections: rationale and evidence base. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 33:501-510. [PMID: 33009140 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to discuss the rationale of and current evidence for prolonged beta-lactam infusion in the management of Gram-negative infections. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data from various in-vitro and in-vivo experimental studies conclusively support prolonged infusion over intermittent infusion in terms of achieving effective beta-lactam exposure for maximal bacterial killing. Superior PK/PD target attainment has been demonstrated with prolonged beta-lactam infusion in patient populations that are more likely to have less susceptible Gram-negative infections. These populations include critically ill patients, cystic fibrosis patients and patients with malignant diseases. The clinical impact of prolonged beta-lactam infusion is likely to be the greatest in these patient groups: critically ill patients with a high level of illness severity who are not receiving renal replacement therapy; patients with nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli infection and patients with respiratory infection. Critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance may not achieve effective beta-lactam exposure even with the use of prolonged infusion. Maximizing the effectiveness of prolonged beta-lactam infusion via therapeutic drug monitoring is becoming a more common strategy in the management of critically ill patients with Gram-negative infection. SUMMARY Prolonged beta-lactam infusion may not benefit all patients but only for those who are critically ill and/or immunocompromised, who are also more likely to have less susceptible Gram-negative infections.
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Augmented Renal Clearance Following Traumatic Injury in Critically Ill Patients Requiring Nutrition Therapy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051681. [PMID: 34063391 PMCID: PMC8156106 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intent of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of augmented renal clearance (ARC) in patients with traumatic injuries who require nutrition therapy and identify factors associated with ARC. Adult patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit from January 2015 to September 2016 who received enteral or parenteral nutrition therapy and had a 24 h urine collection within 4 to 14 days after injury were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with a serum creatinine concentration > 1.5 mg/dL, required dialysis, or had an incomplete urine collection were excluded. ARC was defined as a measured creatinine clearance > 149 mL/min/1.73 m2. Two hundred and three patients were evaluated. One hundred and two (50%) exhibited ARC. A greater proportion of patients with ARC were male (86% vs. 67%; p = 0.004), had traumatic brain injury (33% vs. 9%; p = 0.001), a higher injury severity score (30 ± 11 vs. 26 ± 12; p = 0.015), were younger (36 ± 15 vs. 54 ± 17 years; p = 0.001), had a lower serum creatinine concentration (0.7 ± 2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.2 mg/dL; p = 0.001) and were more catabolic (nitrogen balance of −10.8 ± 13.0 vs. −6.2 ± 9.2 g/d; p = 0.004). The multivariate analysis revealed African American race and protein intake were also associated with ARC. Half of critically ill patients with traumatic injuries experience ARC. Patients with multiple risk factors for ARC should be closely evaluated for dosing of renally-eliminated electrolytes, nutrients, and medications.
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Wickremasinghe H, Yu HH, Azad MAK, Zhao J, Bergen PJ, Velkov T, Zhou QT, Zhu Y, Li J. Clinically Relevant Concentrations of Polymyxin B and Meropenem Synergistically Kill Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Minimize Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:405. [PMID: 33918040 PMCID: PMC8069709 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has severely impaired the treatment of chronic respiratory infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Since the reintroduction of polymyxins as a last-line therapy against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to its monotherapy and recurrent infections continue to be reported and synergistic antibiotic combinations have been investigated. In this study, comprehensive in vitro microbiological evaluations including synergy panel screening, population analysis profiling, time-kill kinetics, anti-biofilm formation and membrane damage analysis studies were conducted to evaluate the combination of polymyxin B and meropenem against biofilm-producing, polymyxin-resistant MDR P. aeruginosa. Two phylogenetically unrelated MDR P. aeruginosa strains, FADDI-PA060 (MIC of polymyxin B [MICpolymyxin B], 64 mg/L; MICmeropenem, 64 mg/L) and FADDI-PA107 (MICpolymyxin B, 32 mg/L; MICmeropenem, 4 mg/L) were investigated. Genome sequencing identified 57 (FADDI-PA060) and 50 (FADDI-PA107) genes predicted to confer resistance to a variety of antimicrobials, as well as multiple virulence factors in each strain. The presence of resistance genes to a particular antibiotic class generally aligned with MIC results. For both strains, all monotherapies of polymyxin B failed with substantial regrowth and biofilm formation. The combination of polymyxin B (16 mg/L)/meropenem (16 mg/L) was most effective, enhancing initial bacterial killing of FADDI-PA060 by ~3 log10 CFU/mL, followed by a prolonged inhibition of regrowth for up to 24 h with a significant reduction in biofilm formation (* p < 0.05). Membrane integrity studies revealed a substantial increase in membrane depolarization and membrane permeability in the surviving cells. Against FADDI-PA107, planktonic and biofilm bacteria were completely eradicated. In summary, the combination of polymyxin B and meropenem demonstrated synergistic bacterial killing while reinstating the efficacy of two previously ineffective antibiotics against difficult-to-treat polymyxin-resistant MDR P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasini Wickremasinghe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.H.Y.); (M.A.K.A.); (J.Z.); (P.J.B.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Heidi H. Yu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.H.Y.); (M.A.K.A.); (J.Z.); (P.J.B.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Mohammad A. K. Azad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.H.Y.); (M.A.K.A.); (J.Z.); (P.J.B.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinxin Zhao
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.H.Y.); (M.A.K.A.); (J.Z.); (P.J.B.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Phillip J. Bergen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.H.Y.); (M.A.K.A.); (J.Z.); (P.J.B.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3053, Australia;
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 1047907, USA;
| | - Yan Zhu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.H.Y.); (M.A.K.A.); (J.Z.); (P.J.B.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jian Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.H.Y.); (M.A.K.A.); (J.Z.); (P.J.B.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
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Tomasa-Irriguible TM, Sabater-Riera J, Pérez-Carrasco M, Ortiz-Ballujera P, Díaz-Buendía Y, Navas-Pérez A, Betbesé-Roig A, Rodríguez-López M, Ibarz-Vilamayor M, Olmo-Isasmendi A, Oliva-Zelaya I, Rovira-Anglès C, Cano-Hernández S, Vendrell-Torra E, Catalan-Ibars RM, Miralbés-Torner M, González de Molina J, Xirgu-Cortacans J, Marcos-Neira P. Augmented renal clearance. An unnoticed relevant event. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211018580. [PMID: 34078190 PMCID: PMC10359677 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211018580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon that can lead to a therapeutic failure of those drugs of renal clearance. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the prevalence of ARC in the critically ill patient, to study the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) throughout the follow-up and analyze the concordance between the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) estimation formula and measured GFR. Observational, prospective, multicenter study. ARC was defined as a creatinine clearance greater than 130 ml/min/1.73 m2. Eighteen hospitals were recruited. GFR measurements carried out twice weekly during a 2-month follow-up period. A total of 561 patients were included. ARC was found to have a non-negligible prevalence of 30%. More even, up to 10.7% already had ARC at intensive care unit (ICU) admission. No specific pattern of GFR was found during the follow-up. Patients in the ARC group were younger 56.5 (53.5-58.5) versus 66 (63.5-68.5) years than in the non-ARC group, p < 0.001. ICU mortality was lower in the ARC group, 6.9% versus 14.5%, p = 0.003. There was no concordance between the estimation of GFR by the CKD-EPI formula and GFR calculated from the 4-h urine. ARC is found in up to 30% of ICU patients, so renal removal drugs could be under dosed by up to 30%. And ARC is already detected on admission in 10%. It is a dynamic phenomenon without an established pattern that usually occurs in younger patients that can last for several weeks. And the CKD-EPI formula does not work to estimate the real creatinine clearance of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Navas-Pérez
- Intensive Care Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Aitor Olmo-Isasmendi
- Intensive Care Department, General de Catalunya Hospital, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | - Silvia Cano-Hernández
- Intensive Care Department, Fundació Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària, Manresa, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pilar Marcos-Neira
- Intensive Care Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Nazer LH, AbuSara AK, Kamal Y. Augmented renal clearance in critically ill patients with cancer (ARCCAN Study): A prospective observational study evaluating prevalence and risk factors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00747. [PMID: 33694316 PMCID: PMC7947216 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon that has been associated with enhanced excretion of renally eliminated drugs, such as antimicrobials, which may result in subtherapeutic levels and potentially therapeutic failure. There has been limited data on ARC in critically ill patients with cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ARC and to identify risk factors associated with ARC in this patient population. This was a prospective study at an oncologic intensive care unit (ICU) which included adult patients with normal renal function, defined as serum creatinine ≤1 mg/dl and urine output >0.5 ml/kg/hr. The 24‐hour creatinine clearance (ClCr) study was used to determine ClCr, starting on day 1 of ICU admission, for 5 days or until ICU transfer or death. ARC was defined as ClCr >130 ml/min/1.73 m2. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for ARC. Over the study period, 363 patients were enrolled who completed an average of 2.8 ± 1.5(SD) days in the study and contributed 977 ClCr measurements. The mean age was 52 ± 16(SD) years old, the majority had solid tumors (n = 264, 73%), mean APACHE II was 21 ± 8(SD), and the major admission diagnosis was respiratory failure (n = 165, 45%). ARC was reported in 116 (32%) patients on at least one of the study days. Over the study period, the incidence of ARC ranged between 15.6% and 24.3%. Age was the only risk factor significantly associated with ARC (OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.005–1.051).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama H Nazer
- Department of Pharmacy, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aseel K AbuSara
- Department of Pharmacy, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yasmeen Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
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43
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Landersdorfer CB, Nation RL. Key Challenges in Providing Effective Antibiotic Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Bacterial Sepsis and Septic Shock. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:892-904. [PMID: 33570163 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early initiation of effective antibiotic therapy is vitally important for saving the lives of critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock. The susceptibility of the infecting pathogen and the ability of the selected dosage regimen to safely achieve the required antibiotic exposure need to be carefully considered to achieve a high probability of a successful outcome. Critically ill patients commonly experience substantial pathophysiological changes that impact the functions of various organs, including the kidneys. Many antibiotics are predominantly renally eliminated and thus renal function is a major determinant of the regimen needed to achieve the required antibiotic exposure. However, currently, there is a paucity of guidelines to inform antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients, including those with sepsis or septic shock. This paper briefly reviews methods that are commonly used in critically ill patients to provide a measure of renal function, and approaches that describe the relationship between the exposure to an antibiotic and its antibacterial effects. Two common conditions that very substantially complicate the use of antibiotics in critically ill patients with sepsis, unstable renal function, and augmented renal clearance, are considered in detail and their potential therapeutic implications are explored. Suggestions are provided on how treatment of bacterial infections in critically ill patients with sepsis might be improved. Of high potential are model-informed approaches that aim to individualize initial treatment regimens based on patient and bacterial characteristics, with refinement of regimens during treatment in response to monitoring antibiotic concentrations, responsive measures of renal function, and other important clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger L Nation
- Drug Delivery, Disposition, and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abdulla A, Ewoldt TMJ, Purmer IM, Muller AE, Gommers D, Endeman H, Koch BCP. A narrative review of predictors for β-lactam antibiotic exposure during empirical treatment in critically ill patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:359-368. [PMID: 33463382 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1879049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Emerging studies suggest that antibiotic pharmacokinetics (PK) are difficult to predict in critically ill patients. The high intra- and inter-patient PK variability makes it challenging to accurately predict the appropriate dosage required for a given patient. Identifying patients at risk could help clinicians to consider more individualized dosing regimens and perform therapeutic drug monitoring. We provide an overview of relevant predictors associated with target (non-)attainment of β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. AREAS COVERED : This narrative review summarizes patient and clinical characteristics that can help to predict the attainment of target serum concentrations and to provide guidance on antimicrobial dose optimization. Literature was searched using Embase and Medline database, focusing on β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. EXPERT OPINION : Adequate concentration attainment can be anticipated in critically ill patients prior to initiating empiric β-lactam antibiotic therapy based on readily available demographic and clinical factors. Male gender, younger age, and augmented renal clearance were the most significant predictors for target non-attainment and should be considered in further investigations to develop dosing algorithms for optimal β-lactam therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Abdulla
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim M J Ewoldt
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse M Purmer
- Department of Intensive Care, Haga Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk E Muller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Gommers
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Meropenem in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01909-20. [PMID: 33199385 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01909-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the optimal meropenem (MEM) dosing regimen for critically ill pediatric patients, for which there is a lack of pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. We conducted a retrospective single-center PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis of 34 pediatric intensive care unit patients who received MEM. Individual PK parameters were determined by a two-compartment analysis. The median (range) age and body weight were 1.4 (0.03 to 14.6) years and 8.9 (2.7 to 40.9) kg, respectively, and eight (23.5%) patients received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), three of whom received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Renal function, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score for the clearance (CL), and the use of CRRT for the central volume of distribution (V c) were identified as significant covariates. The mean CL, V c, and peripheral volume of distribution (V p) were 0.45 liters/kg/h, 0.49 liters/kg, and 0.34 liters/kg, respectively. The mean population CL of MEM increased by 35% in patients with SIRS and V c increased by 66% in patients on CRRT in the final model. Dosing simulations suggested that the standard dosing regimen provided insufficient PD exposures of a 100% free time above the MIC, and higher doses (40 to 80 mg/kg of body weight/dose every 8 h) with a prolonged 3-h infusion were required to ensure the appropriate PD exposures for patients with SIRS. Our PK model indicated that critically ill pediatric patients are at risk of subtherapeutic exposure under the standard dosing regimen of MEM. A larger, prospective investigation confirming the safety and efficacy of higher concentrations and prolonged infusion of MEM is necessary.
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André P, Diezi L, Dao K, Crisinel PA, Rothuizen LE, Chtioui H, Decosterd LA, Diezi M, Asner S, Buclin T. Ensuring Sufficient Trough Plasma Concentrations for Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Children With Malignancies: Beware of Augmented Renal Clearance! Front Pediatr 2021; 9:768438. [PMID: 35083184 PMCID: PMC8785252 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.768438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Broad-spectrum beta-lactams are commonly prescribed for empirical or selective treatment of bacterial infections in children with malignancies. In the immunocompromised, appropriate concentration exposure is crucial to ensure antimicrobial efficacy. Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is increasingly recognized in this population, and raises concern for unmet concentration targets. We conducted a retrospective evaluation of meropenem and piperacillin exposure in our hospital's pediatric hematology-oncology patients. Materials and Methods: We compared trough levels of meropenem and piperacillin in a cohort of unselected pediatric hematology-oncology patients stratified based on their estimated renal function as decreased, normal or with ARC, and on their neutrophil count. Results: Thirty-two children provided a total of 51 meropenem and 76 piperacillin samples. On standard intermittent intravenous regimen, 67% of all trough plasma concentrations were below targeted concentrations. In neutropenic children with bacterial infection, all meropenem and 60% of piperacillin levels were below target. Nearly two-thirds of total samples came from children with ARC. In these patients, antimicrobial exposure was insufficient in 85% of cases (compared to 36% in the decreased or normal renal function groups), despite a dosage sometimes exceeding the maximum recommended daily dose. Under continuous infusion of piperacillin, only 8% of plasma levels were insufficient. Discussion: Intermittent administration of meropenem and piperacillin often fails to ensure sufficient concentration exposure in children treated for malignancies, even at maximal recommended daily dosage. This can in part be attributed to ARC. We recommend thorough assessment of renal function, resolute dosage adjustment, continuous infusion whenever possible and systematic therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal André
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Léonore Diezi
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Dao
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Alex Crisinel
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura E Rothuizen
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Haithem Chtioui
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Arthur Decosterd
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Diezi
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Asner
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Scharf C, Liebchen U, Paal M, Taubert M, Vogeser M, Irlbeck M, Zoller M, Schroeder I. The higher the better? Defining the optimal beta-lactam target for critically ill patients to reach infection resolution and improve outcome. J Intensive Care 2020; 8:86. [PMID: 33292582 PMCID: PMC7686672 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-020-00504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Beta-lactam antibiotics are often subject to therapeutic drug monitoring, but breakpoints of target attainment are mostly based on expert opinions. Studies that show a correlation between target attainment and infection resolution are missing. This analysis investigated whether there is a difference in infection resolution based on two breakpoints of target attainment. METHODS An outcome group out of 1392 critically ill patients treated with meropenem or piperacillin-tazobactam was formed due to different selection criteria. Afterwards, three groups were created: group 1=free drug concentration (f) was < 100% of the time (T) above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (< 100% fT > MIC), group 2=100% fT > MIC < 4xMIC, and group 3=100% fT > 4xMIC. Parameters for infection control, renal and liver function, and estimated and observed in-hospital mortality were compared between those groups. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc test, U test, and bivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The outcome group consisted of 55 patients (groups 1-3, 17, 24, and 14 patients, respectively). Patients allocated to group 2 or 3 had a significantly faster reduction of the C-reactive protein in contrast to patients allocated to group 1 (p = 0.033 and p = 0.026). Patients allocated to group 3 had a worse renal function, a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, were older, and had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality compared to group 1 (p = 0.017) and group 2 (p = 0.001). The higher mortality was significantly influenced by worse liver function, higher APACHE II, and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and norepinephrine therapy. CONCLUSION Achieving the target 100% fT > MIC leads to faster infection resolution in the critically ill. However, there was no benefit for patients who reached the highest target of 100% fT > 4xMIC, although the mortality rate was higher possibly due to confounding effects. In conclusion, we recommend the target 100% fT > MIC < 4xMIC for critically ill patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03985605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Scharf
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Uwe Liebchen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Paal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Taubert
- Department I of Pharmacology, Centre for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Irlbeck
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Zoller
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Schroeder
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Beunders R, Schütz MJ, van Groenendael R, Leijte GP, Kox M, van Eijk LT, Pickkers P. Endotoxemia-Induced Release of Pro-inflammatory Mediators Are Associated With Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate in Humans in vivo. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:559671. [PMID: 33251227 PMCID: PMC7674961 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.559671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sepsis is the most prevalent cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Conversely, in some septic patients the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is augmented. The role of the inflammatory response and blood pressure to induce this increased GFR is unknown. Herein, we relate inflammatory mediators and blood pressure to the iohexol clearance-derived “true” GFR and kidney injury markers during systemic inflammation in healthy volunteers. Methods: Twelve healthy subjects underwent experimental endotoxemia (i.v. administration of 2 ng/kg Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide, LPS). As a gold-standard to determine the GFR, iohexol plasma clearance (GFRiohexol) was calculated during a 6-h period on the day before (baseline) as well as 2 and 24 h after LPS administration. Intra-arterial blood pressure was recorded continuously using a radial artery catheter. Circulating inflammatory mediators and urinary excretion of kidney injury markers were serially measured. Results: Experimental endotoxemia profoundly increased plasma concentrations of inflammatory mediators, including [mean ± SD or median [IQR] peak values (pg/mL) of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α: 92 ± 40, interleukin (IL)-6: 1,246 ± 605, IL-8: 374 ± 120, IL-10: 222 ± 119, IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA): 8,955 ± 2,429, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1: 2,885 [2,706 – 3,765], vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1: 296,105 ± 34,822, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1: 25,0170 ± 41,764]. Mean arterial pressure decreased with 13 ± 11 mmHg (p < 0.0001). No significant increase in the urinary excretion of tubular injury markers was observed following LPS administration. GFRiohexol increased from 97 ± 6 at baseline to 118 ± 10 mL/min/1.73m2 (p < 0.0001) post-LPS administration and returned to baseline levels at 24 h post-LPS (99 ± 9 mL/min/1.73m2). Peak plasma concentrations of IL-6 (R2 = 0.66, p = 0.001) and IL-8 (R2 = 0.51, p = 0.009), MCP-1 (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.03) and VCAM-1 levels (R2 = 0.37, p = 0.04) correlated with the increase in GFRiohexol, whereas a trend was observed for TNF-α (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.0509) and IL-1RA (R2 = 0.28, p = 0.08). None of the kidney injury markers or changes in blood pressure were associated with GFRiohexol. In multiple linear regression analysis, both peak IL-6 (p = 0.002) and IL-8 (p = 0.01) concentrations remained significantly correlated with GFRiohexol, without collinearity. Discussion: Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not blood pressure, are correlated with the endotoxemia-induced increase in GFR in healthy volunteers. These findings may indicate that inflammatory mediators orchestrate the augmented GFR observed in a subgroup of sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Beunders
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maren J Schütz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roger van Groenendael
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Guus P Leijte
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lucas T van Eijk
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Abdulla A, Dijkstra A, Hunfeld NGM, Endeman H, Bahmany S, Ewoldt TMJ, Muller AE, van Gelder T, Gommers D, Koch BCP. Failure of target attainment of beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients and associated risk factors: a two-center prospective study (EXPAT). CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:558. [PMID: 32933574 PMCID: PMC7493358 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Early and appropriate antibiotic dosing is associated with improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, yet target attainment remains a challenge. Traditional antibiotic dosing is not suitable in critically ill patients, since these patients undergo physiological alterations that strongly affect antibiotic exposure. For beta-lactam antibiotics, the unbound plasma concentrations above at least one to four times the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 100% of the dosing interval (100%ƒT > 1–4×MIC) have been proposed as pharmacodynamic targets (PDTs) to maximize bacteriological and clinical responses. The objectives of this study are to describe the PDT attainment in critically ill patients and to identify risk factors for target non-attainment. Methods This prospective observational study was performed in two ICUs in the Netherlands. We enrolled adult patients treated with the following beta-lactam antibiotics: amoxicillin (with or without clavulanic acid), cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and meropenem. Based on five samples within a dosing interval at day 2 of therapy, the time unbound concentrations above the epidemiological cut-off (ƒT > MICECOFF and ƒT > 4×MICECOFF) were determined. Secondary endpoints were estimated multivariate binomial and binary logistic regression models, for examining the association of PDT attainment with patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 147 patients were included, of whom 63.3% achieved PDT of 100%ƒT > MICECOFF and 36.7% achieved 100%ƒT > 4×MICECOFF. Regression analysis identified male gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, and high body mass index (BMI) as risk factors for target non-attainment. Use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and high serum urea significantly increased the probability of target attainment. In addition, we found a significant association between the 100%ƒT > MICECOFF target attainment and ICU length of stay (LOS), but no significant correlation was found for the 30-day survival. Conclusions Traditional beta-lactam dosing results in low target attainment in the majority of critically ill patients. Male gender, high BMI, and high eGFR were significant risk factors for target non-attainment. These predictors, together with therapeutic drug monitoring, may help ICU clinicians in optimizing beta-lactam dosing in critically ill patients. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Registry (EXPAT trial), NTR 5632. Registered on 7 December 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Abdulla
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemieke Dijkstra
- Department of Intensive Care, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole G M Hunfeld
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Soma Bahmany
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim M J Ewoldt
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk E Muller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Gommers
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Parker SL, Abdul-Aziz MH, Roberts JA. The role of antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies performed post-licensing. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106165. [PMID: 32941948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-licensing pharmacometric studies can provide a better understanding of the pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations in special patient populations and may lead to better clinical outcomes. Some patient populations exhibit markedly different pathophysiology to general ward patients or healthy individuals. This may be developmental (paediatric patients), a manifestation of an underlying disease pathology (patients with obesity or haematological malignancies) or due to medical interventions (critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal therapies). This paper outlines the factors that affect the PK of special patient populations and describes some novel methods of antimicrobial administration that may increase antimicrobial concentrations at the site of infection and improve treatment of severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Parker
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Jason A Roberts
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France; Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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