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Gajda Ł, Daszkowska-Golec A, Świątek P. Trophic Position of the White Worm ( Enchytraeus albidus) in the Context of Digestive Enzyme Genes Revealed by Transcriptomics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4685. [PMID: 38731903 PMCID: PMC11083476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the impact of Enchytraeidae (potworms) on the functioning of the decomposer system, knowledge of the feeding preferences of enchytraeid species is required. Different food preferences can be explained by variations in enzymatic activities among different enchytraeid species, as there are no significant differences in the morphology or anatomy of their alimentary tracts. However, it is crucial to distinguish between the contribution of microbial enzymes and the animal's digestive capacity. Here, we computationally analyzed the endogenous digestive enzyme genes in Enchytraeus albidus. The analysis was based on RNA-Seq of COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) specimens, utilizing transcriptome profiling to determine the trophic position of the species. We also corroborated the results obtained using transcriptomics data from genetically heterogeneous freeze-tolerant strains. Our results revealed that E. albidus expresses a wide range of glycosidases, including GH9 cellulases and a specific digestive SH3b-domain-containing i-type lysozyme, previously described in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Therefore, E. albidus combines traits of both primary decomposers (primary saprophytophages) and secondary decomposers (sapro-microphytophages/microbivores) and can be defined as an intermediate decomposer. Based on assemblies of publicly available RNA-Seq reads, we found close homologs for these cellulases and i-type lysozymes in various clitellate taxa, including Crassiclitellata and Enchytraeidae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.G.); (A.D.-G.)
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Kavle RR, Nolan PJ, Carne A, Agyei D, Morton JD, Bekhit AEDA. Earth Worming-An Evaluation of Earthworm ( Eisenia andrei) as an Alternative Food Source. Foods 2023; 12:1948. [PMID: 37238766 PMCID: PMC10217592 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aside from their bioremediation roles, little is known about the food and feed value of earthworms. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional composition (proximate analysis and profiles of fatty acids and minerals) and techno-functional properties (foaming and emulsion stability and capacity) of earthworm (Eisenia andrei, sourced in New Zealand) powder (EAP) were investigated. Lipid nutritional indices, ω6/ω3, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic acid ratio, and health-promoting index of EAP lipids are also reported. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents of EAP were found to be 53.75%, 19.30%, and 23.26% DW, respectively. The mineral profile obtained for the EAP consisted of 11 essential minerals, 23 non-essential minerals, and 4 heavy metals. The most abundant essential minerals were potassium (8220 mg·kg-1 DW), phosphorus (8220 mg·kg-1 DW), magnesium (744.7 mg·kg-1 DW), calcium (2396.7 mg·kg-1 DW), iron (244.7 mg·kg-1 DW), and manganese (25.6 mg·kg-1 DW). Toxic metals such as vanadium (0.2 mg·kg-1 DW), lead (0.2 mg·kg-1 DW), cadmium (2.2 mg·kg-1 DW), and arsenic (2.3 mg·kg-1 DW) were found in EAP, which pose safety considerations. Lauric acid (20.3% FA), myristoleic acid (11.20% FA), and linoleic acid (7.96% FA) were the most abundant saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The lipid nutritional indices, such as IT and ω-6/ω-3, of E. andrei were within limits considered to enhance human health. A protein extract derived from EAP (EAPPE), obtained by alkaline solubilisation and pH precipitation, exhibited an isoelectric pH of ~5. The total essential amino acid content and essential amino acid index of EAPPE were 373.3 mg·g-1 and 1.36 mg·g-1 protein, respectively. Techno-functional analysis of EAPPE indicated a high foaming capacity (83.3%) and emulsion stability (88.8% after 60 min). Heat coagulation of EAPPE was greater at pH 7.0 (12.6%) compared with pH 5.0 (4.83%), corroborating the pH-solubility profile and relatively high surface hydrophobicity (1061.0). These findings demonstrate the potential of EAP and EAPPE as nutrient-rich and functional ingredients suitable as alternative food and feed material. The presence of heavy metals, however, should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchita Rao Kavle
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (R.R.K.); (P.J.N.); (D.A.)
| | - Patrick James Nolan
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (R.R.K.); (P.J.N.); (D.A.)
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Dominic Agyei
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (R.R.K.); (P.J.N.); (D.A.)
| | - James David Morton
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand;
| | - Alaa El-Din Ahmed Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (R.R.K.); (P.J.N.); (D.A.)
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Barzkar N, Jahromi ST, Vianello F. Marine Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes: An Overview of Source, Production, Biochemical Properties and Thrombolytic Activity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:46. [PMID: 35049901 PMCID: PMC8779250 DOI: 10.3390/md20010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as a major threat to global health resulting in a decrease in life expectancy with respect to humans. Thrombosis is one of the foremost causes of CVDs, and it is characterized by the unwanted formation of fibrin clots. Recently, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes due to their specific features have gained much more attention than conventional thrombolytic agents for the treatment of thrombosis. Marine microorganisms including bacteria and microalgae have the significant ability to produce fibrinolytic enzymes with improved pharmacological properties and lesser side effects and, hence, are considered as prospective candidates for large scale production of these enzymes. There are no studies that have evaluated the fibrinolytic potential of marine fungal-derived enzymes. The current review presents an outline regarding isolation sources, production, features, and thrombolytic potential of fibrinolytic biocatalysts from marine microorganisms identified so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Barzkar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 74576, Iran
| | - Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas 93165, Iran
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
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Development of a novel heterologous gene expression system using earthworms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8190. [PMID: 33854163 PMCID: PMC8046771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, animals and plants have received increasing attention as potential next-generation protein production systems, especially for biopharmaceuticals and animal proteins. The aim of the present study was to develop the earthworms Eisenia fetida Waki and Eisenia andrei Sagami as next-generation animal protein production hosts. These earthworms have been approved as model animals for acute toxicity tests by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and they have post-translational modification systems. However, so far, none of the studies have used earthworm transfection techniques. Thus, we developed a transfection method for E. fetida and E. andrei using microinjection and electroporation systems. The maximum survival rates and transfection efficiencies were 79.2% and 29.2% for E. fetida, and 95.8% and 50.0% for E. andrei, respectively. Furthermore, human erythropoietin was detected in the transformed earthworm tail fragments using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results contribute to the development of a potential earthworm-based novel animal protein production system.
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Che Z, Cao X, Chen G, Liang Z. An effective combination of codon optimization, gene dosage, and process optimization for high-level production of fibrinolytic enzyme in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris). BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:63. [PMID: 33276774 PMCID: PMC7716587 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a main drug for diseased thrombus, some clinically used thrombolytic agents have various disadvantages, safer novel thrombolytic agents are of great demand. This study aimed to achieve high and efficient production of a fibrinolytic enzyme with superior enzymatic properties, by a combination strategy of codon optimization, gene dosage and process optimization in Komagataella phaffii (K. phaffii). RESULTS After codon optimization, the fibase from a marine Bacillus subtilis was expressed and secreted in K. phaffii GS115. Recombinant strains harboring different copies of the fib gene (fib-nc) were successfully obtained via Geneticin (0.25-4 mg/ml) screening on minimal dextrose selection plates and assessment via real-time quantitative PCR. The respective levels of fibase produced by strains expressing fib-5.4c, fib-6c, fib-8c, fib-9c, and fib-12c were 4428, 5781, 7323, 7930, and 2472 U/ml. Levels increased as the copy number increased from 4 to 9, but decreased dramatically at copy number 12. After high cell density fermentation optimization, the highest fibase activity of the strain expressing fib-9c was 7930 U/ml in a shake flask and increased to 12,690 U/ml after 3 days of continuous culture in a 5-L fermenter, which is one of the highest levels of production reported. The recombinant fibase was maximally active at pH 9.0 and 45 °C, and was remarkably stable at pH levels ranging from 5 to 10 and temperatures up to 50 °C. As a metal-dependent serine protease, fibase did not cause hemolysis in vitro and preferentially degraded fibrin directly. CONCLUSIONS The combination of codon optimization, gene dosage, and process optimization described herein could be used for the expression of other therapeutic proteins difficult to express. The characteristics of the recombinant fibase suggest that it has potential applications for thrombosis prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Che
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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SYAHBANU F, KEZIA E, PUERA N, GIRIWONO PE, TJANDRAWINATA RR, SUHARTONO MT. Fibrinolytic bacteria of Indonesian fermented soybean: preliminary study on enzyme activity and protein profile. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Syahbanu F, Giriwono PE, Tjandrawinata RR, Suhartono MT. Molecular analysis of a fibrin-degrading enzyme from Bacillus subtilis K2 isolated from the Indonesian soybean-based fermented food moromi. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8553-8563. [PMID: 33111172 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The screening of proteolytic and fibrinolytic bacteria from moromi (an Indonesian soybean-based fermented food) yielded a number of isolates. Based on morphological and biochemical analyses and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the isolate that exhibited the highest proteolytic and fibrinolytic activity was identified as Bacillus subtilis K2. The study was performed to analyze molecular characteristic of a fibrin-degrading enzyme from B. subtilis K2. BLASTn analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding this fibrinolytic protein demonstrated 73.6% homology with the gene encoding the fibrin-degrading enzyme nattokinase of the B. subtilis subsp. natto, which was isolated from fermented soybean in Japan. An analysis of the putative amino-acid sequence of this protein indicated that it is a serine protease enzyme with aspartate, histidine, and serine in the catalytic triad. This enzyme was determined to be a 26-kDa molecule, as confirmed with a zymogram assay. Further bioinformatic analysis using Protparam demonstrated that the enzyme has a pI of 6.02, low instability index, high aliphatic index, and low GRAVY value. Molecular docking analysis using HADDOCK indicated that there are favorable interactions between subtilisin K2 and the fibrin substrate, as demonstrated by a high binding affinity (ΔG: - 19.4 kcal/mol) and low Kd value (6.3E-15 M). Overall, the study concluded that subtilisin K2 belong to serine protease enzyme has strong interactions with its fibrin substrate and fibrin can be rapidly degraded by this enzyme, suggesting its application as a treatment for thrombus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathma Syahbanu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Dramaga, P.O. BOX 220, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Puspo Edi Giriwono
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Dramaga, P.O. BOX 220, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Maggy T Suhartono
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Dramaga, P.O. BOX 220, Bogor, Indonesia.
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Jin W, Xing Z, Song Y, Huang C, Xu X, Ghose S, Li ZJ. Protein aggregation and mitigation strategy in low pH viral inactivation for monoclonal antibody purification. MAbs 2019; 11:1479-1491. [PMID: 31441367 PMCID: PMC6816434 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1658493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant amounts of soluble product aggregates were observed during low-pH viral inactivation (VI) scale-up for an IgG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb IgG4-N1), while small-scale experiments in the same condition showed negligible aggregation. Poor mixing and product exposure to low pH were identified as the root cause. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the problem, protein aggregation properties were studied by varying critical parameters including pH, hold time and protein concentration. Comprehensive biophysical characterization of product monomers and aggregates was performed using fluorescence-size-exclusion chromatography, differential scanning fluorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Results showed IgG4-N1 partially unfolds at about pH 3.3 where the product molecules still exist largely as monomers owing to strong inter-molecular repulsions and favorable colloidal stability. In the subsequent neutralization step, however, the conformationally changed monomers are prone to aggregation due to weaker inter-molecular repulsions following the pH transition from 3.3 to 5.5. Surface charge calculations using homology modeling suggested that intra-molecular repulsions, especially between CH2 domains, may contribute to the IgG4-N1 unfolding at ≤ pH 3.3. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was employed to simulate the conditions of pH titration to reduce the risk of aggregate formation. The low-pH zones during acid addition were characterized using CFD modeling and correlated to the condition causing severe product aggregation. The CFD tool integrated with the mAb solution properties was used to optimize the VI operating parameters for successful scale-up demonstration. Our research revealed the governing aggregation mechanism for IgG4-N1 under acidic conditions by linking its molecular properties and various process-related parameters to macroscopic aggregation phenomena. This study also provides useful insights into the cause and mitigation of low-pH-induced IgG4 aggregation in downstream VI operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Jin
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zizhuo Xing
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
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Faraji H, Ramezani M, Mashkani B, Sadeghnia HR, Benhangi HM, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Soltani F. Comparison of expression optimization of new derivative of staphylokinase (SAK-2RGD-TTI) with the rSAK. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2819. [PMID: 30972956 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Staphylokinase (SAK) is a promising thrombolytic agent for the treatment of patients suffering from blood-clotting disorders. To increase the potency of SAK and to minimize vessel reocclusion, a new construct bearing SAK motif fused to tsetse thrombin inhibitor (TTI) via a 20-amino acid linker with 2 RGD (2 × arginine-glycine-aspartic acid inhibiting platelet aggregation via attachment to integrin receptors of platelet) was codon optimized and expressed comparatively in Pichia pastoris GS115 as a Mut+ strain and KM71H as a Muts strain. Fusion protein was optimized in terms of best expression condition and fibrinolytic activity and compared with the rSAK. Expression level of the designed construct reached up to 175 mg/L of the culture medium after 72-hr stimulation with 2.5% methanol and remained steady for 3-4 days. The highest expression was obtained at the range of 2-3% methanol. The SAK-2RGD-TT (relative activity >82%) was more active at 25-37 °C than rSAK (relative activity of 93%). Further, it showed relative activity >80% at pH ranges of 7-9. Western blot analysis showed two bands of nearly 27 and 24 kDa at ratio of 5 to 3, respectively. The specific fibrinolytic activity of the SAK-2RGD-TTI was measured as 8,269 U/mg, and 19,616 U/mg for the nonpurified and purified proteins, respectively. Deglycosylation by using tunicamycin in culture medium resulted in higher fibrinolytic activity of SAK-2RGD-TTI (2.2 fold). Consequently, compared to the rSAK, at the same equimolar proportion, addition of RGD and TTI fragments could increase fibrinolytic activity. Also, P. pastoris can be considered as an efficient host for overexpression of the soluble SAK-2RGD-TTI with high activity without requiring a complicated purification procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Faraji
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R Sadeghnia
- Neurocognitive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of New Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid M Benhangi
- Department of Toxicology, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseini Teshnizi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Earthworm protease in anti-thrombosis and anti-fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:379-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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A lumbrokinase isozyme targets hepatitis B e-antigen. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1596-1598. [PMID: 30519880 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Enzyme promiscuity in earthworm serine protease: substrate versatility and therapeutic potential. Amino Acids 2016; 48:941-948. [PMID: 26739820 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are the most versatile molecules in the biological world. These amazing molecules play an integral role in the regulation of various metabolic pathways and physiology subsequently. Promiscuity of an enzyme is the capacity to catalyze additional biochemical reactions besides their native one. Catalytic promiscuity has shown great impact in enzyme engineering for commercial enzyme and therapeutics with natural or engineered catalytic promiscuity. The earthworm serine protease (ESP) is a classic example of enzyme promiscuity and studied for its therapeutic potential over the last few decades. The ESP was reported for several therapeutic properties and fibrinolytic activity has been much explored. ESP, a complex enzyme exists as several isoforms of molecular weight ranging from 14 to 33 kDa. The fibrinolytic capacity of the enzyme has been studied in different species of earthworm and molecular mechanism is quite different from conventional thrombolytics. Cytotoxic and anti-tumor activities of ESP were evaluated using several cancer cell lines. Enzyme had shown tremendous scope in fighting against plant viruses and microbes. ESP is also reported for anti-inflammatory activity and anti-oxidant property. Apart from these, recently, ESP is reported for DNase activity. The daunting challenge for researchers is to understand the molecular mechanism for such diverse properties and possibility of enzyme promiscuity. This review emphasizes molecular mechanism of ESP governing various biochemical reactions. Further, the concept of enzyme promiscuity in ESP towards development of novel enzyme based drugs has been reviewed in this study.
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Guan C, Ji J, Jin C, Wang G, Li X, Guan W. Expression of cholera toxin B subunit-lumbrokinase in edible sunflower seeds-the use of transmucosal carrier to enhance its fusion protein's effect on protection of rats and mice against thrombosis. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1029-39. [PMID: 25080206 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lumbrokinase (LK) is a group of serine proteases with strong fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities and is useful for treating diseases caused by thrombus. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) has been widely used to facilitate antigen delivery by serving as an effective mucosal carrier molecule for the induction of oral tolerance. We investigate here the application of CTB as a transmucosal carrier in enhancing its fusion protein-LKs effect to protect rats against thrombosis. Thus, in this study, CTB-LK fusion gene separated by a furin cleavage site was expressed in seeds of Helianthus annuus L. The activity of recombinant protein in seeds of transgenic sunflower was confirmed by Western blot analysis, fibrin plate assays and GM1 -ganglioside ELISA. The thrombosis model of rats and mice revealed that the oral administration of peeled seeds of sunflower expressing CTB-LK had a more significant anti-thrombotic effect on animals compared with that administration of peeled seeds of sunflower expressing LK. It is possible to conclude that CTB can successfully enhance its fusion protein to be absorbed in rats or mice thrombosis model. The use of CTB as a transmucosal carrier in the delivery of transgenic plant-derived oral therapeutic proteins was supported. In addition, for the purpose of that recombinant CTB-LK was designed for oral administration, thus the expression of CTB-LK in edible sunflower seeds eliminated the need for downstream processing of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kotb E. The biotechnological potential of fibrinolytic enzymes in the dissolution of endogenous blood thrombi. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:656-72. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Science; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt 44519
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15
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Recombinant protein production of earthworm lumbrokinase for potential antithrombotic application. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:783971. [PMID: 24416067 PMCID: PMC3876685 DOI: 10.1155/2013/783971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms have been used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan, and other Far East countries for thousands of years. Oral administration of dry earthworm powder is considered as a potent and effective supplement for supporting healthy blood circulation. Lumbrokinases are a group of enzymes that were isolated and purified from different species of earthworms. These enzymes are recognized as fibrinolytic agents that can be used to treat various conditions associated with thrombosis. Many lumbrokinase (LK) genes have been cloned and characterized. Advances in genetic technology have provided the ability to produce recombinant LK and have made it feasible to purify a single lumbrokinase enzyme for potential antithrombotic application. In this review, we focus on expression systems that can be used for lumbrokinase production. In particular, the advantages of using a transgenic plant system to produce edible lumbrokinase are described.
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Bi Q, Han B, Feng Y, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Liu W. Antithrombotic effects of a newly purified fibrinolytic protease from Urechis unicinctus. Thromb Res 2013; 132:e135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Comparative proteomic analysis of the sun- and freeze-dried earthworm Eisenia fetida with differentially thrombolytic activities. J Proteomics 2013; 83:1-14. [PMID: 23517719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The dried earthworm is a traditional thrombolytic medicine in East Asia. Its thrombolytic mechanism has been extensively studied. However, the effects of drying process on thrombolysis were rarely investigated. Herein, we compared the thrombolytic activity of earthworm Eisenia fetida processed by sun-drying to that by freeze-drying. Fibrin plate and blood clot lysis assays showed that freeze-dried earthworms gave dramatically higher fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities than the sun-dried earthworms. To address the thrombolytic difference, comparative proteomic analysis was carried out using fibrin zymography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The freeze- and sun-dried earthworms generated remarkably different 2-DE protein spot patterns. A total of 126 differential protein spots were detected, 83 of them were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and database searching with 13 quantitative changes and 70 qualitative changes. Five of these differential proteins were identified as fibrinolytic proteases (lumbrokinases), responsible for dissolving fibrin, the main protein component of thrombus. The total abundance of these fibrinolytic proteases in the freeze-dried earthworms was significantly higher, consistent with the results of fibrin zymography. Therefore, the higher concentration of fibrinolytic enzymes along with their broad substrate specificity explained the stronger fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities of the freeze-dried earthworms. This study suggests that freeze-drying represents an improved processing method for earthworm as the thrombolytic therapy in the future. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Thrombosis has become one of the biggest concerns all over the world. The dried earthworms have been intensively used as thrombolytic agents. Its thrombotic mechanism has been studied by the modern pharmacological researches. However, the drying procedure of the earthworm and its effects on the thrombolysis were rarely investigated. The present study compared the thrombolytic effects of the freeze-dried and the normal dried earthworm E. fetida. To better understand the underlying mechanisms for differential thrombolytic effects, the fibrin zymography and the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) were employed to identify sets of differential proteins. Therefore, this study provides not only the comparative proteomic analysis but also molecular mechanism underlying the differential thrombolytic effects.
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Li G, Wang KY, Li D, Wang N, Liu D. Cloning, expression and characterization of a gene from earthworm Eisenia fetida encoding a blood-clot dissolving protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53110. [PMID: 23300872 PMCID: PMC3531398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A lumbrokinase gene encoding a blood-clot dissolving protein was cloned from earthworm (Eisenia fetida) by RT-PCR amplification. The gene designated as CST1 (GenBank No. AY840996) was sequence analyzed. The cDNA consists of 888 bp with an open reading frame of 729 bp, which encodes 242 amino acid residues. Multiple sequence alignments revealed that CST1 shares similarities and conserved amino acids with other reported lumbrokinases. The amino acid sequence of CST1 exhibits structural features similar to those found in other serine proteases, including human tissue-type (tPA), urokinase (uPA), and vampire bat (DSPAα1) plasminogen activators. CST1 has a conserved catalytic triad, found in the active sites of protease enzymes, which are important residues involved in polypeptide catalysis. CST1 was expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The molecular mass of recombinant CST1 (rCST) was 25 kDa as estimated by SDS–PAGE, and further confirmed by Western Blot analysis. His-tagged rCST1 was purified and renatured using nickel-chelating resin with a recovery rate of 50% and a purity of 95%. The purified, renatured rCST1 showed fibrinolytic activity evaluated by both a fibrin plate and a blood clot lysis assay. rCST1 degraded fibrin on the fibrin plate. A significant percentage (65.7%) of blood clot lysis was observed when blood clot was treated with 80 mg/mL of rCST1 in vitro. The antithrombotic activity of rCST1 was 912 units/mg calculated by comparison with the activity of a lumbrokinase standard. These findings indicate that rCST1 has potential as a potent blood-clot treatment. Therefore, the expression and purification of a single lumbrokinase represents an important improvement in the use of lumbrokinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- GangQiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Yueju Wang
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - DaHui Li
- Pharmaceutical School, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - DeHu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Mislovičová D, Katrlík J, Paulovičová E, Gemeiner P, Tkac J. Comparison of three distinct ELLA protocols for determination of apparent affinity constants between Con A and glycoproteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 94:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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ZHANG ZJ, PAN R, ZHOU Y, HE RQ. 'Induced Fit-Lock and Key' Model in Enzymic Reactions*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2011.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Pan R, Zhou Y, He HJ, He RQ. An enzyme from the earthworm Eisenia fetida is not only a protease but also a deoxyribonuclease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang S, Deng Z, Li Q, Ge X, Bo Q, Liu J, Cui J, Jiang X, Liu J, Zhang L, Hong M. A novel alkaline serine protease with fibrinolytic activity from the polychaete, Neanthes japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 159:18-25. [PMID: 21276864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new protease named NJP with fibrinolytic activity was isolated from Neanthes japonica (Izuka), by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydrophobic chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular mass of NJP was approximately 28.6-33.5kDa as estimated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE, which revealed a monomeric form of the protease. The isoelectric point of NJP determined by 2-DE was 9.2. NJP was stable in the range of pH 7.0-11.0 with a maximum enzymatic activity at 40°C and pH 9.0. The hydrolyzing activity of NJP on fibrinogen started from the Aα-chain, followed by the Bβ-chain, and the γ-chain at last. NJP had also a higher specificity for the chromogenic substrate S-2238 for thrombin. NJP activity was completely inhibited by PMSF. Analysis of partial amino acid sequences showed that NJP had very low homology with other known fibrinolytic enzymes. These results indicate that NJP is a novel alkaline thrombin-like serine protease. Thus NJP may have potential applications in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Pan R, Zhang XJ, Zhang ZJ, Zhou Y, Tian WX, He RQ. Substrate-induced changes in protease active site conformation impact on subsequent reactions with substrates. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22950-6. [PMID: 20484054 PMCID: PMC2906288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis of biochemical reactions is essential to all living systems. The "lock and key" and "induced fit" models were early contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the reaction between an enzyme and its substrate. However, whether a given substrate-induced conformation is rigid or remains flexible has not yet been determined. By measuring the enzyme activity and intrinsic fluorescence of a nonspecific Eisenia fetida protease-I with different chromogenic substrates, we show that in subsequent reactions of protease with substrates, both the "lock and key" and "induced fit" mechanisms are used depending on the degree of conformational change required. Chromozym-Th- or chromosym-Ch-induced protease conformations were unable to bind chromozym-U. The chromosym-U-induced protease conformation remained flexible and could be further induced by chromozym-Th and chromozym-Ch. When low concentrations of guanidine HCl were used to disturb the conformation of the enzyme, only small changes in intrinsic fluorescence of the chromozym-Th-induced protease were detected, in contrast to the native enzyme whose intrinsic fluorescence markedly increased. This indicates that the substrate-induced enzyme was relatively rigid compared with the native protease. Utilizing a lock and key mechanism for secondary substrate reactions may have adaptive value in that it facilitates high efficiency in enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue-Jing Zhang
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China, and
| | - Zi-Jian Zhang
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Xi Tian
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong-Qiao He
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhao J, Pan R, He J, Liu Y, Li DF, He RQ. Eisenia fetida protease-III-1 functions in both fibrinolysis and fibrogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2007:97654. [PMID: 17641727 PMCID: PMC1906707 DOI: 10.1155/2007/97654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic function of earthworm protease-III-1 (Ef P-III-1) has been studied in recent years. Here, we found that Ef P-III-1 acted not only in fibrinogenolysis, but also in fibrogenesis. We have used Ef P-III-1 to hydrolyze fibrinogen, and to activate plasminogen and prothrombin. Based on the N-terminal sequences of the hydrolytic fragments, Ef P-III-1 was showed to specifically recognize the carboxylic sites of arginine and lysine. Analyses by fibrinogenolysis mapping and amino acid sequencing revealed that the isozyme could cleave the alpha, beta, and gamma chains of fibrinogen, showing a high α-fibrinogenase, moderate β-fibrinogenase, and low γ-fibrinogenase activities. Interestingly, Ef P-III-1 activated plasminogen and released active plasmin, suggesting a tPA-like function. Furthermore, Ef P-III-1 showed a factor Xa-like function on prothrombin, producing alpha-thrombin. The function in both activating prothrombin and catalyzing fibrinogenolysis suggests that Ef P-III-1 may play a role in the balance between procoagulation and anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Baiao Pharmaceuticals Beijing C.L., Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Baiao Pharmaceuticals Beijing C.L., Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Baiao Pharmaceuticals Beijing C.L., Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Baiao Pharmaceuticals Beijing C.L., Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dong-Feng Li
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Rong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Baiao Pharmaceuticals Beijing C.L., Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- *Rong-Qiao He:
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Oliva MLV, Sampaio UM. Bauhinia Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors: structural characteristics and biological properties. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1007-13. [PMID: 18754727 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant proteinase inhibitors are involved in the regulation of the activity of many proteinases and, in consequence, in biological processes driven by proteolysis. In this review, we summarize recent results on the activity of native Bauhinia inhibitors and synthetic derivatives. Structural and functional characteristics and the potential therapeutic use of these inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Wang XQ, Chen L, Pan R, Zhao J, Liu Y, He RQ. An earthworm protease cleaving serum fibronectin and decreasing HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 9:30. [PMID: 19025649 PMCID: PMC2611985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Virus-binding activity is one of the important functions of fibronectin (FN). It has been reported that a high concentration of FN in blood improves the transmission frequency of hepatitis viruses. Therefore, to investigate a protease that hydrolyzes FN rapidly is useful to decrease the FN concentration in blood and HBV infection. So far, however, no specific protease digesting FN in serum has been reported. Methods We employed a purified earthworm protease to digest serum proteins. The rapidly cleaved protein (FN) was identified by MALDI-TOF MS and western blotting. The cleavage sites were determined by N-terminus amino acid residues sequencing. The protease was orally administrated to rats to investigate whether serum FN in vivo became decreased. The serum FN was determined by western blotting and ELISA. In cytological studies, the protease was added to the medium in the culture of HepG2.2.15 cells and then HBsAg and HBeAg were determined by ELISA. Results The protease purified from earthworm Eisenia fetida was found to function as a fibronectinase (FNase). The cleavage sites on FN by the FNase were at R and K, exhibiting a trypsin alkaline serine-like function. The earthworm fibronectinase (EFNase) cleaved FN at four sites, R259, R1005, K1557 and R2039, among which the digested fragments at R259, K1557 and R2039 were related to the virus-binding activity as reported. The serum FN was significantly decreased when the earthworm fibronectinase was orally administrated to rats. The ELISA results showed that the secretion of HBeAg from HepG2.2.15 cells was significantly inhibited in the presence of the FNase. Conclusion The earthworm fibronectinase (EFNase) cleaves FN much faster than the other proteins in serum, showing a potential to inhibit HBV infection through its suppressing the level of HBeAg. This suggests that EFNase is probably used as one of the candidates for the therapeutic agents to treat hepatitis virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Wang
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Oliva MLV, Sampaio MU. BauhiniaKunitz-type proteinase inhibitors: structural characteristics and biological properties. Biol Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.119_bchm.just-accepted] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bajorunaite E, Sereikaite J, Bumelis VA. l-Arginine Suppresses Aggregation of Recombinant Growth Hormones in Refolding Process from E. coli Inclusion Bodies. Protein J 2007; 26:547-55. [PMID: 17823856 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-007-9096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine was used to suppress the aggregation of recombinant mink and porcine growth hormones in the refolding process from E. coli inclusion bodies by solubilization-dilution protocol at high protein concentration and pH 8.0. The influence of L-arginine concentration on the renaturation yield of both proteins was investigated. L-Arginine effectively suppressed the precipitation of growth hormones during dilution, but did not inhibit soluble oligomers formation. The results of mink and porcine growth hormones purification from 4 g of biomass are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Bajorunaite
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, 10223, Vilnius-40, Lithuania
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